1
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Urakami S, Hinou H. MALDI glycotyping of O-antigens from a single colony of gram-negative bacteria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12719. [PMID: 38830875 PMCID: PMC11148006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide-targeted MALDI-TOF MS for microbial species identification has revolutionized microbiology. However, no practical MALDI-TOF MS identification method for O-antigen polysaccharides, a major indicator for epidemiological classification within a species of gram-negative bacteria, is available. We describe a simple MALDI glycotyping method for O-antigens that simultaneously identifies the molecular mass of the repeating units and the monosaccharide composition of the O-antigen. We analyzed the Escherichia coli O1, O6, and O157-type strains. Conventional species identification based on polypeptide patterns and O-antigen polysaccharide typing can be performed in parallel from a single colony using our MALDI-TOF MS workflow. Moreover, subtyping within the same O-antigen and parallel colony-specific O-antigen determination from mixed strains, including the simultaneous identification of multiple strains-derived O-antigens within selected colony, were performed. In MALDI glycotyping of two Enterobacteriaceae strains, a Citrobacter freundii strain serologically cross-reactive with E. coli O157 gave a MALDI spectral pattern identical to E. coli O157. On the other hand, an Edwardsiella tarda strain with no reported O-antigen cross-reactivity gave a MALDI spectral pattern of unknown O-antigen repeating units. The method described in this study allows the parallel and rapid identification of microbial genera, species, and serotypes of surface polysaccharides using a single MALDI-TOF MS instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Urakami
- Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
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2
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Nicolardi S, Danuser R, Dotz V, Domínguez-Vega E, Al Kaabi A, Beurret M, Anish C, Wuhrer M. Glycan and Protein Analysis of Glycoengineered Bacterial E. coli Vaccines by MALDI-in-Source Decay FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4979-4987. [PMID: 35293727 PMCID: PMC8969423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
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Bacterial glycoconjugate
vaccines have a major role in preventing
microbial infections. Immunogenic bacterial glycans, such as O-antigen
polysaccharides, can be recombinantly expressed and combined with
specific carrier proteins to produce effective vaccines. O-Antigen
polysaccharides are typically polydisperse, and carrier proteins can
have multiple glycosylation sites. Consequently, recombinant glycoconjugate
vaccines have a high structural heterogeneity, making their characterization
challenging. Since development and quality control processes rely
on such characterization, novel strategies are needed for faster and
informative analysis. Here, we present a novel approach employing
minimal sample preparation and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry
analysis for protein terminal sequencing and characterization of the
oligosaccharide repeat units of bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines.
Three glycoconjugate vaccine candidates, obtained from the bioconjugation
of the O-antigen polysaccharides from E. coli serotypes
O2, O6A, and O25B with the genetically detoxified exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed by MALDI-in-source
decay (ISD) FT-ICR MS. Protein and glycan ISD fragment ions were selectively
detected using 1,5-diaminonaphtalene and a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid/2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic
acid mixture (super-DHB) as a MALDI matrix, respectively. The analysis
of protein fragments required the absence of salts in the samples,
while the presence of salt was key for the detection of sodiated glycan
fragments. MS/MS analysis of O-antigen ISD fragments allowed for the
detection of specific repeat unit signatures. The developed strategy
requires minute sample amounts, avoids the use of chemical derivatizations,
and comes with minimal hands-on time allowing for fast corroboration
of key structural features of bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines during
early- and late-stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renzo Danuser
- Janssen Vaccines AG (Branch of Cilag GmbH International), Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Dotz
- Bacterial Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Al Kaabi
- Janssen Vaccines AG (Branch of Cilag GmbH International), Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Beurret
- Bacterial Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Bacterial Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Liu B, Furevi A, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Cao H, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Knirel YA, Wang L, Widmalm G. Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:655-683. [PMID: 31778182 PMCID: PMC7685785 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Axel Furevi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience, University of Sydney, 2 Butilin Ave, Darlington NSW 2008, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R. Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:388-423. [PMID: 29547971 PMCID: PMC5995208 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines. Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated. This review analyzes structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is usually a non-pathogenic member of the human colonic flora. However, certain strains have acquired virulence factors and may cause a variety of infections in humans and in animals. There are three clinical syndromes caused by E. coli: (i) sepsis/meningitis; (ii) urinary tract infection and (iii) diarrhoea. Furthermore the E. coli causing diarrhoea is divided into different 'pathotypes' depending on the type of disease, i.e. (i) enterotoxigenic; (ii) enteropathogenic; (iii) enteroinvasive; (iv) enterohaemorrhagic; (v) enteroaggregative and (vi) diffusely adherent. The serotyping of E. coli based on the somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular polysaccharide antigens (K) is used in epidemiology. The different antigens may be unique for a particular serogroup or antigenic determinants may be shared, resulting in cross-reactions with other serogroups of E. coli or even with other members of the family Enterobacteriacea. To establish the uniqueness of a particular serogroup or to identify the presence of common epitopes, a database of the structures of O-antigenic polysaccharides has been created. The E. coli database (ECODAB) contains structures, nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and to some extent cross-reactivity relationships. All fields are searchable. A ranking is produced based on similarity, which facilitates rapid identification of strains that are difficult to serotype (if known) based on classical agglutinating methods. In addition, results pertinent to the biosynthesis of the repeating units of O-antigens are discussed. The ECODAB is accessible to the scientific community at http://www.casper.organ.su.se/ECODAB/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Stenutz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Katzenellenbogen E, Kocharova NA, Zatonsky GV, Bogulska M, Rybka J, Gamian A, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Citrobacter gillenii O11, strain PCM 1540. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1389-95. [PMID: 12801712 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of Citrobacter gillenii PCM 1540 (serogroup O11) consists of D-Glc, D-Man, D-GalNAc, D-GlcNAc, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (D-FucNAc) and O-acetyl groups in the ratios 2:1:1:1:1:1. On the basis of sugar and methylation analyses and Smith-degradation along with 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, the following structure of the branched hexasaccharide repeating unit was established: [structure: see text]. Citrobacter werkmanii PCM 1541 belonging to the same serogroup O11 was found to have an R-form lipopolysaccharide devoid of the O-specific polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Katzenellenbogen
- Polish Academy of Sciences, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland.
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7
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Grozdanov L, Zähringer U, Blum-Oehler G, Brade L, Henne A, Knirel YA, Schombel U, Schulze J, Sonnenborn U, Gottschalk G, Hacker J, Rietschel ET, Dobrindt U. A single nucleotide exchange in the wzy gene is responsible for the semirough O6 lipopolysaccharide phenotype and serum sensitivity of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:5912-25. [PMID: 12374825 PMCID: PMC135379 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.21.5912-5925.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from semirough, serum-sensitive Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (DSM 6601, serotype O6:K5:H1) revealed that this strain's LPS contains a bisphosphorylated hexaacyl lipid A and a tetradecasaccharide consisting of one E. coli O6 antigen repeating unit attached to the R1-type core. Configuration of the GlcNAc glycosidic linkage between O-antigen oligosaccharide and core (beta) differs from that interlinking the repeating units in the E. coli O6 antigen polysaccharide (alpha). The wa(*) and wb(*) gene clusters of strain Nissle 1917, required for LPS core and O6 repeating unit biosyntheses, were subcloned and sequenced. The DNA sequence of the wa(*) determinant (11.8 kb) shows 97% identity to other R1 core type-specific wa(*) gene clusters. The DNA sequence of the wb(*) gene cluster (11 kb) exhibits no homology to known DNA sequences except manC and manB. Comparison of the genetic structures of the wb(*)(O6) (wb(*) from serotype O6) determinants of strain Nissle 1917 and of smooth and serum-resistant uropathogenic E. coli O6 strain 536 demonstrated that the putative open reading frame encoding the O-antigen polymerase Wzy of strain Nissle 1917 was truncated due to a point mutation. Complementation with a functional wzy copy of E. coli strain 536 confirmed that the semirough phenotype of strain Nissle 1917 is due to the nonfunctional wzy gene. Expression of a functional wzy gene in E. coli strain Nissle 1917 increased its ability to withstand antibacterial defense mechanisms of blood serum. These results underline the importance of LPS for serum resistance or sensitivity of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir Grozdanov
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Wolf MK. Occurrence, distribution, and associations of O and H serogroups, colonization factor antigens, and toxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:569-84. [PMID: 9336662 PMCID: PMC172934 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.4.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea worldwide. Four categories of antigens have been commonly studied: O serogroup, H serogroup, colonization factor antigens (CFA), and toxins. A database has been complied from published reports of nearly 1,000 ETEC isolates from 18 locations and analyzed to determine the occurrence, distribution, and associations of O serogroup, H serogroup, CFA, and toxin type. Tables listing the associations of antigens are presented. This analysis documents the widespread nature and variety of ETEC. Even the most common combination of antigens, O6:H16 CFA/II LTST, accounted for only 11% of the ETEC isolates in the database. It was isolated from 12 locations. Many phenotypes occurred only once. CFA detection based on enzyme-linked antibodies with polyclonal sera is suggested as the preferred assay. A combination of CFA and toxin-based antigens is suggested as the most practical vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Wolf
- Department of Gastroenterology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA.
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Mulloy B. High-field NMR as a technique for the determination of polysaccharide structures. Mol Biotechnol 1996; 6:241-65. [PMID: 9067973 DOI: 10.1007/bf02761706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has played a developing role in the study of polysaccharide structures for over 30 years. Many new bacterial polysaccharide repeat unit structures have recently been published as a result of the application of modern NMR techniques. NMR can also be used to elucidate the structures of both regular and heterogeneous polysaccharides from fungal and plant sources, as well as complex glycosaminoglycans of animal origin. In addition to covalent structure, conformation and dynamics of polysaccharides are susceptible to NMR analysis, both in solution and in the solid state. Improvements in NMR technology with potential applications to polysaccharide studies hold promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mulloy
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, UK
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