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Belanger MC, Anbaei P, Dunn AF, Kinman AW, Pompano RR. Spatially Resolved Analytical Chemistry in Intact, Living Tissues. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15255-15262. [PMID: 33201681 PMCID: PMC7864589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissues are an exciting frontier for bioanalytical chemistry, one in which spatial distribution is just as important as total content. Intact tissue preserves the native cellular and molecular organization and the cell-cell contacts found in vivo. Live tissue, in particular, offers the potential to analyze dynamic events in a spatially resolved manner, leading to fundamental biological insights and translational discoveries. In this Perspective, we provide a tutorial on the four fundamental challenges for the bioanalytical chemist working in living tissue samples as well as best practices for mitigating them. The challenges include (i) the complexity of the sample matrix, which contributes myriad interfering species and causes nonspecific binding of reagents; (ii) hindered delivery and mixing; (iii) the need to maintain physiological conditions; and (iv) tissue reactivity. This framework is relevant to a variety of methods for spatially resolved chemical analysis, including optical imaging, inserted sensors and probes such as electrodes, and surface analyses such as sensing arrays. The discussion focuses primarily on ex vivo tissues, though many considerations are relevant in vivo as well. Our goal is to convey the exciting potential of analytical chemistry to contribute to understanding the functions of live, intact tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura C. Belanger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Parastoo Anbaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Austin F. Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Andrew W.L. Kinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI. Cell-Based Adhesion Assays for Isolation of Snake Venom's Integrin Antagonists. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2068:205-223. [PMID: 31576530 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9845-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms could lead to the development of new drugs to treat a range of life-threatening conditions like cardiovascular diseases. Most snake venoms contain a large variety of lethal toxins as well as anti-adhesive proteins such as disintegrins, which have evolved from the harmless compounds ADAMs (proteins with a disintegrin and a metalloprotease domain) and C-type lectin proteins which disturb connective tissue and cell-matrix interaction. These anti-adhesive proteins target and block integrin receptors and disrupt normal biological processes in snakes' prey such as connective tissue physiology and blood clotting. This chapter provides the experimental details of a practical, cell-based adhesion protocol to help identify and isolate disintegrins and C-type lectin proteins from snake venoms, important tools in integrin research and lead compounds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lazarovici
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Jensen KHR, Berg RW. CLARITY-compatible lipophilic dyes for electrode marking and neuronal tracing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32674. [PMID: 27597115 PMCID: PMC5011694 DOI: 10.1038/srep32674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent lipophilic dyes, such as DiI, stain cellular membranes and are used extensively for retrograde/anterograde labeling of neurons as well as for marking the position of extracellular electrodes after electrophysiology. Convenient histological clearing techniques, such as CLARITY, enable immunostaining and imaging of large volumes for 3D-reconstruction. However, such clearing works by removing lipids and, as an unintended consequence, also removes lipophilic dyes. To remedy this wash-out, the molecular structure of the dye can be altered to adhere to both membranes and proteins so the dye remains in the tissue after lipid–clearing. Nevertheless, the capacity of such modified dyes to remain in tissue has not yet been tested. Here, we test dyes with molecular modifications that make them aldehyde-fixable to proteins. We use three Dil–analogue dyes, CM-DiI, SP-DiI and FM 1–43FX that are modified to be CLARITY-compatible candidates. We use the challenging adult, myelin-rich spinal cord tissue, which requires prolonged lipid–clearing, of rats and mice. All three dyes remained in the tissue after lipid–clearing, but CM-DiI had the sharpest and FM 1–43FX the strongest fluorescent signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H R Jensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Rune W Berg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
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Abstract
Chronic renal failure is an important clinical problem with significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. Despite advances in renal replacement therapies and organ transplantation, poor quality of life for dialysis patients and long transplant waiting lists remain major concerns for nephrologists treating this condition. There is therefore a pressing need for novel therapies to promote renal cellular repair and tissue remodeling. Over the past decade, advances in the field of regenerative medicine allowed development of cell therapies suitable for kidney repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated cells that possess immunomodulatory and tissue trophic properties and the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Studies in animal models of chronic renal failure have uncovered a unique potential of these cells for improving function and regenerating the damaged kidney. Nevertheless, several limitations pertaining to inadequate engraftment, difficulty to monitor, and untoward effects of MSCs remain to be addressed. Adverse effects observed following intravascular administration of MSCs include immune rejection, adipogenic differentiation, malignant transformation, and prothrombotic events. Nonetheless, most studies indicate a remarkable capability of MSCs to achieve kidney repair. This review summarizes the regenerative potential of MSCs to provide functional recovery from renal failure, focusing on their application and the current challenges facing clinical translation.
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A rapid and sensitive method for measuring cell adhesion. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:147-9. [PMID: 19370401 PMCID: PMC2721084 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We have adapted the CyQuant(R) assay to provide a simple, rapid, sensitive and highly reproducible method for measuring cell adhesion. The modified CyQuant(R) assay eliminates the requirement for labour intensive fluorescent labelling protocols prior to experimentation and has the sensitivity to measure small numbers (>1000) of adherent cells.
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Chouinard JA, Grenier G, Khalil A, Vermette P. Oxidized-LDL induce morphological changes and increase stiffness of endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:3007-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Colletti EJ, Airey JA, Liu W, Simmons PJ, Zanjani ED, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Generation of tissue-specific cells from MSC does not require fusion or donor-to-host mitochondrial/membrane transfer. Stem Cell Res 2008; 2:125-38. [PMID: 19383418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) hold great promise for cellular replacement therapies. Despite their contributing to phenotypically distinct cells in multiple tissues, controversy remains regarding whether the phenotype switch results from a true differentiation process. Here, we studied the events occurring during the first 120 h after human MSC transplantation into a large animal model. We demonstrate that MSC, shortly after engrafting different tissues, undergo proliferation and rapidly initiate the differentiative process, changing their phenotype into tissue-specific cells. Thus, the final level of tissue-specific cell contribution is not determined solely by the initial level of engraftment of the MSC within that organ, but rather by the proliferative capability of the ensuing tissue-specific cells into which the MSC rapidly differentiate. Furthermore, we show that true differentiation, and not cell fusion or transfer of mitochondria or membrane-derived vesicles between transplanted and resident cells, is the primary mechanism contributing to the change of phenotype of MSC upon transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Colletti
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Chang HK, Thalhofer C, Duerkop BA, Mehling JS, Verma S, Gollob KJ, Almeida R, Wilson ME. Oxidant generation by single infected monocytes after short-term fluorescence labeling of a protozoan parasite. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1017-24. [PMID: 17118986 PMCID: PMC1828521 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00914-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular protozoa residing in mononuclear phagocytes. Leishmania organisms are susceptible to microbicidal responses generated in response to phagocytosis. Assuming that both phagocyte and parasite populations are heterogeneous, it is advantageous to examine the response of individual cells phagocytosing living parasites. Because Leishmania spp. lose virulence during the raising of transfectants, we developed a method to label live Leishmania chagasi short-term with fluorescent dyes. Up to six parasite divisions were detected by flow cytometry after labeling with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), dioctadecyl-tetramethylindo carbocyanine perchlorate, or chloromethyl tetramethylrhodamine. Labeled parasites entered mononuclear phagocytes as determined by confocal and time-lapse microscopy. Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to detect macrophage-derived oxidants generated during phagocytosis. Presumably Leishmania organisms are opsonized with host serum/tissue components such as complement prior to phagocytosis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of opsonization and found that this increased the efficiency of CFSE-labeled parasite entry into monocytes (84.6% +/- 8.8% versus 20.2% +/- 3.8% monocytes infected; P < 0.001). Opsonization also increased the percentage of phagocytes undergoing a respiratory burst (66.0% +/- 6.3% versus 41.0% +/- 8.3% of monocytes containing CFSE-labeled parasites; P < 0.001) and the magnitude of oxidant generation by each infected monocyte. Inhibitor data indicated that DHE was oxidized by products of the NADPH oxidase. These data suggest that opsonized serum components such as complement lead to more efficient entry of Leishmania into their target cells but at the same time activate the phagocyte oxidase to generate microbicidal products in infected cells. The parasite must balance these positive and negative survival effects in order to initiate a viable infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeok K Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Kayser EB, Morgan PG, Hoppel CL, Sedensky MM. Mitochondrial expression and function of GAS-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20551-8. [PMID: 11278828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the gene gas-1 alters sensitivity to volatile anesthetics, fecundity, and life span in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. gas-1 encodes a close homologue of the 49-kDa iron protein subunit of Complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain from bovine heart. gas-1 is widely expressed in the nematode neuromuscular system and in a subcellular pattern consistent with that of a mitochondrial protein. Pharmacological studies indicate that gas-1 functions partially via presynaptic effects. In addition, a mutation in the gas-1 gene profoundly decreases Complex I-dependent metabolism in mitochondria as measured by rates of both oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport. An increase in Complex II-dependent metabolism also is seen in mitochondria from gas-1 animals. There is no apparent alteration in physical structure in mitochondria from gas-1 nematodes compared with those from wild type. These data indicate that gas-1 is the major 49-kDa protein of complex I and that the GAS-1 protein is critical to mitochondrial function in C. elegans. They also reveal the importance of mitochondrial function in determining not only aging and life span, but also anesthetic sensitivity, in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Kayser
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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