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Lucas SCC, Ahmed A, Ashraf SN, Argyrou A, Bauer MR, De Donatis GM, Demanze S, Eisele F, Fusani L, Hock A, Kadamur G, Li S, Macmillan-Jones A, Michaelides IN, Phillips C, Rehnström M, Richter M, Rodrigo-Brenni MC, Shilliday F, Wang P, Storer RI. Optimization of Potent Ligands for the E3 Ligase DCAF15 and Evaluation of Their Use in Heterobifunctional Degraders. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5538-5566. [PMID: 38513086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Unlocking novel E3 ligases for use in heterobifunctional PROTAC degraders is of high importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Over-reliance on the current suite of ligands used to recruit E3 ligases could limit the potential of their application. To address this, potent ligands for DCAF15 were optimized using cryo-EM supported, structure-based design to improve on micromolar starting points. A potent binder, compound 24, was identified and subsequently conjugated into PROTACs against multiple targets. Following attempts on degrading a number of proteins using DCAF15 recruiting PROTACs, only degradation of BRD4 was observed. Deconvolution of the mechanism of action showed that this degradation was not mediated by DCAF15, thereby highlighting both the challenges faced when trying to expand the toolbox of validated E3 ligase ligands for use in PROTAC degraders and the pitfalls of using BRD4 as a model substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C C Lucas
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Afshan Ahmed
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - S Neha Ashraf
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Argyrides Argyrou
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Matthias R Bauer
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | | | - Sylvain Demanze
- Oncology Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Frederik Eisele
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83,Sweden
| | - Lucia Fusani
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Andreas Hock
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Ganesh Kadamur
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Shuyou Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Christopher Phillips
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Marie Rehnström
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Richter
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Monica C Rodrigo-Brenni
- Safety Innovation and PROTAC Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Fiona Shilliday
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Peng Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - R Ian Storer
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
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2
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Umezu Y, Horiyama E, Nakai Y, Ninomiya M, Nishina A, Koketsu M. Synthesis of raloxifene-like quinoxaline derivatives by intramolecular electrophilic cyclization with disulfides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129415. [PMID: 37532107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular electrophilic cyclization of alkynes with disulfides to form thieno[2,3-b]quinoxaline structures and to introduce thioether substituents afforded quinoxaline derivatives (7a-7d, 8a-8d). Among obtained eight derivatives, the raloxifene analogues (7c, 8b) showed specifically high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (SK-BR-3), and raloxifene analogues (8a) showed the highest cytotoxicity against human leukemia cells (HL-60). None of the raloxifene analogues (7a-7d, 8a-8d) showed cytotoxicity against human lung fibroblasts (WI-38), which are normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Umezu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Eito Horiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Nishina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-5-1 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; School of Health and Nutrition, Tokai Gakuen University, 2-901 Nakahira, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8514, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Coomar S, Mota P, Penson A, Schwaller J, Abdel-Wahab O, Gillingham D. Overlaid Transcriptional and Proteome Analyses Identify Mitotic Kinesins as Important Targets of Arylsulfonamide-Mediated RBM39 Degradation. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:768-778. [PMID: 37255411 PMCID: PMC10395616 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Certain arylsulfonamides (ArSulf) induce an interaction between the E3 ligase substrate adaptor DCAF15 and the critical splicing factor RBM39, ultimately causing its degradation. However, degradation of a splicing factor introduces complex pleiotropic effects that are difficult to untangle, since, aside from direct protein degradation, downstream transcriptional effects also influence the proteome. By overlaying transcriptional data and proteome datasets, we distinguish transcriptional from direct degradation effects, pinpointing those proteins most impacted by splicing changes. Using our workflow, we identify and validate the upregulation of the arginine-and-serine rich protein (RSRP1) and the downregulation of the key kinesin motor proteins KIF20A and KIF20B due to altered splicing in the absence of RBM39. We further show that kinesin downregulation is connected to the multinucleation phenotype observed upon RBM39 depletion by ArSulfs. Our approach should be helpful in the assessment of potential cancer drug candidates which target splicing factors. IMPLICATIONS Our approach provides a workflow for identifying and studying the most strongly modulated proteins when splicing is altered. The work also uncovers a splicing-based approach toward pharmacologic targeting of mitotic kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemon Coomar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Mota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Penson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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4
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Acharya M, Kim T, Li C. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use and Disease Progression in Early-Stage Melanoma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4367. [PMID: 34503177 PMCID: PMC8431240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies and a few clinical studies have reported mixed findings on the association between antibiotics and cancer incidence. Antibiotics may inhibit tumor cell growth, but could also alter the gut-microbiome-modulated immune system and increase the risk of cancer. Studies that assess how antibiotics affect the progression of cancer are limited. We evaluated the association between broad-spectrum antibiotic use and melanoma progression. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus data (2008-2018). We identified patients with malignant melanoma who underwent wide local excision or Mohs micrographic surgery within 90 days of first diagnosis. Surgery date was the index date. Patients were excluded if they had any other cancer diagnosis or autoimmune disorders in 1 year before the index date ("baseline"). Exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics was identified in three time windows using three cohorts: 3 months prior to the index date, 1 month after the index date, and 3 months after the index date. The covariates were patients' demographic and clinical characteristics identified in the 1-year baseline period. The patients were followed from the index date until cancer progression, loss of enrollment, or the end of 2 years after the index date. Progression was defined as: (i) any hospice care after surgery, (ii) a new round of treatment for melanoma (surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiotherapy) 180 days after prior treatment, or (iii) a metastasis diagnosis or a diagnosis of a new nonmelanoma primary cancer at least 180 days after first melanoma diagnosis or prior treatment. A high-dimensional propensity score approach with inverse weighting was used to adjust for the patients' baseline differences. Cox proportional hazard regression was used for estimating the association. The final samples included 3930, 3831, and 3587 patients (mean age: 56 years). Exposure to antibiotics was 16% in the prior-3-months, 22% in the post-1-month, and 22% in the post-3-months. In the pre-3-months analysis, 9% of the exposed group and 9% of the unexposed group had progressed. Antibiotic use was not associated with melanoma progression (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.57-1.14). However, antibiotic use in subsequent 1 month and subsequent 3 months was associated with 31% reduction (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51-0.92) and 32% reduction (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.91) in progression, respectively. In this cohort of patients with likely early-stage melanoma cancer, antibiotic use in 1 month and 3 months after melanoma surgery was associated with a lower risk of melanoma progression. Future studies are warranted to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahip Acharya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Thomas Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Chenghui Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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5
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Bułakowska A, Sławiński J, Siedlecka-Kroplewska K, Stasiłojć G, Serocki M, Heldt M. Novel N-(aryl/heteroaryl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide derivatives: Synthesis and anticancer activity evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104309. [PMID: 33011532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N-(aryl/heteroaryl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide derivatives 4-21 have been synthesized, and evaluated at the National Cancer Institute (USA) for their in vitro activities against a panel of 60 different human cancer cell lines. Among them, compounds 16, 20 and 21 exhibited remarkable cytotoxic activity against numerous human cancer cell lines. We found that sulfonamide derivative 21 appeared to be more selective than compounds 16 and 20. In comparison to compounds 16 and 20 it showed higher cytotoxic activity against A549 non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma and HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells and was less toxic to HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells and HaCaT immortalized human keratinocytes. Treatment of A549 and HCT-116 cells with compound 21 resulted in the G0/G1-cell cycle arrest with a concomitant increase in p53 and p21 protein levels. Moreover, compound 21 led to ATP depletion and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential in both studied cell lines. Our results suggest that 2,4-dichloro-N-(quinolin-8-yl and/or 1H-indazol-7-yl)benzenesulfonamides serve as novel promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bułakowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Serocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Heldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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6
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Devi K, Awasthi P. Sulfonamide phenylalanine (SPA) series of analogues as an antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer agents along with p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex inhibitor - part 1. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4081-4097. [PMID: 31547774 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1671229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-[1-benzyl-2-oxo-2-substituted(ethyl)] benzene/p-toluene sulfonamide (K1-K12) are synthesized. Structure of the synthesized analogues has been confirmed by FT-IR, 1H & 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques. All the synthesized analogues (K1-K12) have also been examined for their in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compounds showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity against standard drug. Anticancer study has been carried out on three cancer cell lines PC-3, MCF-7 and A549 on two different concentrations (mg/mL and μg/mL). The K4 sulfonamide analogue showed better anticancer activity amongst all analogues against PC-3 and A549 cell lines. K4 inhibit G0/G1 phase in cell-cycle analysis experiment. All synthesized molecules (K1-K12) dock at junction p53-DNA and make hydrogen bonded with residues of p53 protein as per docking study. ADMET predictions of synthesized phenylalanine sulfonamide analogues (K1-K12) has been done using 'Lipinski rule' and it has been observed that all synthesized analogues did not violate the rule. Electronic, chemical properties and mulliken atomic charges of analogues were calculated using density functional theory (DFT). Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirna Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pamita Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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7
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Al-blewi FF, Almehmadi MA, Aouad MR, Bardaweel SK, Sahu PK, Messali M, Rezki N, El Ashry ESH. Design, synthesis, ADME prediction and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamide hybrids as antimicrobial and antiproliferative agents. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:110. [PMID: 30387018 PMCID: PMC6768023 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen heterocyclic rings and sulfonamides have attracted attention of several researchers. RESULTS A series of regioselective imidazole-based mono- and bis-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamide conjugates 4a-f and 6a-f were designed and synthesized. The first step in the synthesis was a regioselective propargylation in the presence of the appropriate basic catalyst (Et3N and/or K2CO3) to afford the corresponding mono-2 and bis-propargylated imidazoles 5. Second, the ligation of the terminal C≡C bond of mono-2 and/or bis alkynes 5 to the azide building blocks of sulfa drugs 3a-f using optimized conditions for a Huisgen copper (I)-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction yielded targeted 1,2,3-triazole hybrids 4a-f and 6a-f. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 6a emerged as the most potent antimicrobial agent with MIC values ranging between 32 and 64 µg/mL. All synthesized molecules were evaluated against three aggressive human cancer cell lines, PC-3, HepG2, and HEK293, and revealed sufficient antiproliferative activities with IC50 values in the micromolar range (55-106 μM). Furthermore, we conducted a receptor-based electrostatic analysis of their electronic, steric and hydrophobic properties, and the results were in good agreement with the experimental results. In silico ADMET prediction studies also supported the experimental biological results and indicated that all compounds are nonmutagenic and noncarcinogenic. CONCLUSION In summary, we have successfully synthesized novel targeted benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamide hybrids through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between the mono- or bis-alkynes based on imidazole and the appropriate sulfonamide azide under the optimized Cu(I) click conditions. The structures of newly synthesized sulfonamide hybrids were confirmed by means of spectroscopic analysis. All newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Our results showed that the benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamide hybrids inhibited microbial and fungal strains within MIC values from 32 to 64 μg/mL. The antiproliferative evaluation of the synthesized compounds showed sufficient antiproliferative activities with IC50 values in the micromolar range (55-106 μM). In conclusion, compound 6a has remarkable antimicrobial activity. Pharmacophore elucidation of the compounds was performed based on in silico ADMET evaluation of the tested compounds. Screening results of drug-likeness rules showed that all compounds follow the accepted rules, meet the criteria of drug-likeness and follow Lipinski's rule of five. In addition, the toxicity results showed that all compounds are nonmutagenic and noncarcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia Faleh Al-blewi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, 30002 Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal A. Almehmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, 30002 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Reda Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, 30002 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, Laboratoire de Chimie Et Electrochimie des Complexes Metalliques (LCECM) USTO‑MB, P.O. Box 1505, 31000 El M‘nouar, Oran Algeria
| | - Sanaa K. Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942 Jordan
| | - Pramod K. Sahu
- School of Study in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474011 India
| | - Mouslim Messali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, 30002 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, 30002 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, Laboratoire de Chimie Et Electrochimie des Complexes Metalliques (LCECM) USTO‑MB, P.O. Box 1505, 31000 El M‘nouar, Oran Algeria
| | - El Sayed H. El Ashry
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21500 Egypt
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8
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Vicente-Blázquez A, González M, Álvarez R, Del Mazo S, Medarde M, Peláez R. Antitubulin sulfonamides: The successful combination of an established drug class and a multifaceted target. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:775-830. [PMID: 30362234 DOI: 10.1002/med.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin, the microtubules and their dynamic behavior are amongst the most successful antitumor, antifungal, antiparasitic, and herbicidal drug targets. Sulfonamides are exemplary drugs with applications in the clinic, in veterinary and in the agrochemical industry. This review summarizes the actual state and recent progress of both fields looking from the double point of view of the target and its drugs, with special focus onto the structural aspects. The article starts with a brief description of tubulin structure and its dynamic assembly and disassembly into microtubules and other polymers. Posttranslational modifications and the many cellular means of regulating and modulating tubulin's biology are briefly presented in the tubulin code. Next, the structurally characterized drug binding sites, their occupying drugs and the effects they induce are described, emphasizing on the structural requirements for high potency, selectivity, and low toxicity. The second part starts with a summary of the favorable and highly tunable combination of physical-chemical and biological properties that render sulfonamides a prototypical example of privileged scaffolds with representatives in many therapeutic areas. A complete description of tubulin-binding sulfonamides is provided, covering the different species and drug sites. Some of the antimitotic sulfonamides have met with very successful applications and others less so, thus illustrating the advances, limitations, and future perspectives of the field. All of them combine in a mechanism of action and a clinical outcome that conform efficient drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Myriam González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara Del Mazo
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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9
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Krawczyk P. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the solvatochromism of some azo sulfonamide fluorochromes. J Mol Model 2015; 21:118. [PMID: 25877526 PMCID: PMC4427650 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and emission spectra of three azo sulfonamide compounds in different solvents were investigated theoretically by using response functions combined with density functional theory (DFT), while the solvent effect on the structure and the electronic transitions was determined using the integral equation formalism for the polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM). The results show that the applied different exchange-correlation functionals can reproduce the experimental values well. DFT calculations of the title compounds showed that the H-bond formed between the solute and solvent molecules is one of the major causes of the reversible solvatochromism observed in measured spectra. This is due to a better stabilization of the neutral form than the zwitterionic form in the polar protic solvents, which is characteristic of the hypsochromic shift. On the other hand, the molecules considered exhibit a monotonic behavior regarding the polarity of the low-lying excited state (Δμg-CT) as a function of the solvent polarity. This dependence occurs in the case of the positive solvatochromism and confirms the thesis regarding the H-bond solute-solvent interactions. Theoretically determined values of the two-photon cross section revealed that the (σOF(2)) shows similar trends with changes in λabs, in contrast to <δ(OF)> values. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the investigated molecules can be used successfully as fluorochromes in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Krawczyk
- Collegium Medicum, Department of Physical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950, Bydgoszcz, Poland,
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Sławiński J, Brzozowski Z. Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of novel series 2-benzylthio-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1180-9. [PMID: 16777268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three series of novel 2-benzylthio-4-chloro-5-R1-benzenesulfonamides bearing the N-(benzoxazol-2-yl) (10-19), N-(benzothiazol-2-yl) (20-21) or N-(1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-ylidene) (22-25) moiety were synthesized by reacting N-(2-benzylthio-4-chloro-5-R1-benzenesulfonyl)cyanamide potassium salts (5-9) with 2-aminophenols, 2-aminothiophenol and o-phenylenediamines, respectively. Compounds with carbamoyl substituent at position 5 (14-16, 21 and 25, R1=CONH2) were further dehydrated to the corresponding nitriles (26-30, R1=CN). The in vitro antitumor activity of the compounds obtained was determined at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the structure-activity relationships were discussed. N-(2-benzoxazolyl)-2-benzylthio-4-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)benzenesulfonamide (18) is the prominent of the compounds due to its remarkable activity and selectivity toward non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H522) and melanoma (SK-MEL-2) cell lines (GI50=0.1 microM, TGI=0.5-0.6 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sławiński
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Bekaii-Saab TS, Mortazavi A, Hicks LG, Zalupski M, Pelley RJ, Chan KK, Kraut EH. A phase II study of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (MCRC). Invest New Drugs 2006; 24:343-6. [PMID: 16446986 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-4827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phase II multicenter study investigated the efficacy and toxicity of the novel halogenated derivative of sulfaquixonaline Chloroquinoxaline Sulfonamide (CQS) in metastatic colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eligible patients with metastatic or recurrent colorectal cancer received CQS at a dose schedule of 2000 mg/m2 over an hour weekly for 4 weeks every 42 days. Treatment was continued until unexpected toxicity or disease progression. RESULTS A total of seventeen patients were enrolled on this study. 94% of all patients enrolled had prior treatment. Sixteen patients were evaluable for response with fifteen patients showing evidence of disease progression and one patient with prolonged stable disease. One patient had non-evaluable disease. Following this interim analysis, the drug was considered ineffective and the study was terminated early. The most frequent adverse event was anemia. No patients discontinued the treatment because of toxicity. CONCLUSION CQS, when given at a dose of 2000 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks every 42 days to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, does not result in significant tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanios S Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University-James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Raymond E, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Taïeb J, Beijnen JH, Faivre S, Wanders J, Ravic M, Fumoleau P, Armand JP, Schellens JHM. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of E7070, a novel chloroindolyl sulfonamide cell-cycle inhibitor, administered as a one-hour infusion every three weeks in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:3508-21. [PMID: 12177112 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives were to determine the maximum-tolerated dose, the recommended dose, the dose-limiting toxicity, the pharmacokinetics, and the activity of E7070, a novel cell-cycle inhibitor. PATIENTS AND METHODS E7070 was given as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 3 weeks in two groups of patients with advanced solid tumors who met prespecified eligibility criteria (group A) or who met the same eligibility criteria but in addition were less heavily pretreated and had more favorable liver functions (group B). RESULTS Forty patients (31 patients in group A and nine patients in group B) were entered. Dose escalation proceeded through eight levels (range, 50 to 1,000 mg/m(2)). In group A, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were dose-limiting toxicities occurring during the first cycle in two of seven patients treated at the doses of 700 mg/m(2) and two of four patients treated at 800 mg/m(2). Identical dose-limiting toxicities were observed in zero of six and two of three patients from group B at doses of 800 and 1,000 mg/m(2), respectively. Other toxicities included acne-like skin eruption, mucositis, conjunctivitis, nausea, fatigue, and alopecia. At doses greater than 400 mg/m(2), the area under the concentration-time curve increased disproportionately to the administered dose. Tumor stabilization lasting > or = 6 months was observed in six assessable patients. CONCLUSION The recommended doses of E7070 in this schedule were 700 mg/m(2) (group A) and 800 mg/m(2) in patients who were less heavily pretreated (group B) with a moderate tumor burden. Prolonged disease stabilization observed in this study might warrant further investigation of E7070 in selected tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Raymond
- Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39 Rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Mastrolorenzo A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. 4-toluenesulfonylureido derivatives of amines, amino acids and dipeptides: a novel class of potential antitumor agents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 11:325-32. [PMID: 11033076 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The screening of a series of arylsulfonylureido derivatives of amines (such as histamine, or dopamine), aliphatic/aromatic amino acids (such as Gly, beta-Ala, Val, Lys, Arg, Phe, Tyr, DOPA, etc.) and dipeptides (such as GlyGly, beta-AlaHis) led to the identification of three derivatives that possess tumor growth inhibitory properties against several leukemia, non-small cell lung, ovarian, melanoma, colon, CNS, renal, and breast cancer cell lines in vitro. The new derivatives were prepared by reaction of 4-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate with (protected) amines, amino acids or dipeptides. The mechanism of antitumor action with these new derivatives is not known at the moment but it may imply uncoupling of mitochondria, as for the structurally related diarylsulfonylurea sulofenur, an investigational anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi, Dipartimento di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro MTS, Via degli Alfani 37, 50122, Firenze, Italy
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Corbett TH, LoRusso P, Demchick L, Simpson C, Pugh S, White K, Kushner J, Polin L, Meyer J, Czarnecki J, Heilbrun L, Horwitz JP, Gross JL, Behrens CH, Harrison BA, McRipley RJ, Trainor G. Preclinical antitumor efficacy of analogs of XK469: sodium-(2-[4-(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyloxy)phenoxy]propionate. Invest New Drugs 1998; 16:129-39. [PMID: 9848576 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006174622061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of quinoxaline analogs of the herbicide Assure was found to have selective cytotoxicity for solid tumors of mice in a disk-diffusion-soft-agar-colony-formation-assay compared to L1210 leukemia. Four agents without selective cytotoxicity and 14 agents with selective cytotoxicity were evaluated in vivo for activity against a solid tumor. The four agents without selective cytotoxicity in the disk-assay were inactive in vivo (T/C > 42%). Thirteen of the fourteen agents with selectivity in the disk-assay were active in vivo (T/C < 42%). Five of the agents had curative activity. These five agents had a halogen (F, Cl, Br) in the 7-position (whereas Assure had a CI in the 6 position). All agents with curative activity were either a carboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof, whereas Assure is the ethyl ester of the carboxylic acid. All other structural features were identical between Assure and the curative agents. Assure had no selective cytotoxicity for solid tumors in the disk-assay, and was devoid of antitumor activity. The analog XK469 is in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Corbett
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit 48202, USA
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Rigas JR, Francis PA, Miller VA, Tong WP, Roistacher N, Kris MG, Orazem JP, Young CW, Warrell RP. Clinical and pharmacology study of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide given on a weekly schedule. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 35:483-8. [PMID: 7882456 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro human tumor colony-forming assay identified chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) as an active agent at human plasma concentrations of > 100 micrograms/ml. In the initial phase I trial of CQS given every 28 days, peak plasma concentrations > 500 micrograms/ml were associated with reversible dose-limiting hypoglycemia and occasional cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, we evaluated whether a weekly schedule of treatment might minimize the drug-associated toxicity while maintaining potential therapeutic concentrations. CQS was given intravenously over 1 h once per week for 4 weeks to 12 patients, beginning at a dose of 2,000 mg/m2. All patients underwent monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias and hypoglycemia. Plasma drug levels were measured following each dose. Mild hypoglycemia was the most common adverse effect. A median nadir plasma glucose concentration of 56 mg/dl was observed at a weekly dose of 2,500 mg/m2. Two patients experienced cardiac dysrhythmia while on study. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring failed to identify any significant infusion-related arrhythmia. The median CQS plasma concentration measured 24 h following a 2,000-mg/m2 dose of CQS was > 100 micrograms/ml, and the cumulative area under the concentration x time curve (AUC) determined at concentrations of > or = 100 micrograms/ml was similar to that observed with the every-28-day schedule. The weekly schedule described herein appears to maximize the plasma AUC with an acceptable margin of safety. The recommended phase II dose and schedule for CQS is 2,000 mg/m2 given once per week. Although severe hypoglycemia is unlikely, glucose monitoring is appropriate for 6 h following CQS administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rigas
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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Conley BA, O'Hara S, Wu S, Melink TJ, Parnes H, Pardoe E, Egorin MJ, Van Echo DA. Phase I trial of chloroguinoxaline sulfonamide, with correlation of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 37:139-49. [PMID: 7497583 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To define a maximum tolerable dose, chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) was given as a 1-h infusion every 28 days to cancer patients for whom no effective standard therapy was available. Doses were escalated in cohorts of at least three patients each. Plasma for characterization of the pharmacokinetics of free and total CQS was obtained during and after the initial infusion and, when possible, during and after subsequent infusions of CQS if the dose had been reduced. A total of 101 courses of CQS in 55 patients were evaluated. Dose levels ranged from 18 to 3,700 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity was hypoglycemia, first recognized at the 3,700-mg/m2 dose. When dose-limiting hypoglycemia was recognized, patients were entered at successively lower doses, with close monitoring of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations being done in 26 patients. Grade 1-3 hypoglycemia occurred within 4 h of the termination of CQS infusion and cleared by 24 h. Symptomatic hypoglycemia was more frequent at doses of CQS above 1,000 mg/m2. Concomitant administration of 5% glucose did not ameliorate the hypoglycemia associated with CQS doses of > 1,000 mg/m2. The total calorie intake, percentage of ideal body weight, or percentage of weight lost did not explain the incidence or severity of hypoglycemia in 12 patients in whom these data were obtained. Cardiac tachyarrhythmias occurred in 7 patients who received CQS at doses of > or = 1,000 mg/m2, and tachyarrhythmia was associated with hypoglycemia in 3 patients. Other toxicities were sporadic, but the frequency of toxicity was higher at CQS doses of > or = 1,000 mg/m2. These toxicities included fever, rash, lightheadedness, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, alopecia, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. All toxicities were reversible. Mean peak plasma [CQS] and AUC increased with dose, with a suggestion that peak plasma [CQS] plateaued at higher doses. The decline in plasma [CQS] was fitted to a three-compartment, open linear model. The terminal half-life ranged from 28 to 206 h. Total body clearance ranged from 44 to 881 ml/h with no evidence of saturation. Urinary excretion of the parent compound in 24 h averaged < 5%. CQS not bound to plasma protein (free CQS) comprised 1%-17% of total plasma CQS and was not related to dose. A relationship was defined between the magnitude of hypoglycemia and CQS pharmacokinetic parameters. The percentage of decrease in plasma [glucose], i.e., (predose [glucose]-nadir [glucose]/predose [glucose]) x 100, correlated with both free and total peak plasma [CQS].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Conley
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Fisherman JS, Osborn BL, Chun HG, Plowman J, Smith AC, Christian MC, Zaharko DS, Shoemaker RH. Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide: a sulfanilamide antitumor agent entering clinical trials. Invest New Drugs 1993; 11:1-9. [PMID: 8349430 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) has been developed to the clinical trial stage based on its activity in the Human Tumor Colony Forming Assay (HTCFA). In the HTCFA, CQS demonstrated inhibition of colony formation against breast, lung, melanoma and ovarian carcinomas. The mechanism of action of CQS is unknown. It does not appear to inhibit folate metabolism as does the structurally similar sulfaquinoxaline. Preclinical toxicology studies in dogs and rats have shown that CQS is toxic to lymphoid organs, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, CNS, adrenal glands and testes. Toxicity was generally reversible with the exception of testicular atrophy in dogs and rats which occurred late and was not reversible within the study time frame. The pharmacokinetic data indicate that CQS binds to serum proteins in a dose and species specific manner. Terminal half-lives appear to vary between species from 60 hours in mice, 15 hours in rats, and 45-132 hours in dogs. Preliminary data indicate a longer terminal half-life in humans. Two phase I trials are ongoing using a 60 min infusion schedule once every 28 days. The starting dose for each trial was 18 mg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fisherman
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
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Branda RF, Moore AL, McCormack JJ. Immunosuppressive properties of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:3521-6. [PMID: 2818644 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS), a sulfanilamide derivative with antitumor activity, was found to be toxic to lymphoid tissue during preclinical studies. The mechanism of this toxicity appears to involve profound inhibition of lymphocyte activation. Incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) with CQS decreased cellular incorporation of thymidine and deoxyuridine in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry indicated that CQS blocked movement out of the G0/G1 phase. Drug-treated cells were smaller and expressed fewer receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transferrin than untreated mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. These observations support the notion that CQS has cell cycle specificity in regulating lymphocyte proliferation. As little as 10 microM CQS markedly inhibited both human lymphocyte and murine CTLL cell replication in response to IL-2 containing growth factors. However, CQS did not block secretion of IL-2 into culture supernatant fractions by human PBMNCs. Finally, CQS inhibited in vitro production of immunoglobulins G and M by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, primarily by causing cytotoxicity. In all of these drug effects, CQS was approximately one to two logs more potent than the parent compound, sulfaquinoxaline (SQ). These studies indicate that CQS inhibits essential basic processes in human lymphocytes. This agent may find use as an immunosuppressive drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Branda
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401
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