Synthesis of derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-(α- and β-d-galactopyranosyl)-d-glucose

Ionic-liquid supported rapid synthesis of an N-glycan core pentasaccharide on a 10 g scale

A hetero-branched N-glycan core pentasaccharide was rapidly assembled on a new ionic liquid support on a 10 g scale.

Synthesis of a di- and a trisaccharide related to the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31

Di- and trisaccharide fragments related to the repeating unit of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 have been synthesized as their methyl glycoside analogs starting from readily available monosaccharides.

Total synthesis of VIM-2 ganglioside isolated from human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells

A total synthesis of the tumor-associated glycolipid antigen, VIM-2, is described [2]. Phenyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-6-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-6-O-benzy l-2- deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), a key intermediate prepared by condensation of phenyl 6-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6) and 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-6-O-benzyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide (5), was glycosylated with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside (8) to give the trisaccharide donor 9, which, on coupling with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-be ta-D- glucopyranoside (10), afforded the pentasaccharide 11. The regioselective glycosylation of 12 (derived by O-debenzoylation of 11) with 7 gave the heptasaccharide 13, which was converted by treatment with hydrazine monohydrate and subsequent N-acetylation into the hexasaccharide acceptor 14. The stereo- and regio-selective glycosylation of 14 with methyl (phenyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-O-benzoyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-D-glycero-beta-D-galact o-2- nonulopyranosid)onate (16) gave the desired octasaccharide 18. Hydrogenolytic removal of the benzyl groups in 18 and successive O-acetylation, removal of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl group, and treatment with trichloroacetonitrile gave the alpha-trichloro-acetimidate 21, which was then coupled with (2S,3R,4E)-2-azido-3-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-4-octade cene-1,3-diol (22) to give 23. Compound 23 was transformed, via selective reduction of the azido group, N-introduction of octadecanoic acid, O-desilylation, O-deacylation, and saponification of the methyl ester group, into the title VIM-2 ganglioside 26.

Glycosylation reactions--present status future directions

A short review of the present status of glycosylation reactions is presented. The reactivity of both proven and newer glycosylation methods are briefly discussed. Emphasis is placed on the control of stereochemistry and regiochemistry. As well, the identification and avoidance of side reactions is covered. Polymer-supported synthesis of oligosaccharides is noted as a promising direction for eliminating some of the problems associated with purification. It is suggested that a better understanding of the mechanism of glycosylation reactions is necessary for future improvements to stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. A key advance would be methods for enhancing the reactivity of weakly nucleophilic hydroxyls.

Synthesis of di-O-glycosyl derivatives of methyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside

The syntheses are described of 2,3-di-O-glycosyl derivatives (1-12) of methyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside where the glycosyl moieties are variously alpha-L-fucopyranose, beta-L-fucopyranose, beta-D-glucopyranose, alpha-D-mannopyranose, and alpha-L-rhamnopyranose. The syntheses involve stereoselective glycosylation of methyl 4-O-benzoyl-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (21), methyl 4-O-benzoyl-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)- alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (25), methyl 4-O-benzoyl-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)- alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (29), methyl 4-O-benzoyl-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-L-fucopyranosyl)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside (35), and methyl 4-O-benzyl-2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-L-fucopyranosyl)- alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (59). In the syntheses of compounds 7-9, the alpha-L-fucopyranosyl residues are introduced stereoselectively, using 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl bromide (17) and ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside (47) as glycosyl donors.