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Veenhoven J, Saverwyns S, van Keulen H, van Bommel M, Lynen F. Polysaccharide metabolism in Anacardiaceae (Asian lacquer) cross-linked polymers elucidated using in situ trimethylsilylation pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121373. [PMID: 37940270 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates from polysaccharides in natural thermoset Anacardiaceae polymers of Gluta usitata, Toxicodendron succedaneum and Toxicodendron vernicifluum were identified using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with in situ trimethylsilylation. Pyrolysates resulting from the pyrolytic intermolecular chain scission of the polysaccharides were used to elucidate monomeric units. Polysaccharides, dispersed in the phenolic lacasse catalysed cross-linked macromolecules, showed to be metabolised through various catabolic and anabolic routes. Galactose functionalities, abundantly present in the polysaccharides were determined to be enzymatically converted to glucose-6-phosphate, followed by conversion via glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways. Determination of specific routes of carbohydrate modification via glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways facilitated differentiating G. usitata, T. succedaneum and T. vernicifluum polymers, based on the carbohydrate content. It was also found that uronic type acids, present as end groups of the branched polysaccharide structure, were biochemically converted to aldonic acids. Following the pentose phosphate and glycolysis routes, carbohydrates in G. usitata and T. vernicifluum polymers showed to be further modified via shikimate and cinnamate pathways to produce phenylpropanoid compounds. Parent molecules and pyrolysis products thereof were verified using analytical standards of high purity. The mass spectra and Kovats retention indices were compiled in an AMDIS library, which can be made available on request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Veenhoven
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Paintings Lab, Laboratories Department, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Jubelpark 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture (AHM), Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94552, 1090 GN Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Steven Saverwyns
- Paintings Lab, Laboratories Department, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Jubelpark 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Henk van Keulen
- Cultural Heritage Laboratory, Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE), Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maarten van Bommel
- Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture (AHM), Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94552, 1090 GN Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Analytical Sciences, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Chang CW, Liao JY, Lu KT. Syntheses and Characteristics of Urushiol-Based Waterborne UV-Cured Wood Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224005. [PMID: 34833302 PMCID: PMC8622096 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacture and properties of waterborne UV-cured coatings (WUV coatings) by acetone process based on urushiol for wood finishing were investigated. Firstly, epoxide urushiol (EU) was prepared by reacting urushiol with epichlorohydrin. Secondly, the EU was reacted with acrylic acid to obtain acrylic epoxide urushiol (AEU). Next, the prepolymers were synthesized by the reaction of AEU, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), respectively, using acetone as a solvent. The prepolymers were further neutralized by triethylamine (TEA) to obtain ionomers and dispersed in the water. After removing the acetone by vacuum distillation, the polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were obtained. Finally, the WUV coatings were performed by adding a photoinitiator (Irgacure 2959). The products in the synthesized processes and the properties of the WUV coatings were examined. The results showed that the EU, AEU, prepolymers, and ionomers could be synthesized stably. The PUDs synthesized by the IPDI and HDI had a similar solid content of 25.2% and 26.2%, and similar pH values of 7.8 and 7.6. However, the IPDI-containing PUD displayed lower viscosity, smaller particle size, and a more even polydispersity index. The IPDI-containing WUV film displayed a higher hardness, gloss, and lightfastness. The HDI-containing WUV film possessed superior impact resistance. Both IPDI-containing and HDI-containing WUV films showed excellent adhesion, bending resistance, and mass retention, and demonstrated a potential for wood finishing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kun-Tsung Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2284-0345 (ext. 122); Fax: +886-4-2287-3628
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Polymerization mechanism of natural lacquer sap with special phase structure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12867. [PMID: 32733059 PMCID: PMC7393129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacquer sap is a water-in-oil natural emulsion with high viscosity. In nature, it exudes from the phloem of lacquer tree to repair its wounds in the presence of O2. So far, it is unclear how rapid and smooth polymerization of urushiol is achieved in such a viscous sap. Here, we find that there is a diffuse interface layer with 2.43 nm of thickness between two phases. The interface layer consists of urushiol, urushiol–laccase complex, urushiol–stellacyanin complex and water-insoluble glycoprotein. Polymerization of urushiol is realized by multicomponent synergistic effect. Radicals are first formed by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of urushiol at the interface layer, then are transferred to the urushiol oil phase via wate-insoluble glycoprotein and initiate the polymerization of urushiol there. Stellacyanin inhibits the formation of certain radicals and controls the concentration of phenoxy radicals at the interface layer. Through the inhibition of radicals by stellacyanin and the electron transfer mediated by water-insoluble glycoprotein, the polymerization of urushiol at the interface layer is inhibited. This ensures that O2 can continuously penetrate into the aqueous phase to oxidize the reduced laccase so that the urushiol polymerization can continue smoothly. This polymerization mechanism provides an idea for developing new chemical reaction systems.
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Separation of lacquer polysaccharides and interaction with poly-l-lysine. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xu H, Lu Z, Zhang G. Synthesis and properties of thermosetting resin based on urushiol. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Le Hô AS, Regert M, Marescot O, Duhamel C, Langlois J, Miyakoshi T, Genty C, Sablier M. Molecular criteria for discriminating museum Asian lacquerware from different vegetal origins by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 710:9-16. [PMID: 22123107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the identification of several chemical markers of vegetal species of Oriental lacquers with the aim at providing a methodology consistent with sampling restrictions necessarily applied in the field of cultural heritage. The method proposed is based on rapid and easy single step thermally assisted hydrolysis-methylation (THM) pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis that can be carried out with a minimum amount of matter (typically 10 μg for a sample collected on a museum or an archaeological object). The main contribution of this study is to provide multiple molecular criteria for discriminating the three Asian species used for making lacquers, namely Rhus verniciflua Stokes, Rhus succedanea and Melanorrhoea usitata. Because these trees grow in specific areas, identifying the species involved in ancient lacquer coatings also provides geobotanical data and fruitful information on the exchange networks and trading routes developed by ancient societies. With this purpose, a systematic study of all pyrolysis products of lacquer coatings was carried out on modern dried lacquer films from authentified provenance. It was demonstrated that the whole pyrolysis products play a significant role in identifying the vegetal species. The chemotaxonomic value of homologous series of alkanes, alkenes and benzene derivatives, rarely explored until now, was assessed. It was shown that the combination of data related to five distinct groups of pyrolytic markers (composition and/or distribution of alkanes, alkenes and benzene, alkenyl-, alkylcatechol and phenol derivatives) provided new strong criteria to establish vegetal origin and provenance of Asian artworks, even though they have been largely altered over time. Case studies of archaeological Chinese lacquered artefacts and Japanese Buddhistic altar were thereafter successfully investigated to address informative potential and efficiency of these criteria on ancient and degraded lacquer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Solenn Le Hô
- UMR 171 CNRS-Culture and Communication Ministry, Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (LC2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Paris, France.
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Zou C, Du Y, Li Y, Yang J, Zhang L. Preparation and in vitro antioxidant activity of lacquer polysaccharides with low molecular weights and their sulfated derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rayne S, Mazza G. Biological activities of extracts from sumac (Rhus spp.): a review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 62:165-75. [PMID: 17909971 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-007-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sumac is the common name for a genus (Rhus) that contains over 250 individual species of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae. These plants are found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide, often grow in areas of marginal agricultural capacity, and have a long history of use by indigenous people for medicinal and other uses. The research efforts on sumac extracts to date indicate a promising potential for this plant family to provide renewable bioproducts with the following reported desirable bioactivities: antifibrogenic, antifungal, antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antithrombin, antitumorigenic, antiviral, cytotoxic, hypoglycaemic, and leukopenic. As well, the bioactive components can be extracted from the plant material using environmentally benign solvents that allow for both food and industrial end-uses. The favorable worldwide distribution of sumac also suggests that desirable bioproducts may be obtained at the source, with minimal transportation requirements from the source through processing to the end consumer. However, previous work has focussed in just a few members of this large plant family. In addition, not all of the species studied to date have been fully characterized for potential bioactive components and bioactivities. Thus, there remains a significant research gap spanning the range from lead chemical discovery through process development and optimization in order to better understand the full potential of the Rhus genus as part of global green technology based on bioproducts and bioprocesses research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Rayne
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
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Yang J, Du Y, Huang R, Wan Y, Wen Y. The structure–anticoagulant activity relationships of sulfated lacquer polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 36:9-15. [PMID: 16022893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regiospecific oxidation of the primary hydroxyl groups in lacquer polysaccharide (LPL, Mw 6.85 x 10(4)) and its NaIO4 oxidation derivatives (LPLde) to C-6 carboxy groups was achieved with NaOCl in the presence of Tempo and NaBr. Sulfate groups were incorporated into the oxidated polysaccharides using Py.SO3 complex as a reagent. Reactivity of polysaccharide hydroxyl group was C-6 > C-2 > C-4. Sulfate groups were mainly linked to the second hydroxy at C-2 in the products. The results of APTT assay showed after incorporation of carboxyl groups into lacquer polysaccharides, the intrinsic coagulation pathway was promoted, and all sulfated polysaccharides had very weak anticoagulant activity within the scope of studied DS (0.39-1.11). These indicated that carboxyl groups and sulfate groups had the synergistic action. At the same time, the anticoagulant activity increased very slowly with the DS in the second hydroxy. This indicated that 6-O-SO3- in the side chains took an important role in the anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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Lu R, Ishimura T, Tsutida K, Honda T, Miyakoshi T. Development of a fast drying hybrid lacquer in a low-relative-humidity environment based onkurome lacquer sap. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yang J, Du Y, Huang R, Sun L, Liu H, Gao X, Kennedy JF. Chemical modification and antitumour activity of Chinese lacquer polysaccharide from lac tree Rhus vernicifera. Carbohydr Polym 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nagase K, Lu R, Miyakoshi T. Studies on the Fast Drying Hybrid Urushi in Low Humidity Environment. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Cheung PCK, Dong J. Fractionation and characterization of a Polysaccharide from the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium by preparative size-exclusion chromatography. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2003; 56:281-9. [PMID: 12834983 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(03)00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A kind of regenerated cellulose gel (RCG) particles were treated by toluene to obtain particles with smaller mean pore size, then was mixed with the cellulose gel with pore size of 370 and 525 nm. A preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column (700 x 20 mm) packed with three gel particles was used to fractionate water-soluble polysaccharide (WEP) extracted from the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium by aqueous solution. The exclusion limit and fractionation range of the stationary phase of the preparative SEC were molecular mass 8 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(3) to 8 x 10(5), respectively. The calibration curve of the preparative SEC was represented as: log M=13.96-0.53 Ve. The WEP sample (weight-average molecular mass M(w)=2.2 x 10(4), polydispersity=2.4) was divided into three fractions with M(w) ranging from 1.4 x 10(4) to 3.4 x 10(4) by the preparative SEC column, and the fractions were characterized by gas chromatography GC, SEC combined with laser light scattering (SEC-LLS) and viscometry. The unfractionated WEP exhibited triple peaks due to different molecular mass, but each fraction exhibited single peak with the polydispersity of 1.1-1.8 in the SEC patterns. The results indicated that the preparative SEC was efficient for fractionation of polysaccharides having low molecular weight and for determination of their molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yang J, Du Y, Wen Y, Li T, Hu L. Sulfation of Chinese lacquer polysaccharides in different solvents. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang J, Du Y. Chemical modification, characterization and bioactivity of Chinese lacquer polysaccharides from lac tree Rhus vernicifera against leukopenia induced by cyclophosphamide. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang J, Du Y, Huang R, Wan Y, Li T. Chemical modification, characterization and structure-anticoagulant activity relationships of Chinese lacquer polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2002; 31:55-62. [PMID: 12559427 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(02)00066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A natural lacquer polysaccharide with complex branches was separated into two fractions, LPH (MW 16.9x10(4)) and LPL (MW 6.85x10(4)). Results of 13C NMR and FT-IR indicated they had the same structure. The treatment of LPL with sodium periodate led to a partial cut-off of side chains with 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid in the terminal. These polysaccharides were sulfated in the presence of Py*SO3/DMSO. Depending on the reaction conditions, the products showed a different degree of sulfation (DS) ranging from 0.57 to 1.57 and different molecular weights ranging from 1.71x10(4) to 3.49x10(4). FT-IR analysis showed the equatorial primary OH at O-6 and the axial secondary OH at O-4 were sulfated. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time and thrombin time (TT) assays showed the sulfated polysaccharides could prolong APTT and TT, but not TP. These activities strongly depended on the DS, the molecular weights (MW) and the branching structure of polysaccharides. DS of above 0.8 was essential for anticoagulant activity. The anticoagulant activity increased with the DS and the molecular weights. The molecular weights played a more important role. The branching structure of polysaccharides increased the activities. In our studies, the sulfated polysaccharides with the DS of 1.15 and the highest MW of 3.49x10(4) had the best blood anticoagulant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, Wuhan, China
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Kuroyama H, Tsutsui N, Hashimoto Y, Tsumuraya Y. Purification and characterization of a beta-glucuronidase from Aspergillus niger. Carbohydr Res 2001; 333:27-39. [PMID: 11423108 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A beta-glucuronidase from Pectinex Ultra SP-L, a commercial pectolytic enzyme preparation from Aspergillus niger, was purified 170-fold by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Apparent M(r) of the purified enzyme, estimated by denaturing gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography, were 68,000 and 71,000, respectively, indicating that the enzyme is a monomeric protein. It released uronic acids not only from p-nitrophenyl beta-glucosiduronic acid (PNP-GlcA) but also from acidic galactooligosaccharides carrying either beta-D-glucosyluronic or 4-O-methyl-beta-D-glucosyluronic residues at the nonreducing termini through beta-(1-->6)-glycosidic linkages. The enzyme exhibited a maximal activity toward these substrates at pH 3.0. A regioisomer, 3-O-beta-glucosyluronic acid-galactose, was unsusceptible to the enzyme. The enzyme did act on a polymer substrate, releasing uronic acid from the carbohydrate portion of a radish arabinogalactan-protein modified by treatment with fungal alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase. The enzyme produced acidic oligosaccharides by transglycosylation, catalyzing the transfer of uronic acid residues of PNP-GlcA and 6-O-beta-glucosyluronic acid-galactose to certain exogenous acceptor sugars such as Gal, N-acetylgalactosamine, Glc, and xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuroyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Urawa 338-8570, Japan
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Lu R, Yoshida T, Nakashima H, Premanathan M, Aragaki R, Mimura T, Kaneko Y, Yamamoto N, Miyakoshi T, Uryu T. Specific biological activities of Chinese lacquer polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Arifkhodzhaev AO. Galactans and galactan-containing polysaccharides of higher plants. Chem Nat Compd 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02238327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Preparative fractionation of polysaccharides by columns packed with regenerated cellulose gels. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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TERADA M, OYABU H, ASO Y. Hardening Reaction of Alkenylcatechol Derivatives by Laccase from Pycnoporus Coccineus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.4011/shikizai1937.67.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Exudate Gums. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461012-5.50020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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Isolation and Analysis of Plant Cell Walls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461012-5.50022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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