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Nikolaev AV, Al-Maharik N. Synthetic glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors: how these complex molecules have been made. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:970-1020. [PMID: 21448495 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Nikolaev
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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2
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Schachter H, Reck F, Paulsen H. Use of synthetic oligosaccharide substrate analogs to map the active sites of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I and II. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:459-75. [PMID: 14579596 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Tables III and IV summarize substrate analog data presented in Tables I and II, respectively. Data for GlcNAc-T I shown in Tables I and III correlate very well with the crystal structure for GlcNAc-T I. This indicates that substitution of the various hydroxyl groups by hydrogen, [table: see text] O-methyl, and maybe even larger O-alkyl groups does not cause appreciable changes to either the overall conformation of the oligosaccharide or the binding mode, thus supporting this approach of chemical modification of oligosaccharide substrates for mapping of the binding site. There is as yet no crystal structure for GlcNAc-T II. These studies indicate both advantages and disadvantages of this approach for elucidating the catalytic and binding sites of an enzyme. Substrate analog data indicate which chemical groups in the substrate are essential for catalysis and binding and suggest the type of linkage involved (hydrogen bond donor or acceptor). However, no information has been obtained on the protein groups involved in these interactions. If a crystal structure is available, the substrate analog conclusions are primarily confirmatory. However, whether or not a crystal structure is available, this approach can be very helpful in the design of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Schachter
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G IX8, Canada
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3
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Abstract
Two strategies towards the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) were elaborated which permit selective access to the O-1-, O-2-, and the O-6 position of the myo-inositol residue. Starting materials are 1,2:5,6- and 1,2:4,5-di-O-cyclohexylidene-DL-myo-inositol, respectively. In the latter case, the required assignment to the D- or L-series is based on the transformation of one enantiomer into known (-)-liriodentritol. The efficiency and potential versatility of the two approaches is exemplified in the synthesis of PIMs (D)-1a and its pseudoenantiomer (L)-1b, both having myristoyl residues as part of the phosphatidyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stadelmaier
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Koeller KM, Wong CH. Synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates: enzyme-based and programmable one-pot strategies. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4465-94. [PMID: 11749355 DOI: 10.1021/cr990297n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koeller
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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5
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Mayer TG, Schmidt RR. Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchor Synthesis Based on Versatile Building Blocks – Total Synthesis of a GPI Anchor of Yeast. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199905)1999:5<1153::aid-ejoc1153>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Bandyopadhyay T, Wu J, Stripe WA, Carmichael I, Serianni AS. 13C−1H and 13C−13C Spin Couplings in [2‘-13C]2‘-Deoxyribonucleosides: Correlations with Molecular Structure. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961622g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasree Bandyopadhyay
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1157, and Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Jian Wu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1157, and Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Wayne A. Stripe
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1157, and Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1157, and Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Anthony S. Serianni
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1157, and Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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7
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Hung SC, Wong CH. Samariumdiiodid-vermittelte Kupplung von Glycosylphosphaten mit Kohlenstoffradikal- oder -anion-Acceptoren – Synthese von C-Glycosiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961082225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Reck F, Springer M, Meinjohanns E, Paulsen H, Brockhausen I, Schachter H. Synthetic substrate analogues for UDP-GlcNAc: Man alpha 1-3R beta 1-2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Substrate specificity and inhibitors for the enzyme. Glycoconj J 1995; 12:747-54. [PMID: 8748150 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc:Man alpha 1-3R beta 1-2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-T I; EC 2.4.1.101) catalyses the conversion of [Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man alpha 1-6][Man alpha 1-3]Man beta-O-R to [Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man alpha 1-6] [GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3]Man beta-O-R (R = 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc- Asn-X) and thereby controls the conversion of oligomannose to complex and hybrid asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans). GlcNAc-T I also catalyses the conversion of Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man beta-O-octyl to Man alpha 1-6(GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3)Man beta-O-octyl. We have therefore tested a series of synthetic analogues of Man"alpha 1-6(Man'alpha 1-3)Man beta-O-octyl as substrates and inhibitors for rat liver GlcNAc-T I. The 2"-deoxy and the 3"-, 4"- and 6"-O-methyl derivatives are all good substrates confirming previous observations that the hydroxyl groups of the Man"alpha 1-6 residue do not play major roles in the binding of substrate to enzyme. In contrasts, all four hydroxyl groups on the Man'alpha 1-3 residue are essential since the corresponding deoxy derivatives either do not bind (2'- and 3'-deoxy) or bind very poorly (4'- and 6'-deoxy) to the enzyme. The 2'- and 3'-O-methyl derivatives also do not bind to the enzyme. However, the 4'-O-methyl derivative is a substrate (KM = 2.6 mM) and the 6'-O-methyl compound is a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.76 mM). We have therefore synthesized various 4'- and 6'-O-alkyl derivatives, some with reactive groups attached to an O-pentyl spacer, and tested these compounds as reversible and irreversible inhibitors of GlcNAc-T I. The 6'-O-(5-iodoacetamido-pentyl) compound is a specific time dependent inhibitor of the enzyme. Four other 6'-O-alkyl compounds showed competitive inhibition while the remaining compounds showed little or no binding indicating that the electronic properties of the attached O-pentyl groups influence binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reck
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont, Canada
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9
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Reck F, Meinjohanns E, Tan J, Grey AA, Paulsen H, Schachter H. Synthesis of pentasaccharide analogues of the N-glycan substrates of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases III, IV and V using tetrasaccharide precursors and recombinant beta-(1-->2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II. Carbohydr Res 1995; 275:221-9. [PMID: 8529222 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human UDP-GlcNAc: alpha-Man-(1-->6)R beta-(1-->2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (EC 2.4.1.143, GlcNAc-T II) was produced in the Sf9 insect cell/baculovirus expression system as a fusion protein with a (His)6 tag and partially purified by affinity chromatography on a metal chelating column. The partially purified enzyme was used to catalyze the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to R-alpha-Man(1-->6)(beta-GlcNAc(1-->2)alpha-Man(1-->3))beta-Man-O-octyl to form beta-GlcNAc(1-->2)R-alpha-Man(1-->6)(beta-GlcNAc(1-->2)alpha- Man(1-->3))beta-Man-O-octyl where there is either no modification of the alpha-Man(1-->6) residue (7), or where R is 3-deoxy (8), 4-deoxy (9) or 6-deoxy (10). The yields ranged from 64-80%. Products were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Compounds 7-10 are pentasaccharide analogues of the biantennary N-glycan substrates of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases III, IV and V.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reck
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Chapter 5 Biosynthesis 2c. Glycosyltransferases Involved in the Synthesis of N-Glycan Antennae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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11
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Khan SH, Compston CA, Palcic MM, Hindsgaul O. Synthesis of a di-O-methylated pentasaccharide for use in the assay of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III activity. Carbohydr Res 1994; 262:283-95. [PMID: 7982220 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The biantennary oligosaccharide analogue beta-D-Glc pNAc-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Man p-(1-->3)-[beta-D-Glc pNAc-(1-->2)-alpha- D-Man p-(1-->6)]-beta-D-man p-O(CH2)8COOMe (3) is a potential substrate for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (GlcNAcTs) III-V which are present in mammalian cells. The di-O-methylated analogue of 3, beta-D-Glc pNAc-(1-->2)-[4-O-methyl-alpha-D-Man p]-(1-->3)-[beta-D-Glc pNAc-(1-->2)-[6-O-methyl-alpha-D-Man p]-(1-->6)]-beta-D-Man p-O-(CH2)8COOMe (5), was prepared by a block synthesis approach involving sequential addition of two O-methylated disaccharide donors to a protected central beta-D-Man residue. The OH groups acted on by GlcNAcT-IV and -V are protected from glycosylation in 5 since they are present as their methyl ethers. Pentasaccharide 5 was found to be an excellent substrate for GlcNAcT-III (EC 2.4.1.144) from rat kidney with Km = 0.15 mM. The product formed by incubation of 5 with a rat kidney extract, in the presence of UDP-GlcNAc, was isolated, structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed to be the expected di-O-methyl hexasaccharide where a beta-D-Glc pNAc residue had been added to OH-4 of the central beta-D-Man p unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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12
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Alton G, Srivastava G, Kaur KJ, Hindsgaul O. Use of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I and II in the synthesis of a dideoxypentasaccharide. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:675-80. [PMID: 7858975 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(94)85017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Alton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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13
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Reck F, Springer M, Paulsen H, Brockhausen I, Sarkar M, Schachter H. Synthesis of tetrasaccharide analogues of the N-glycan substrate of beta-(1-->2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II using trisaccharide precursors and recombinant beta-(1-->2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Carbohydr Res 1994; 259:93-101. [PMID: 8039192 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant rabbit UDP-GlcNAc: alpha-Man-(1-->3R) beta-(1-->2)-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase I (EC 2.4.1.101, GlcNAc-T I) produced in the Sf9 insect cell/baculovirus expression system has been used to convert compounds of the form 3-R-alpha-Man(1-->6)(alpha-Man(1-->3)) beta-Man-O-octyl to 3-R-alpha-Man(1-->6)(beta-GlcNAc(1-->2)alpha-Man(1-->3)) beta-Man-O-octyl where R is OH (14), O-methyl (17), O-pentyl (18), O-(4,4-azo)pentyl (19), O-(5-iodoacetamido)pentyl (20) and O-(5-amino)pentyl (21); 2-deoxy-alpha-Man(1-->6)(beta-GlcNAc(1-->2) alpha-Man(1-->3)) beta-Man-O-octyl (16), 4-O-methyl-alpha-Man(1-->6) (beta-GlcNAc(1-->2) alpha-Man(1-->3)) beta-Man-O-octyl (22), 6-O-methyl-alpha-Man(1-->6)(beta-GlcNAc(1-->2) alpha Man(1-->3)) beta-Man-O-octyl (23) and alpha-Man(1-->6)[beta-GlcNAc(1-->2)(4-O-methyl) alpha-Man(1-->3)] beta-Man-O-octyl (15) were also synthesized by this procedure. The yields ranged from 80 to 99%. Products were characterized by high resolution 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Compounds 14, 15, 17, 22, and 23 are excellent substrates for UDP-GlcNAc: alpha-Man(1-->6R) beta-(1-->2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II and the other compounds are inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reck
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Reck F, Meinjohanns E, Springer M, Wilkens R, Van Dorst JA, Paulsen H, Möller G, Brockhausen I, Schachter H. Synthetic substrate analogues for UDP-GlcNAc: Man alpha 1-6R beta(1-2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II. Substrate specificity and inhibitors for the enzyme. Glycoconj J 1994; 11:210-6. [PMID: 7841796 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc:Man alpha 1-6R beta(1-2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GlcNAc-T II; EC 2.4.1.143) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of complex N-glycans. We have tested a series of synthetic analogues of the substrate Man"'alpha 1-6(GlcNAc"beta 1-2Man'alpha 1-3)Man beta-O-octyl as substrates and inhibitors for rat liver GlcNAc-T II. The enzyme attaches N-acetylglucosamine in beta 1-2 linkage to the 2"'-OH of the Man"'alpha 1-6 residue. The 2"'-deoxy analogue is a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.13 mM). The 2"'-O-methyl compound does not bind to the enzyme presumably due to steric hindrance. The 3"'-, 4"'- and 6"'-OH groups are not essential for binding or catalysis since the 3"'-, 4"'- and 6"'-deoxy and -O-methyl derivatives are all good substrates. Increasing the size of the substituent at the 3"'-position to pentyl and substituted pentyl groups causes competitive inhibition (Ki = 1.0-2.5 mM). We have taken advantage of this effect to synthesize two potentially irreversible GlcNAc-T II inhibitors containing a photolabile 3"'-O-(4,4-azo)pentyl group and a 3"'-O-(5-iodoacetamido)pentyl group respectively. The data indicate that none of the hydroxyls of the Man"'alpha 1-6 residue are essential for binding although the 2"'- and 3"'-OH face the catalytic site of the enzyme. The 4-OH group of the Man beta-O-octyl residue is not essential for binding or catalysis since the 4-deoxy derivative is a good substrate; the 4-O-methyl derivative does not bind.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reck
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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15
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Sarkar M. Expression of recombinant rabbit UDP-GlcNAc: alpha 3-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain in Sf9 insect cells. Glycoconj J 1994; 11:204-9. [PMID: 7841795 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc: alpha 3-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I; EC 2.4.1.101) catalyses a key reaction in the conversion of oligomannose to complex and hybrid N-glycans. The cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane segment of rabbit GnT I cDNA were replaced with an in-frame cleavable signal sequence and the hybrid construct was inserted into the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. Sf9 insect cells were infected with the recombinant baculovirus and the enzymatically active and soluble catalytic domain of GnT I was purified from the medium (1-5 mg l-1) in two steps to a specific activity of about 2 mumol min-1 mg-1 protein. Recombinant GnT I has been used for the chemical-enzymatic synthesis of analogues of Man alpha 1-6]GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3]Man beta-O-octyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarkar
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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A trisaccharide acceptor analog for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V which binds to the enzyme but sterically precludes the transfer reaction. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Alton G, Kanie Y, Hindsgaual O. The use of a synthetic dideoxygenated pentasaccharide as a specific acceptor for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III. Carbohydr Res 1993; 238:339-44. [PMID: 8431938 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)87027-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Alton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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