Synthesis of a glycopeptide with phytoalexin elicitor activity. I. Synthesis of a triglycosyl L-serine and a triglycosyl L-seryl-L-proline dipeptide

Total Synthesis of (-)-Irijimaside A Enabled by Ni/Zr-Mediated Reductive Ketone Coupling

The total synthesis of marine macrolide glycoside (-)-irijimaside A is described. Key to the synthesis is the convergent fragment assembly enabled by nickel/zirconocene-mediated one-pot reductive ketone coupling. At the last stage of the synthesis, Stille coupling and glycosylation led to the first total synthesis of (-)-irijimaside A.

[Carbohydrate study for 40 years]

This review describes the carbohydrate study and the natural product related to the glycoside chemistry. What shall the people in the field of pharmacognosy and natural products chemistry search in scene in future? Forty years before while isolating dimeric compound having naphthoquinonepyrone skeleton from the coloring material produced by the pathogen that hosted in wheat and caused rotten root disease, silica gel has to be treated with oxalic acid to reduce the absorbency before separation. However now a days, availability of reversed phase adsorbents for liquid chromatography has made the separation and isolation of complex compounds possible, easy and rapid. With the advancement of mechanical/physicochemical analytic methods, it has even been possible to isolate traces of compounds present in complex. This advancement has made it possible to determine structure of saponins and complex polysaccharides without decomposition and carry out in vitro bioassay at the same time using various cells on-line. Further, this review describes the oligosaccharide syntheses and biological activities of glycosphingolipids, focusing especially on those found in invertebrates.

Highly productive autocondensation and transglycosylation reactions with Sulfolobus solfataricus glycosynthase

Transglycosylation reactions (autocondensation of the substrate or transfer of the glycon donor moiety to different acceptors) with the hyperthermophilic glycosynthase from Sulfolobus solfataricus acting in dilute sodium formate buffer at pH 4.0 are reported; the use of 4-nitrophenyl beta-glucopyranoside as both donor and acceptor in the self-transfer reaction and a highly productive reaction with 1.1 M 2-nitrophenyl beta-glucopyranoside were possible. Interesting effects, governed by the anomeric configuration and lipophilicity of heteroacceptors, on the regioselectivity and yield of reactions were found for the first time with this enzyme and are discussed. The results demonstrate the unexplored synthetic potential of this glycosynthase; the tuning of the reaction conditions and the choice of different donors/acceptors can lead to products of applicative interest.

Glycopeptide mimics of mammalian Man9GlcNAc2. Ligand binding to mannan-binding proteins (MBPs)

A novel and simple approach for rational design of oligosaccharide mimics has been developed. Mammalian high-mannose triantennary structure Man9GlcNac2 has been subjected to molecular modelling using the NMR data available on structural fragments of the oligosaccharide. The analysis indicated four different low energy conformations, and the spatial arrangement of terminal disaccharides of the oligosaccharide antennae were stimulated with glycopeptides carrying disaccharides by applying weak constraints between the saccharide parts in MD-simulations on a large array of tri- to octaglycopeptides. The five glycopeptides exhibiting the best fit with the four minimum energy confirmations of the oligosaccharide were synthesized by solid phase glycopeptide assembly using glycosylated fluoren-9-ylmethyloxycarbonyl-amino acid-O-pentafluorophenyl esters as building blocks. The glycan was acyl protected alpha-D-Man-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Man and Ser, Thr and Hyp were the glycosylated amino acids. The deprotected and purified glycopeptides were subjected to NMR analysis for characterization, and in order to investigate the cis-trans isomerism of the carbimide bonds to Hyp. The glycopeptides were tested for their ability to inhibit binding of mannan-binding protein to mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They were found to be weak inhibitors showing no indication of multivalent interaction with the mannan-binding protein.

Synthesis of glycopeptides with phytoalexin elicitor activity--III. Syntheses of hexaglycosyl hexapeptides and a nonaglycosyl hexapeptide

A block synthesis of the model compound for the phytoalexin elicitor-active glycoprotein is described. Combination of the C-terminus free compounds, N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-(tert-butyl)-L-seryl-L-proline (1) or N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-g luc opyranosyl) -(1-->6)-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6) -(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-L-seryl-L-proline (2) with the N-terminus free compounds, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl -(1-->6)-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-L-seryl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-proline methyl ester (4), O-(tert-butyl)-L-seryl-L-prolyl-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D -glucopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl) -(1-->6)-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-L-seryl-L-proline methyl ester (6) or 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl -(1-->6)-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6) -(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-L-seryl-L-prolyl -(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->6) -(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6) -(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-L-seryl-L-proline methyl ester (8), by use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) gave three hexaglycosyl hexapeptides and a nonaglycosyl hexapeptide derivatives (9, 11, 14, and 17). These N-terminus free compounds were derived from triglycosyl tetrapeptides (3 and 5) or a hexaglycosyl tetrapeptide (7) on selective deblock reaction by morpholine. The hexaglycosyl hexapeptides (10, 13, and 16) and the nonaglycosyl hexapeptide (18) have been prepared by the convergent block synthesis.

Syntheses of triglycosyl tetrapeptides and a hexaglycosyl tetrapeptide

A stereo-controlled synthesis of the model compound for the phytoalexin elicitor-active glycoprotein is described. Glycosylation of the trisaccharide, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (12), with N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-seryl-L- proline benzyl ester (3) or N-(carbobenzoxy)-L-seryl-L-proline methyl ester (4) by use of BF3. OEt2 gave the triglycosyl-seryl-proline derivatives. The N- as well as C-terminus of these triglycosyl dipeptides could be deblocked selectively to give compounds 14 and 16, which are versatile intermediates for the completion of model compound synthesis of glycopeptide. Triglycosyl tetrapeptides (18, 21) and hexaglycosyl tetrapeptide (23) have been prepared by the convergent block synthesis.

Tansley Review No. 86 Accumulation of phytoalexins: defence mechanism and stimulus response system

Phytoalexin synthesis is a defence-response- that is characterized by a requirement for a number of distinct elements, all of which must be present for the response to be expressed fully. These same elements: a signal, a cellular receptor, a signal transduction system and a responsive metabolic system, are also used to describe a stimulus-response system. A number of molecular species can function as signal molecules or elicitors of phytoalexin synthesis, including poly- and oligosaccharides, proteins and polypeptides, and fatty acids. Few receptors for elicitors have been identified but those that have been are proteins located on the plasma membrane of the plant. Induction of phytoalexin synthesis involves selective and co-ordinated activation of specific defence response genes, including those encoding the enzymes of phytoalexin synthesis, and these genes constitute the responsive metabolic system. The separate, and distant, locations of the receptor and the responsive genes means that the event in which the signal is perceived by the receptor must be relayed to the genes by means of a second messenger system. Several second messengers are candidates for such a coupling- or signal transduction-system, including udenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, Ca²⁺ , diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, active oxygen species and jasmonic acid. Each has been examined as a possible component of the signal transduction system mediating between the elicitor receptor interaction and the phytoalexin synthesis it induces. Analysis of the signalling events is made complex by the simultaneous solicitation by the invading micro-organism of several defence responses, each of which might involve elements of a different signal system. The same complexity is evident which the role of phytoalexin accumulation in resistance is analysed. Evaluation of the contribution made by phytoalexin accumulation towards resistance has been attempted by the use of various inhibitors and enhancers of the process. Transgenic and mutant plants with specific alterations in one or more ot those elements necessary for the plant to respond to the signals for phytoalexin synthesis and other defence responses, are beginning to aid resolution of the complex pattern ot signalling events and the respective roles of the inducible defence mechanisms in resistance. CONTENTS Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Chemistry of phytoalexins 3 III. Phytoalexin accumulation as a determinant of resistance 6 IV. Elicitation of phytoalexin accumulation 11 References 34.