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Temperature and pH Profiling of Extracellular Amylase from Antarctic and Arctic Soil Microfungi. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While diversity studies and screening for enzyme activities are important elements of understanding fungal roles in the soil ecosystem, extracting and purifying the target enzyme from the fungal cellular system is also required to characterize the enzyme. This is, in particular, necessary before developing the enzyme for industrial-scale production. In the present study, partially purified α-amylase was obtained from strains of Pseudogymnoascus sp. obtained from Antarctic and Arctic locations. Partially purified α-amylases from these polar fungi exhibited very similar characteristics, including being active at 15 °C, although having a small difference in optimum pH. Both fungal taxa are good candidates for the potential application of cold-active enzymes in biotechnological industries, and further purification and characterization steps are now required. The α-amylases from polar fungi are attractive in terms of industrial development because they are active at lower temperatures and acidic pH, thus potentially creating energy and cost savings. Furthermore, they prevent the production of maltulose, which is an undesirable by-product often formed under alkaline conditions. Psychrophilic amylases from the polar Pseudogymnoascus sp. investigated in the present study could provide a valuable future contribution to biotechnological applications.
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He Z, Zhang L, Mao Y, Gu J, Pan Q, Zhou S, Gao B, Wei D. Cloning of a novel thermostable glucoamylase from thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor pusillus and high-level co-expression with α-amylase in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:114. [PMID: 25539598 PMCID: PMC4362842 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal amylase, mainly constitute of fungal α-amylase and glucoamylase, are utilized in a broad range of industries, such as starch hydrolysis, food and brewing. Although various amylases have been found in fungi, the amylases from Aspergillus dominate the commercial application. One of main problems exist with regard to these commercial use of amylases is relatively low thermal and acid stability. In order to maximize the efficiency of starch process, developing fungal amylases with increased thermostability and acid stability has been attracting researchers' interest continually. Besides, synergetic action of glucoamylase and α-amylase could facilitate the degradation of starch. And co-expressing glucoamylase with α-amylase in one host could avoid the need to ferment repeatedly and improves cost-effectiveness of the process. RESULTS A novel fungal glucoamylase (RpGla) gene encoding a putative protein of 512 amino acid residues was cloned from Rhizomucor pusillus. BLAST analysis revealed that RpGla shared highest identity of 51% with the Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (ABB77799.1). The fungal glucoamylase RpGla was expressed in Pichia pastoris (KM71/9KGla) with maximum activity of 1237 U ml(-1). The optimum pH and temperature of RpGla were pH 4.0 and 70 °C, respectively. Fungal α-amylase (RpAmy) gene was also cloned from R. pusillus and transformed into KM71/9KGla, resulted in recombinant yeast KM71/9KGla-ZαAmy harboring the RpGla and RpAmy genes simultaneously. The maximum saccharogenic activity of KM71/9KGla-ZαAmy was 2218 U ml(-1), which improved 79% compared to KM71/9KGla. Soluble starch hydrolyzed by purified RpGla achieved 43% glucose and 34% maltose. Higher productivity was achieved with a final yield of 48% glucose and 47% maltose catalyzed by purified enzyme preparation produced by KM71/9KGla-ZαAmy. CONCLUSIONS A novel fungal glucoamylase and fungal α-amylase genes were cloned from Rhizomucor pusillus. The two enzymes showed good thermostability and acid stability, and similar biochemical properties facilitated synergetic action of the two enzymes. A dramatic improvement was seen in amylase activity through co-expressing RpGla with RpAmy in Pichia pastoris. This is the first report of improving activity through co-expression glucoamylase with α-amylase in P. pastoris. Besides, fungal glucoamylase and α-amylase from R. pusillus were shown as promising candidates for further application in starch hydrolysis.
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Görgens JF, Bressler DC, van Rensburg E. EngineeringSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor direct conversion of raw, uncooked or granular starch to ethanol. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 35:369-91. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.888048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Glucoamylase from a newly isolated Aspergillus niger FME: Detergent-Mediated production, purification, and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-3001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matsuki J, Shiroma R, Ike M, Tokuyasu K. Improvement of the RT-CaCCO Process for Efficient Glucose Recovery from Starch-rich Whole-crop Rice. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2012. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Kumar P, Satyanarayana T. Microbial glucoamylases: characteristics and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:225-55. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550903136076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Recent advances in microbial raw starch degrading enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:988-1003. [PMID: 19277485 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Raw starch degrading enzymes (RSDE) refer to enzymes that can directly degrade raw starch granules below the gelatinization temperature of starch. These promising enzymes can significantly reduce energy and simplify the process in starch industry. RSDE are ubiquitous and produced by plants, animals, and microorganisms. However, microbial sources are the most preferred one for large-scale production. During the past few decades, RSDE have been studied extensively. This paper reviews the recent development in the production, purification, properties, and application of microbial RSDE. This is the first review on microbial RSDE to date.
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Ueda M, Asano T, Nakazawa M, Miyatake K, Inouye K. Purification and characterization of novel raw-starch-digesting and cold-adapted α-amylases from Eisenia foetida. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Ghosh A, Chatterjee B, Das A. Purification and characterization of glucoamylase ofAspergillus terreusNA-170 mutant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb02973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lombraña M, Suárez P, San Juan F. Two forms of α-amylase in mantle tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Purification and molecular properties of form II. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:56-66. [PMID: 16009590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Amylase activity has been shown for the first time in a non-digestive tissue from Mytilus galloprovincialis. alpha-amylase from mussel mantle tissue has been purified by affinity chromatography on insoluble starch, followed by gel-filtration chromatography on Superdex-200. The chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviour of M. galloprovincialis alpha-amylase and stability characteristics suggest two forms of this enzyme: one form forming stable aggregates (form I) and a monomeric form (form II) that is more abundant, active and unstable. Both forms show an inverse quantitative variation. Purified form II was highly unstable and the molecular mass was estimated to be 66 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis. Maximum activity was noted at pH 6.5 and 35 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lombraña
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunolgía, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Abstract
Thermophilic fungi are a small assemblage in mycota that have a minimum temperature of growth at or above 20 degrees C and a maximum temperature of growth extending up to 60 to 62 degrees C. As the only representatives of eukaryotic organisms that can grow at temperatures above 45 degrees C, the thermophilic fungi are valuable experimental systems for investigations of mechanisms that allow growth at moderately high temperature yet limit their growth beyond 60 to 62 degrees C. Although widespread in terrestrial habitats, they have remained underexplored compared to thermophilic species of eubacteria and archaea. However, thermophilic fungi are potential sources of enzymes with scientific and commercial interests. This review, for the first time, compiles information on the physiology and enzymes of thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic fungi can be grown in minimal media with metabolic rates and growth yields comparable to those of mesophilic fungi. Studies of their growth kinetics, respiration, mixed-substrate utilization, nutrient uptake, and protein breakdown rate have provided some basic information not only on thermophilic fungi but also on filamentous fungi in general. Some species have the ability to grow at ambient temperatures if cultures are initiated with germinated spores or mycelial inoculum or if a nutritionally rich medium is used. Thermophilic fungi have a powerful ability to degrade polysaccharide constituents of biomass. The properties of their enzymes show differences not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Their extracellular enzymes display temperature optima for activity that are close to or above the optimum temperature for the growth of organism and, in general, are more heat stable than those of the mesophilic fungi. Some extracellular enzymes from thermophilic fungi are being produced commercially, and a few others have commercial prospects. Genes of thermophilic fungi encoding lipase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase have been cloned and overexpressed in heterologous fungi, and pure crystalline proteins have been obtained for elucidation of the mechanisms of their intrinsic thermostability and catalysis. By contrast, the thermal stability of the few intracellular enzymes that have been purified is comparable to or, in some cases, lower than that of enzymes from the mesophilic fungi. Although rigorous data are lacking, it appears that eukaryotic thermophily involves several mechanisms of stabilization of enzymes or optimization of their activity, with different mechanisms operating for different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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JAMES JENNYLYNDA, LEE BYONGH. GLUCOAMYLASES: MICROBIAL SOURCES, INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ? A REVIEW. J Food Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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James JA, Robert N, Lee BH. Cloning and expression of a glucoamylase gene from Lactobacillus amylovorus ATCC 33621 in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Selvakumar P, Ashakumary L, Helen A, Pandey A. Purification and characterization of glucoamylase produced by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996; 23:403-6. [PMID: 8987901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucoamylases produced by Aspergillus niger grown on wheat brain in solid cultures were purified. Four different forms, GA I, GA I', GA II and GA III, were found having apparent molecular weights of 112,000, 104,000, and 74,000 and 61,000 Da respectively. The enzymes are glycoproteins with a carbohydrate content of 16%, and optimal activity at 60 degrees C and pH 4.4. Activity was strongly inhibited by Hg2+ while Mn2+ and Fe2+ were stimulatory. The Km values for the degradation of starch and maltose were 3.5 and 7.8 mg ml-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Selvakumar
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum, India
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Mishra RS, Maheshwari R. Amylases of the thermophilic fungusThermomyces lanuginosus: Their purification, properties, action on starch and response to heat. J Biosci 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02703143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hizukuri S, Kozuma T, Yoshida H, Abe J, Takahashi K, Yamamoto M, Nakamura N. Properties ofFlavobacterium odoratum KU Isoamylase. STARCH-STARKE 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19960480713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Planchot V, Colonna P. Purification and characterization of extracellular alpha-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00035-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abe J, Onitsuka N, Nakano T, Shibata Y, Hizukuri S, Entani E. Purification and characterization of periplasmic alpha-amylase from Xanthomonas campestris K-11151. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:3584-8. [PMID: 8206836 PMCID: PMC205547 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.12.3584-3588.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris K-11151, isolated from soil, produced a periplasmic alpha-amylase of a new type. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, as shown by several criteria. The purified enzyme showed almost the same activities on alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins, soluble starch, and amylose. Moreover, it was active on branched cyclodextrins, pullulan, and maltose but not on glycogen. Kinetic analysis showed that alpha-cyclodextrin was the best substrate among the cyclodextrins. The substrate specificity suggested that this enzyme had the combined activities of alpha-amylase, cyclodextrinase, and neopullulanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abe
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Haska N, Ohta Y. Effect of Cellulase Addition on Hydrolysis of Sago Starch Granules by Raw Starch Digesting Amylase fromPenicillium brunneum No. 24. STARCH-STARKE 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19930450706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Leloup VM, Colonna P, Marchis-Mouren G. Mechanism of the adsorption of pancreatic alpha-amylase onto starch crystallites. Carbohydr Res 1992; 232:367-74. [PMID: 1423363 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)80069-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V M Leloup
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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Chatterjee B, Ghosh A, Das A. Starch digestion and adsorption by beta-amylase of Emericella nidulans (Aspergillus nidulans). THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 72:208-13. [PMID: 1533208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A mutant strain of Emericella nidulans MNU 82 was isolated by multistep mutation. The beta-amylase produced by the mutant was able to digest raw starch. It was readily and strongly adsorbed onto raw starch at pH 5.0. The enzyme to starch ratio was 1950 U/g starch. The enzyme showed no correlation between the capacity of raw starch digestion and adsorption of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, Calcutta, India
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Noda T, Takahata Y, Nagata T. Properties of Sweet Potato Starches from Different Tissue Zones. STARCH-STARKE 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19920441002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Leloup VM, Colonna P, Ring SG. ?-Amylase adsorption on starch crystallites. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 38:127-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Saha BC, Zeikus JG. Characterization of thermostable cyclodextrinase from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:2941-3. [PMID: 2275540 PMCID: PMC184873 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.9.2941-2943.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E produced a cell-bound cyclodextrin (CD)-degrading enzyme (cyclodextrinase). It was partially purified 205-fold (specific activity, 14.5 U/mg of protein) by solubilizing with Triton X-100, ammonium sulfate treatment, and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The enzyme activity was found to be stable at pH 5.5 and 60 degrees C and optimally active at pH 6.0 and 65 degrees C. The enzyme preparation hydrolyzed CDs, with alpha-CD greater than beta-CD greater than gamma-CD, and displayed a putative multiple attack pattern. The enzyme activity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate but not by N-bromosuccinimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Lansing 48909
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Abe J, Nakajima K, Hizukuri S. Alteration of the properties of Aspergillus sp. K-27 glucoamylase on limited proteolysis with subtilisin. Carbohydr Res 1990; 203:129-38. [PMID: 2224899 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)80052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An active derivative (mol. wt. 48,000) of Aspergillus sp. K-27 glucoamylase (mol. wt. 76,000) was obtained by limited proteolysis with subtilisin. The amino acid sequences of native and modified enzymes at the N-termini were Ala-Gly-Gly-Thr-Leu-Asp and Ala-Val-Leu, respectively. The proteolysis greatly decreased the affinity of the enzyme for amylopectin and glycogen, but not for oligosaccharides. It also reduced the ability of the enzyme to degrade raw starch, abolished the ability of the enzyme to adsorb onto starch granules, and eliminated the synergistic action of the enzyme in the hydrolysis of starch granules with alpha-amylase. These findings imply that the enzyme has a specific affinity site for polysaccharide substrates besides the catalytic site, i.e., a starch-binding site, and that the former is removed by proteolysis. The extent of the reduction in the activity for raw starches caused by the modification varied with the starch source, as the modified enzyme digested raw potato starch better than either raw corn or sweet potato starches. A new method for evaluation of the raw starch-digesting activity of glucoamylase is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abe
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan
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