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Shao B, Han Z, Pang R, Wu D, Xie B, Su Y. The crystalline structure transition and hydrogen bonds shift determining enhanced enzymatic digestibility of cellulose treated by ultrasonication. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162631. [PMID: 36894093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global energy issue raised the necessity to develop second-generation biofuels, and biorefinery of cellulosic biomass becomes a promising solution. Various pretreatments were used to overcome the cellulose nature of recalcitrance and improve the enzymatic digestibility, but the lack of mechanism understanding hindered the development of efficient and cost-effective technologies of cellulose utilization. Using structure-based analysis, we demonstrate that the improved hydrolysis efficiency caused by ultrasonication was ascribed to the changed cellulose properties rather than the increased dissolubility. Further, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis suggested that enzymatic digestion of cellulose is an entropically favored reaction driven by hydrophobic forces other than an enthalpically favored reaction. The changes in cellulose properties and thermodynamic paramenters due to ultrasonication accounted for the improved accessibility. Ultrasonication-treated cellulose showed porous, rough and disordered morphology, accompanying with the loss of crystalline structure. Despite the unaffected unit cell structure, ultrasonication expanded the crystalline lattice by increasing grain sizes and average cross-sectional area, resulting in the transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II, with the decreased crystallinity, better hydrophilicity and increased enzymatic bioaccessibility. Furthermore, FTIR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-CoS) verified that the sequential shift of hydroxyl group and intramolecular/intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the functional groups governing cellulose crystal structure and stability, accounted for the ultrasonication-induced transition of cellulose crystalline structure. This study provides a comprehensive picture of cellulose structure and property response caused by mechanistic treatments and will open up avenues to develop novel pretreatments for efficient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqun Shao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhibang Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruirui Pang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Ghosh M, Kango N, Dey KK. Investigation of the internal structure and dynamics of cellulose by 13C-NMR relaxometry and 2DPASS-MAS-NMR measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2019; 73:601-616. [PMID: 31414362 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-019-00272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Internal structure and dynamics of commercial and natural cellulose were studied by measuring chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) parameters, and spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) at each and every chemically different carbon nuclear site. CSA parameters were measured by 13C two-dimensional phase adjusted spinning sideband (2DPASS) cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR experiment. Site specific spin-lattice relaxation time was measured by Torchia-CP method. Anisotropy parameters of C4 and C6 regions are higher than C1 and C235 regions and asymmetry of C4 line is lower than any other carbon site. The higher values of CSA parameters of C4 and C6 nuclei arise due to the rotation of O4-C4, C1-O4, O5-C5-C6-O6 and C4-C5-C6-O6 bonds at torsion angles ψ, Φ, χ and χ' respectively and the influence of interchain and intrachain hydrogen bondings. Two distinct peaks are also observed for C4 and C6 resonance line position-one peak arises primarily due to the nuclei in amorphous region and another one arises due to the same nuclei resides in paracrystalline region. The spin-lattice relaxation time and the CSA parameters are different at these two distinct peak positions of C4 and C6 line. Molecular correlation time of each and every chemically different carbon site was calculated with the help of CSA parameters and spin-lattice relaxation time. The molecular correlation time of the amorphous region is one order of magnitude less than the crystalline region. The distinction between amorphous and paracrystalline regions of cellulose is more vividly portrayed by determining spin-lattice relaxation time, CSA parameters, and molecular correlation time at each and every chemically different carbon site. This type of study correlating the structure and dynamics of cellulose will illuminate the path of inventing biomimetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Krishna Kishor Dey
- Department of Physics, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India.
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Funahashi R, Okita Y, Hondo H, Zhao M, Saito T, Isogai A. Different Conformations of Surface Cellulose Molecules in Native Cellulose Microfibrils Revealed by Layer-by-Layer Peeling. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3687-3694. [PMID: 28954511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer peeling of surface molecules of native cellulose microfibrils was performed using a repeated sequential process of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical-mediated oxidation followed by hot alkali extraction. Both highly crystalline algal and tunicate celluloses and low-crystalline cotton and wood celluloses were investigated. Initially, the C6-hydroxy groups of the outermost surface molecules of each algal cellulose microfibril facing the exterior had the gauche-gauche (gg) conformation, whereas those facing the interior had the gauche-trans (gt) conformation. All the other C6-hydroxy groups of the cellulose molecules inside the microfibrils contributing to crystalline cellulose I had the trans-gauche (tg) conformation. After surface peeling, the originally second-layer molecules from the microfibril surface became the outermost surface molecules, and the original tg conformation changed to gg and gt conformations. The plant cellulose microfibrils likely had disordered structures for both the outermost surface and second-layer molecules, as demonstrated using the same layer-by-layer peeling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Funahashi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okita
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hondo
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mengchen Zhao
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Brinkmann A, Chen M, Couillard M, Jakubek ZJ, Leng T, Johnston LJ. Correlating Cellulose Nanocrystal Particle Size and Surface Area. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6105-6114. [PMID: 27228219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are negatively charged nanorods that present challenges for characterization of particle size distribution and surface area-two of the common parameters for characterizing nanomaterials. CNC size distributions have been measured by two microscopy methods: atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The agreement between the two methods is good for length measurements, after taking into consideration tip-convolution effects for AFM. However, TEM widths are almost twice as large as AFM heights-an effect that we hypothesize is due to counting of a larger fraction of laterally associated CNCs in the TEM images. Overall, the difficulty of selecting individual particles for analysis and possible bias due to selection of a specific particle size during sample deposition are the main limitations associated with the microscopy measurements. The microscopy results were compared to Z-average data from dynamic light scattering, which is a useful method for routine analysis and for examining trends in size as a function of sample treatment. Measurements as a function of sonication energy were used to provide information on the presence of aggregates in the sample. Magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR was employed to estimate the surface area of CNCs based on the ratio of integrated spectral intensities of resonances stemming from C4 sites at the crystallite surfaces and from all C4 sites. Our approach was adapted from the application of solid-state NMR to characterize larger cellulose microfibers and appears to provide a useful estimate that overcomes the limitations of using the BET method for measuring surface areas of highly aggregated nanomaterials. The solid-state NMR results show that the lateral dimension of the CNCs is consistent with that of elementary cellulose crystallites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tianyang Leng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Linda J Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Wang G, Tan X, Lv H, Zhao M, Wu M, Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhang L. Highly Selective Conversion of Cellobiose and Cellulose to Hexitols by Ru-Based Homogeneous Catalyst under Acidic Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Tan
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Lv
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
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Physical, structural, mechanical and thermal characterization of bacterial cellulose by G. hansenii NCIM 2529. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:132-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Foston M. Advances in solid-state NMR of cellulose. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:176-84. [PMID: 24590189 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a well-established analytical and enabling technology in biofuel research. Over the past few decades, lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion to supplement or displace non-renewable feedstocks has attracted increasing interest. The application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy has long been seen as an important tool in the study of cellulose and lignocellulose structure, biosynthesis, and deconstruction, especially considering the limited number of effective solvent systems and the significance of plant cell wall three-dimensional microstructure and component interaction to conversion yield and rate profiles. This article reviews common and recent applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy methods that provide insight into the structural and dynamic processes of cellulose that control bulk properties and biofuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foston
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Shcherbakova TP, Kotel’nikova NE, Bykhovtsova YV. Comparative study of samples of powdered and microcrystalline celluloses of different natural origins: Supermolecular structure and the chemical composition of powdered samples. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Foston M, Ragauskas AJ. Biomass Characterization: Recent Progress in Understanding Biomass Recalcitrance. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foston
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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Meng LY, Kang SM, Zhang XM, Wu YY, Xu F, Sun RC. Fractional pretreatment of hybrid poplar for accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis: characterization of cellulose-enriched fraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 110:308-313. [PMID: 22330601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficient production of fermentable sugars is a prerequisite for economic ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. A cellulose-enriched fraction was obtained by complete dissolution of ball-milled hybrid poplar wood in dimethyl sulfoxide and lithium chloride (DMSO/LiCl). The cellulose-enriched fraction was mainly composed of glucose and xylose. Spectral fitting analysis of CP/MAS (13)C NMR revealed that the cellulose-enriched fraction had para-crystalline structures with somewhat larger contents of crystalline cellulose І(β) than І(α). The cellulose-enriched fraction was much easier to be converted into mono sugars by cellulases than the untreated sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the cellulose-enriched fraction was porous, which could likely explain the high enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. This study provides a novel pretreatment method based on fractional separation of the three biopolymers via complete dissolution system for enhancement of conversion from ignocellulose to biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan Meng
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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11
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Li H, Foston MB, Kumar R, Samuel R, Gao X, Hu F, Ragauskas AJ, Wyman CE. Chemical composition and characterization of cellulose for Agave as a fast-growing, drought-tolerant biofuels feedstock. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Cellulose Isolation Methodology for NMR Analysis of Cellulose Ultrastructure. MATERIALS 2011; 4:1985-2002. [PMID: 28824119 PMCID: PMC5448851 DOI: 10.3390/ma4111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain accurate information about the ultrastructure of cellulose from native biomass by 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy the cellulose component must be isolated due to overlapping resonances from both lignin and hemicellulose. Typically, cellulose isolation has been achieved via holocellulose pulping to remove lignin followed by an acid hydrolysis procedure to remove the hemicellulose components. Using 13C CP/MAS NMR and non-linear line-fitting of the cellulose C4 region, it was observed that the standard acid hydrolysis procedure caused an apparent increase in crystallinity of ~10% or less on the cellulose isolated from Populus holocellulose. We have examined the effect of the cellulose isolation method, particularly the acid treatment time for hemicellulose removal, on cellulose ultrastructural characteristics by studying these effects on cotton, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and holocellulose pulped Populus. 13C CP/MAS NMR of MCC indicated that holocellulose pulping and acid hydrolysis has little effect on the crystalline ultrastructural components of cellulose. Although any chemical method to isolate cellulose from native biomass will invariably alter substrate characteristics, especially those related to regions accessible to solvents, we found those changes to be minimal and consistent in samples of typical crystallinity and lignin/hemicellulose content. Based on the rate of the hemicellulose removal, as determined by HPLC-carbohydrate analysis and magnitude of cellulose ultrastructural alteration, the most suitable cellulose isolation methodology utilizes a treatment of 2.5 M HCl at 100 °C for a standard residence time between 1.5 and 4 h. However, for the most accurate crystallinity results this residence time should be determined empirically for a particular sample.
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Mittal A, Katahira R, Himmel ME, Johnson DK. Effects of alkaline or liquid-ammonia treatment on crystalline cellulose: changes in crystalline structure and effects on enzymatic digestibility. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:41. [PMID: 22011342 PMCID: PMC3219654 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In converting biomass to bioethanol, pretreatment is a key step intended to render cellulose more amenable and accessible to cellulase enzymes and thus increase glucose yields. In this study, four cellulose samples with different degrees of polymerization and crystallinity indexes were subjected to aqueous sodium hydroxide and anhydrous liquid ammonia treatments. The effects of the treatments on cellulose crystalline structure were studied, in addition to the effects on the digestibility of the celluloses by a cellulase complex. RESULTS From X-ray diffractograms and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, it was revealed that treatment with liquid ammonia produced the cellulose IIII allomorph; however, crystallinity depended on treatment conditions. Treatment at a low temperature (25°C) resulted in a less crystalline product, whereas treatment at elevated temperatures (130°C or 140°C) gave a more crystalline product. Treatment of cellulose I with aqueous sodium hydroxide (16.5 percent by weight) resulted in formation of cellulose II, but also produced a much less crystalline cellulose. The relative digestibilities of the different cellulose allomorphs were tested by exposing the treated and untreated cellulose samples to a commercial enzyme mixture (Genencor-Danisco; GC 220). The digestibility results showed that the starting cellulose I samples were the least digestible (except for corn stover cellulose, which had a high amorphous content). Treatment with sodium hydroxide produced the most digestible cellulose, followed by treatment with liquid ammonia at a low temperature. Factor analysis indicated that initial rates of digestion (up to 24 hours) were most strongly correlated with amorphous content. Correlation of allomorph type with digestibility was weak, but was strongest with cellulose conversion at later times. The cellulose IIII samples produced at higher temperatures had comparable crystallinities to the initial cellulose I samples, but achieved higher levels of cellulose conversion, at longer digestion times. CONCLUSIONS Earlier studies have focused on determining which cellulose allomorph is the most digestible. In this study we have found that the chemical treatments to produce different allomorphs also changed the crystallinity of the cellulose, and this had a significant effect on the digestibility of the substrate. When determining the relative digestibilities of different cellulose allomorphs it is essential to also consider the relative crystallinities of the celluloses being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Mittal
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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de la Motte H, Hasani M, Brelid H, Westman G. Molecular characterization of hydrolyzed cationized nanocrystalline cellulose, cotton cellulose and softwood kraft pulp using high resolution 1D and 2D NMR. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Rondeau-Mouro C, Bizot H, Bertrand D. Chemometric analyses of the 1H–13C cross-polarization build-up of celluloses NMR spectra: A novel approach for characterizing the cellulose crystallites. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Sannigrahi P, Miller SJ, Ragauskas AJ. Effects of organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on cellulose structure and crystallinity in Loblolly pine. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:965-70. [PMID: 20307873 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol organosolv pretreatment was performed on Loblolly pine to enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy coupled with line shape analysis was used to determine the structure and crystallinity of cellulose isolated from pretreated and enzyme-hydrolyzed Loblolly pine. The results indicate reduced crystallinity of the cellulose following the organosolv pretreatment, which renders the substrate easily hydrolyzable by cellulase. The degree of crystallinity increases and the relative proportion of para-crystalline and amorphous cellulose decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis, indicating preferential hydrolysis of these regions by cellulase. The structural and compositional changes in this material resulting from the organosolv pretreatment and cellulase enzyme hydrolysis of the pretreated wood were studied with solid-state CP/MAS (13)C NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectra of the solid material before and after the treatments show that hemicelluloses and lignin are degraded during the organosolv pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Sannigrahi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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Henniges U, Schiehser S, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Cellulose Solubility: Dissolution and Analysis of "Problematic" Cellulose Pulps in the Solvent System DMAc/LiCl. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1033.ch009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Henniges
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Chemistry and Christian-Doppler Laboratory “Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics”, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Schiehser
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Chemistry and Christian-Doppler Laboratory “Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics”, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Chemistry and Christian-Doppler Laboratory “Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics”, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Chemistry and Christian-Doppler Laboratory “Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics”, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Di Risio S, Yan N. Adsorption and inactivation behavior of horseradish peroxidase on cellulosic fiber surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 338:410-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Changes in fiber ultrastructure during various kraft pulping conditions evaluated by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Dang Z, Zhang J, Ragauskas AJ. Characterizing TEMPO-mediated oxidation of ECF bleached softwood kraft pulps. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Pielesz A. Spectroscopic study of interactions between model direct dyes and cotton. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Pu Y, Ziemer C, Ragauskas AJ. CP/MAS 13C NMR analysis of cellulase treated bleached softwood kraft pulp. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:591-7. [PMID: 16442511 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fully bleached softwood kraft pulps were hydrolyzed with cellulase (1,4-(1,3:1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano-hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma reesei. Supra-molecular structural features of cellulose during enzymatic hydrolysis were examined by using CP/MAS 13C NMR spectra in combination with line-fitting analysis. Different types of cellulose allomorphs (cellulose I(alpha), cellulose I(beta), para-crystalline) and amorphous regions were hydrolyzed to a different extent by the enzyme used. Also observed was a rapid initial phase for hydrolysis of regions followed by a slow hydrolysis phase. Cellulose I(alpha), para-crystalline, and non-crystalline regions of cellulose are more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis than cellulose I(beta) during the initial phase. After the initial phase, all the regions are then similarly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiao Pu
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Garvey CJ, Parker IH, Simon GP. On the Interpretation of X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns in Terms of the Nanostructure of Cellulose I Fibres. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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González R, Reguera E, Mendoza L, Figueroa JM, Sánchez-Sinencio F. Physicochemical changes in the hull of corn grains during their alkaline cooking. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3831-3837. [PMID: 15186104 DOI: 10.1021/jf035175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The alkaline cooking of corn in a solution of Ca(OH)2 to produce corn-based foods is oriented to make corn proteins available, to incorporate Ca to the cooked grains, and also to remove the corn hull. This process (nixtamalization) is known in Mexico and Guatemala from prehispanic times; however, the effect of the alkaline cooking on the corn hull remains poorly documented. In this work, the physicochemical changes that take place in the corn hull during its cooking in a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 were studied using infrared, X-ray diffraction, 13C cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR, confocal imaging microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry techniques. The main effect of this treatment on the hull is the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin, increasing the hull permeability and, as a consequence, facilitating the entry of the alkaline solution into the corn kernel. No significant changes were observed in the cellulose fiber network, which remains as native cellulose I, with a crystalline index, according to 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra, of 0.60. The alkaline treatment does not allow the cellulose fibers to swell and their regeneration in the form of cellulose(II). It seems any attempt to make use of the Ca binding capacity of the hull to increase the Ca availability in nixtamalized corn-based foods requires a separated treatment for the hull and kernel. On alkaline cooking, the hull hemicellulose fraction dissolves, losing its ability to bind Ca as a way to incorporate this element into foods elaborated from nixtamalized corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regino González
- Faculty of Chemistry and Institute of Materials and Reagents, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba
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Heux L, Dinand E, Vignon M. Structural aspects in ultrathin cellulose microfibrils followed by 13C CP-MAS NMR. Carbohydr Polym 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Atalla RH, Vanderhart DL. The role of solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy in studies of the nature of native celluloses. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 1999; 15:1-19. [PMID: 10903080 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(99)00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Published spectroscopic observations pertaining to the crystal structure of native celluloses are reviewed for the purpose of defining our current level of understanding about crystalline polymorphism in these materials. Emphasis is placed on observations from solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which first led to the postulate that most native, semicrystalline celluloses are composites of two crystalline allomorphs, labeled Ialpha and Ibeta. Historical background is presented, highlighting the structural controversies which mainly arose because different native celluloses were used, each one representing a different mixture of allomorphs. Input from Raman, infrared (IR) and electron diffraction data is included in the discussion of our current understanding of polymorphism in native celluloses. Also noted is the input from more recently studied celluloses (e.g., Halocynthia) as well as from newer processes that convert the Ialpha to the Ibeta form. On the basis of Raman and IR observations, it is argued that the Ialpha and Ibeta allomorphs differ in hydrogen bonding patterns only and that backbone conformations are nearly identical. Also, the point is made that the absence of correlation field splittings in the Raman spectra calls into question (although it does not disprove) whether the normal two-chain-per-unit-cell, monoclinic Ibeta allomorph really possesses two equivalent chains. Considerable discussion is devoted to the allomorphic composition of cellulose crystallites in higher plants. Published methods of NMR lineshape analysis for the higher plant celluloses are reviewed and critiqued, both from the point of view of lineshape theory and from the point of view of self-consistency of inferences that are based on lineshape analyses for different carbons (particularly C1 and C4). It is concluded that higher plant celluloses most likely possess a minor amount of the Ialpha allomorph where the Ialpha/Ibeta ratio is probably less than 0.25.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Atalla
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Chemistry and Pulping Research, Madison, WI 53705-2398, USA.
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Sjöholm E, Gustafsson K, Pettersson B, Colmsjö A. Characterization of the cellulosic residues from lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide dissolution of softwood kraft pulp. Carbohydr Polym 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(96)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Larsson PT, Westermark U, Iversen T. Determination of the cellulose Iα allomorph content in a tunicate cellulose by CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Ek R, Wormald P, östelius J, Iversen T, Nyström C. Crystallinity index of microcrystalline cellulose particles compressed into tablets. Int J Pharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)00139-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Alzeer J, Cai C, Vasella A. Oligosaccharide Analogues of Polysaccharides. Part 1. Concept and synthesis of monosaccharide-derived monomers. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Roland JC, Mosiniak M, Roland D. Dynamique du positionnement de la cellulose dans les parois des fibres textiles du lin (Linum usitatissimum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.1995.10515271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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