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Volkov P, Verkhoturova S, Khrapova K, Arbuzova S, Bidusenko I, Albanov A, Trofimov B. Selenium Transfer from Secondary Phosphine Selenides to Aminoacetylenic Ketones: Access to 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-pyrrole-3-selones with a Stable C═Se Bond. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39166540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Secondary phosphine selenides were found to react with γ-aminoacetylenic ketones (80-85 °C, MeCN, 17-40 h) to afford 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrole-3-selones in 48-80% yields, products of unprecedented selenium transfer from the P═Se bond to replace the carbonyl oxygen and to form dihydro-3H-pyrrole-3-selones having a C═Se bond stable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Volkov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Verkhoturova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya Khrapova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Arbuzova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan Bidusenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Albanov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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Morán-Serradilla C, Plano D, Sanmartín C, Sharma AK. Selenization of Small Molecule Drugs: A New Player on the Board. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7759-7787. [PMID: 38716896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective modalities for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies due to the increasing rates of drug resistance, undesired side effects, poor clinical outcomes, etc. Throughout the years, selenium (Se) has attracted a great deal of attention due to its important role in human health. Besides, a growing body of work has unveiled that the inclusion of Se motifs into a great number of molecules is a promising strategy for obtaining novel therapeutic agents. In the current Perspective, we have gathered the most recent literature related to the incorporation of different Se moieties into the scaffolds of a wide range of known drugs and their feasible pharmaceutical applications. In addition, we highlight different representative examples as well as provide our perspective on Se drugs and the possible future directions, promises, opportunities, and challenges of this ground-breaking area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 400 University Drive,Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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3
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Fourmigué M, Dhaka A. Chalcogen bonding in crystalline diselenides and selenocyanates: From molecules of pharmaceutical interest to conducting materials. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Molnár I, Szentmiklósi JA, Gesztelyi R, Somogyiné-Vári É. Effect of antithyroid drugs on the occurrence of antibodies against type 2 deiodinase (DIO2), which are involved in hyperthyroid Graves' disease influencing the therapeutic efficacy. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:245-254. [PMID: 30610492 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Graves' disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter and autoantibodies against TSH receptor, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg). Graves' hyperthyroidism is characterized by T3 dominance due to the conversion of T4 into T3 through type 1 and 2 deiodinase enzymes (DIO1, DIO2). Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) therapies inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis blocking the activity of deiodinase and TPO enzymes. The study investigated the occurrence of autoantibodies against DIO2 peptides (cys- and hom-peptides) with the effect of antithyroid drugs on their frequencies in 78 patients with Graves' disease and 30 controls. In hyperthyroidism, the presence of DIO2 peptide antibodies was as follows: 20 and 11 cases out of 51 for cys- and hom-peptide antibodies, respectively, of whom 8 cases possessed antibodies against both peptides. Antithyroid drugs differently influenced their frequencies, which were greater in PTU than in MMI (3/6 vs 13/45 cases, P < 0.016 for cys- and 0/6 vs 2/45 cases for hom-peptide antibodies). Antibodies against both peptides demonstrated more reduced levels of anti-TPO (P < 0.003) and anti-Tg antibodies (P < 0.002) compared with those without peptide antibodies. PTU compared with MMI increased the levels of TSH receptor antibodies (32.5 UI/l vs 2.68 IU/l, P < 0.009). MMI treatment led to more reduced FT3 levels and FT3/FT4 ratios in hyperthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy (P < 0.028 for FT3, P < 0.007 for FT3/FT4 ratio). In conclusion, the presence of DIO2 peptide antibodies is connected to Graves' hyperthyroidism influencing the levels of antibodies against TPO, Tg and TSH receptor, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of antithyroid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Molnár
- Immunoendocrinology, EndoMed, Bem tér 18/C., Debrecen, 4026, Hungary.
| | - József A Szentmiklósi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, POBox 12, Debrecen, 4012, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, POBox 12, Debrecen, 4012, Hungary
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Mai S, Wolf AP, González L. Curious Case of 2-Selenouracil: Efficient Population of Triplet States and Yet Photostable. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3730-3742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Patricia Wolf
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Yadav S, Deka R, Singh HB. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of NHC-based Selones: Syntheses, Applications and Reactivity. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Rajesh Deka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Harkesh B. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Novel thyroid hormone analogues, enzyme inhibitors and mimetics, and their action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:91-104. [PMID: 28408161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play key roles in modulating the overall metabolism of the body, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, neuronal and bone growth, and cardiovascular as well as renal functions. In this review, we discuss on the thyroid hormone synthesis and activation, thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and mechanism of action, applications of thyroid hormone analogues, particularly the compounds that are selective ligands for TRβ receptors, or enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of thyroidal disorders with a specific focus on thyroid peroxidase and iodothyronine deiodinases. We also discuss on the development of small-molecule deiodinase mimetics and their mechanism of deiodination, as these compounds have the potential to regulate the thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemie und Biologie der Schilddrüsenhormon-Biosynthese und -Wirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
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9
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7606-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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Urquiza NM, Naso LG, Martínez Medina JJ, Moyano MA, Lezama L, Williams PAM, Ferrer EG. Pharmacological activities of a propylthiouracil compound structurally modified by coordination with copper(II). J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1167885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora M. Urquiza
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luciana G. Naso
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR/CONICET, UNLP), UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan J. Martínez Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR/CONICET, UNLP), UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, UNCAUS, Chaco, Argentina
| | - María A. Moyano
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luis Lezama
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
- BCMaterials, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Patricia A. M. Williams
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR/CONICET, UNLP), UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Evelina G. Ferrer
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR/CONICET, UNLP), UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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11
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Hussain RA, Badshah A, Shah A. Synthesis and biological applications of selenoureas. Appl Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Badshah
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
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Rijntjes E, Scholz PM, Mugesh G, Köhrle J. Se- and s-based thiouracil and methimazole analogues exert different inhibitory mechanisms on type 1 and type 2 deiodinases. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 2:252-8. [PMID: 24783056 PMCID: PMC3923599 DOI: 10.1159/000355288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioamide anti-thyroid drugs methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) play a pivotal role in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. MMI exerts its effect via inhibiting one of the key enzymes involved in synthesis of thyroid hormones (TH), thyroid peroxidase (TPO). PTU is both an inhibitor of TPO and type 1 deiodinase (D1), which catalyzes TH deiodination at both aromatic rings. In contrast, no selective inhibitors are known for type 2 deiodinase (D2) or type 3 deiodinase, which deiodinate TH at the phenolic or tyrosyl ring, respectively. We aimed to identify specific inhibitors for D1 or D2. New Se- and S-based PTU and MMI-like compounds have been generated. The D1 and D2 inhibiting capacity of several compounds was tested in vitro. Our data show that compounds based on a PTU and MMI backbone can differentially influence the reaction kinetics of deiodinases. For inhibition of D1, the addition of a phenyl group to the PTU backbone increases potency by at least 10-fold over PTU. For inhibition of D2, the addition of an aromatic ring structure to MMI and its Se isomer increases inhibitory potency by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, S-methylation of the MMI changes its reaction kinetics from non-competitive to uncompetitive with respect to the cofactor dithiothreitol. These results open perspectives for further investigations on identifying specific inhibitors of the deiodinase isoenzymes, potentially based on the addition of aromatic ring structures or alkyl groups to PTU and MMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Moritz Scholz
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Manna D, Roy G, Mugesh G. Antithyroid drugs and their analogues: synthesis, structure, and mechanism of action. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2706-15. [PMID: 23883148 DOI: 10.1021/ar4001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. They regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. In this Account, we discuss the synthesis, structure, and mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and their analogues. The prohormone thyroxine (T4) is synthesized on thyroglobulin by thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a heme enzyme that uses iodide and hydrogen peroxide to perform iodination and phenolic coupling reactions. The monodeiodination of T4 to 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) by selenium-containing deiodinases (ID-1, ID-2) is a key step in the activation of thyroid hormones. The type 3 deiodinase (ID-3) catalyzes the deactivation of thyroid hormone in a process that removes iodine selectively from the tyrosyl ring of T4 to produce 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3). Several physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis. The overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to hyperthyroidism, which is treated by antithyroid drugs that either inhibit the thyroid hormone biosynthesis and/or decrease the conversion of T4 to T3. Antithyroid drugs are thiourea-based compounds, which include propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI), and carbimazole (CBZ). The thyroid gland actively concentrates these heterocyclic compounds against a concentration gradient. Recently, the selenium analogues of PTU, MMI, and CBZ attracted significant attention because the selenium moiety in these compounds has a higher nucleophilicity than that of the sulfur moiety. Researchers have developed new methods for the synthesis of the selenium compounds. Several experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the selone (C═Se) in the selenium analogues is more polarized than the thione (C═S) in the sulfur compounds, and the selones exist predominantly in their zwitterionic forms. Although the thionamide-based antithyroid drugs have been used for almost 70 years, the mechanism of their action is not completely understood. Most investigations have revealed that MMI and PTU irreversibly inhibit TPO. PTU, MTU, and their selenium analogues also inhibit ID-1, most likely by reacting with the selenenyl iodide intermediate. The good ID-1 inhibitory activity of PTU and its analogues can be ascribed to the presence of the -N(H)-C(═O)- functionality that can form hydrogen bonds with nearby amino acid residues in the selenenyl sulfide state. In addition to the TPO and ID-1 inhibition, the selenium analogues are very good antioxidants. In the presence of cellular reducing agents such as GSH, these compounds catalytically reduce hydrogen peroxide. They can also efficiently scavenge peroxynitrite, a potent biological oxidant and nitrating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Manna
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri 203207, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Roy G, Jayaram PN, Mugesh G. Inhibition of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation by imidazole-based thiones and selones: a mechanistic study. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1910-21. [PMID: 23737077 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis and biomimetic activity of a series of N,N-disubstituted thiones and selones that contain an imidazole pharmacophore. The N,N-disubstituted thiones do not show any inhibitory activity towards LPO-catalyzed oxidation reactions, but their corresponding N,N-disubstituted selones exhibit inhibitory activity towards LPO-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Substituents on the N atom of the imidazole ring appear to have a significant effect on the inhibition of LPO-catalyzed oxidation and iodination reactions. Selones 16, 17, and 19, which contain methyl, ethyl, and benzyl substituents, exhibit similar inhibition activities towards LPO-catalyzed oxidation reactions with IC50 values of 24.4, 22.5, and 22.5 μM, respectively. However, their activities are almost three-fold lower than that of the commonly used anti-thyroid drug methimazole (MMI). In contrast, selone 21, which contains a N-CH2CH2OH substituent, exhibits high inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 7.2 μM, which is similar to that of MMI. The inhibitory activity of these selones towards LPO-catalyzed oxidation/iodination reactions is due to their ability to decrease the concentrations of the co-substrates (H2O2 and I2), either by catalytically reducing H2O2 (anti-oxidant activity) or by forming stable charge-transfer complexes with oxidized iodide species. The inhibition of LPO-catalyzed oxidation/iodination reactions by N,N-disubstituted selones can be reversed by increasing the concentration of H2O2. Interestingly, all of the N,N-disubstituted selones exhibit high anti-oxidant activities and their glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity is 4-12-fold higher than that of the well-known GPx-mimic ebselen. These experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the selones exist as zwitterions, in which the imidazole ring contains a positive charge and the selenium atom carries a large negative charge. Therefore, the selenium moieties of these selones possess highly nucleophilic character. The (77)Se NMR chemical shifts for the selones show large upfield shift, thus confirming the zwitterionic structure in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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16
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Bhabak K, Mugesh G. Antithyroid Drugs and their Analogues Protect Against Peroxynitrite-Mediated Protein Tyrosine Nitration-A Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2010; 16:1175-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Das D, Roy G, Mugesh G. Antithyroid drug carbimazole and its analogues: synthesis and inhibition of peroxidase-catalyzed iodination of L-tyrosine. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7313-7. [PMID: 18954039 DOI: 10.1021/jm800894m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biological activity of the antithyroid drug carbimazole (CBZ) and its analogues are described. The introduction of an ethoxycarbonyl group in methimazole and its selenium analogue not only prevents the oxidation to the corresponding disulfide and diselenide but also reduces the zwitterionic character. A structure-activity correlation in a series of CBZ analogues suggests that the presence of a methyl substituent in CBZ and related compounds is important for their antithyroid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Das
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouriprasanna Roy
- a epartment of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- a epartment of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India
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19
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Trujillo C, Mó O, Yáñez M. Why Are Selenouracils as Basic as but Stronger Acids than Uracil in the Gas Phase? Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1715-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Jayaram PN, Roy G, Mugesh G. Effect of thione—thiol tautomerism on the inhibition of lactoperoxidase by anti-thyroid drugs and their analogues. J CHEM SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-008-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Roy G, Mugesh G. Selenium Analogues of Antithyroid Drugs – Recent Developments. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:414-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Trujillo C, Mó O, Yáñez M. A theoretical study of hydration effects on the prototropic tautomerism of selenouracils. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3092-9. [PMID: 17878967 DOI: 10.1039/b708045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The prototropic tautomerism of 2-, 4-selenouracil and 2,4-diselenouracil has been studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods, at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The relative stability order of selenouracil tautomers does not resemble that of uracil tautomers, but it is similar to that of thiouracils, even though the energy gaps between the different tautomers of selenouracils are smaller than for thiouracils. The tautomerism activation barriers are high enough as to conclude that only the oxo-selenone or the diselenone structures should be found in the gas phase. The specific interaction with one water molecule reduces these barriers by a half, but still the oxo-selenone form is always the most stable tautomer. The addition of a second water molecule has a relatively small effect, as well as bulk effects, evaluated by means of a continuum-polarized model. For isolated 2- and 4-selenouracils, the more favorable tautomerization process corresponds to a hydrogen transfer towards the selenium atom, the activation barriers for transfer towards the oxygen atom being much higher. This situation changes when specific and bulk effects are included, and the latter process becomes the more favorable one. For 2,4-diselenouracil the more favorable tautomerization, in the gas phase, corresponds to the H shift from N1 to the Se atom at C2, while solvation effects favor the transfer from N3 to the Se atom at C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trujillo
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Soujanya Y, Narahari Sastry G. Theoretical elucidation of the antioxidant mechanism of 1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-selenol (MSeI). Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Roy G, Das D, Mugesh G. Bioinorganic chemistry aspects of the inhibition of thyroid hormone biosynthesis by anti-hyperthyroid drugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Antoniadis CD, Hadjikakou SK, Hadjiliadis N, Papakyriakou A, Baril M, Butler IS. Synthesis and Structures of Se Analogues of the Antithyroid Drug 6-n-Propyl-2-thiouracil and Its Alkyl Derivatives: Formation of Dimeric Se–Se Compounds and Deselenation Reactions of Charge-Transfer Adducts of Diiodine. Chemistry 2006; 12:6888-97. [PMID: 16773663 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Four selenium analogues of the antithyroid drug 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), of formulae RSeU, (R = methyl (Me) (1), ethyl (Et) (2), n-propyl (nPr) (3), and isopropyl (iPr) 4), have been synthesized. Reaction of 1-4 with diiodine in a 1:1 molar ratio in dichloromethane results in the formation of [(RSeU)I(2)] (R = methyl (5), ethyl (6), n-propyl (7) and isopropyl (8)). All compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-Raman, FT-IR, UV/Vis, (1)H-, (13)C-, (77)Se-1D and -2D NMR spectroscopy, and ESI-MS spectrometric techniques. Recrystallization of 4 from dichloromethane afforded (4CH(2)Cl(2)). Crystals of [(nPrSeU)I(2)] (7), a charge-transfer complex, were obtained from chloroform solutions, while crystallization of 6 and 7 from acetone afforded the diselenides [N-(6-Et-4-pyrimidone)(6-EtSeU)(2)] (92 H(2)O) and [N-(6-nPr-4-pyrimidone)(6-nPrSeU)(2)] (10) as oxidation products. Recrystallization of 7 from methanol/acetonitrile solutions led to deselenation with the formation of 6-n-propyl-2-uracil (nPrU) (11). [(nPrSeU)I(2)] (7) was found to be a charge-transfer complex with a Se--I bond. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of antithyroid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos D Antoniadis
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Roy G, Nethaji M, Mugesh G. Bioinorganic chemistry of anti-thyroid drugs: An unusual formation of a copper (II) complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Roy G, Nethaji M, Mugesh G. Interaction of anti-thyroid drugs with iodine: the isolation of two unusual ionic compounds derived from Se-methimazole. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2883-7. [PMID: 16855736 DOI: 10.1039/b604060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of lactoperoxidase (LPO)-catalyzed iodination of l-tyrosine by the anti-thyroid drug methimazole (MMI) and its selenium analogue (MSeI) is described. MSeI inhibits LPO with an IC(50) value of 12.4 microM, and this inhibition could be completely reversed by increasing the peroxide concentration. In addition to the inhibition, MSeI reacts with molecular iodine to produce novel ionic diselenides, and the nature of the species formed in this reaction appear to be solvent-dependent. The formation of ionic species in the reaction is confirmed by single-crystal X-ray studies, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic investigations. This study provides the first experimental evidence that MSeI not only effectively inhibits the LPO-catalyzed iodination of tyrosine, but also reacts with I(2) to produce novel ionic diselenides. These results also suggest that MSeI reacts with iodine, even in its oxidized form, to form ionic diselenides containing iodide or polyiodide anions, which might be effective intermediates in the inhibition of thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Roy G, Mugesh G. Bioinorganic chemistry in thyroid gland: effect of antithyroid drugs on peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation and iodination reactions. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2006; 2006:23214. [PMID: 17497002 PMCID: PMC1794076 DOI: 10.1155/bca/2006/23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are the most commonly used antithyroid drugs. The available data suggest that these drugs may block the thyroid hormone synthesis by inhibiting the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or diverting oxidized iodides away from thyroglobulin. It is also known that PTU inhibits the selenocysteine-containing enzyme ID-1 by reacting with the selenenyl iodide intermediate (E-SeI). In view of the current interest in antithyroid drugs, we have recently carried out biomimetic studies to understand the mechanism by which the antithyroid drugs inhibit the thyroid hormone synthesis and found that the replacement of sulfur with selenium in MMI leads to an interesting compound that may reversibly block the thyroid hormone synthesis. Our recent results on the inhibition of lactoperoxidase (LPO)-catalyzed oxidation and iodination reactions by antithyroid drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - G. Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
- *G. Mugesh:
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Roy G, Mugesh G. Anti-Thyroid Drugs and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis: Effect of Methimazole Derivatives on Peroxidase-Catalyzed Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:15207-17. [PMID: 16248663 DOI: 10.1021/ja054497u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses and characterization of the selenium analogue (MSeI) of anti-thyroid drug methimazole and a series of organoselenium compounds bearing N-methylimidazole pharmacophore are described. In contrast to the sulfur compound that exists predominantly in its thione form, the selenium analogue exists in a selenol form, which spontaneously oxidizes in air to produce the corresponding diselenide. The reduction of the diselenide by GSH or NaBH(4) affords the biologically active selenol, which effectively inhibits the lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in vitro. The monoselenides having N-methylimidazole moiety are found to be much less active than the selenol, suggesting that the presence of a selenol moiety is important for the LPO inhibition. The kinetic and mechanistic studies reveal that MSeI inhibits the LPO activity by reducing the H(2)O(2), providing a novel method to reversibly inhibit the enzyme. Although MSeI strongly inhibits LPO, the enzyme's activity can be completely recovered by increasing the H(2)O(2) concentration. On the other hand, the inhibition by methimazole (MMI), the sulfur analogue, cannot be reversed by increasing the H(2)O(2) concentration, leading to a complete inactivation of the enzyme. The reversible inhibition of LPO by some of the selenium derivatives is correlated with their glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and the high GPx activity of the selenium compounds as compared with their sulfur analogues suggests that the selenium derivatives may protect the thyroid gland from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Roy G, Nethaji M, Mugesh G. Biomimetic Studies on Anti-Thyroid Drugs and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2712-3. [PMID: 14995183 DOI: 10.1021/ja039860g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selenium analogues of anti-thyroid drugs exhibit their anti-thyroid action by a mechanism different from that of MMI. The selenium analogue of MMI and related selenium compounds exhibit high GPx activity, providing a novel method for the reversible inhibition of thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Sułkowska A, Równicka J, Bojko B, Sułkowski W. Interaction of anticancer drugs with human and bovine serum albumin. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Moudgil R, Bharatam PV, Kaur R, Kaur D. Theoretical studies on electron delocalisation in selenourea. J CHEM SCI 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02704266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Wuerzburg, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Mugesh G, du Mont WW, Sies H. Chemistry of biologically important synthetic organoselenium compounds. Chem Rev 2001; 101:2125-79. [PMID: 11710243 DOI: 10.1021/cr000426w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1247] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Mugesh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technischen Universität, Postfach 3329, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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