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Riaz T, Iqbal MW, Jiang B, Chen J. A review of the enzymatic, physical, and chemical modification techniques of xanthan gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:472-489. [PMID: 34217744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xanthan gum (XG), a bacterial polysaccharide has numerous valuable characteristics in the food, biomedical, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture sector. However, XG has also its particular limitations such as its vulnerability to microbial contamination, inadequate mechanical and thermal stability, unusable viscosity, and poor water solubility. Therefore, XG's structure and conformation need to be modified enzymatically, chemically, or physically to improve its optimistic features and decrease the formation of crystals, increase antioxidant ability, and radical scavenging activity. We have found out different means to modify XG and elaborate the importance and significance of the modified structure of XG. In this review, different enzymes are reviewed for XG degradation, which modifies their structure from different points (main chain or side chain). This article also reviews various physical methods (ultrasound, shear, pressure, sonication, annealing, and heat treatments) based on prevailing publications to alter XG conformation and produce low molecular weight (LMW) and less viscous end-product. Moreover, some chemical means are also discussed that result in modified XG through crosslinking, grafting, acetylation, pyruvation, as well as by applying different chemical agents. Overall, the current progress on XG degradation is very auspicious to develop a new molecule with considerable uses, in various industries with future assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | | | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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2
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Li Y, Zhang D, Ash J, Jia X, Leone A, Templeton A. Mechanism and Impact of Excipient Incompatibility: Cross-Linking of Xanthan Gum in Pediatric Powder-for-Suspension Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3609-3615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Brunchi CE, Avadanei M, Bercea M, Morariu S. Chain conformation of xanthan in solution as influenced by temperature and salt addition. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Čížová A, Csomorová K, Rychlý J, Bystrický S. Stability of cationic and amphoteric derivatives of mannan from the yeast Candida albicans. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:440-446. [PMID: 30600027 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Candida albicans can prove lethal in immuno-compromised patients. It is imperative to develop a vaccine against this common organism. The amphoteric derivatives of the mannan component of the Candida cell wall may present a prospective target for the development of such a vaccine; however, the radical processing by antigen-presenting cells of the immune system is not fully understood. In this work a set of tailor-made cationic and amphoteric derivatives of three different degrees of quaternization (DSQ 0.14-0.38) has been prepared by chemical modification of ultrasonically-treated mannan and three carboxymethylated mannan derivatives (DSCM 0.13-0.32). These were exposed to free-radical attack by OH, generated in situ by the Fenton reaction. Potential changes in composition, DSQ, and molar mass distribution due to free-radical degradation were monitored by elemental analysis, NMR and FTIR spectroscopies, and size exclusion chromatography. A protective effect of quaternization against OH degradation was found. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis found that the thermal stability of this mannan was also improved by chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžbeta Čížová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Katarína Csomorová
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jozef Rychlý
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Slavomír Bystrický
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Saleh HM, Annuar MSM, Simarani K. Ultrasound degradation of xanthan polymer in aqueous solution: Its scission mechanism and the effect of NaCl incorporation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 39:250-261. [PMID: 28732944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of xanthan polymer in aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation was investigated. The effects of selected variables i.e. sonication intensity, irradiation time, concentration of xanthan gum and molar concentration of NaCl in solution were studied. Combined approach of full factorial design and conventional one-factor-at-a-time was applied to obtain optimum degradation at sonication power intensity of 11.5Wcm-2, irradiation time 120min and 0.1gL-1 xanthan in a salt-free solution. Molecular weight reduction of xanthan gum under sonication was described by an exponential decay function with higher rate constant for polymer degradation in the salt free solution. The limiting molecular weight where fragments no longer undergo scission was determined from the function. The incorporation of NaCl in xanthan solution resulted in a lower limiting molecular weight. The ultrasound-mediated degradation of aqueous xanthan polymer chain agreed with a random scission model. Side chain of xanthan polymer is proposed to be the primary site of scission action.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Saleh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M S M Annuar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - K Simarani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Muhitdinov B, Heinze T, Normakhamatov N, Turaev A. Preparation of sodium cellulose sulfate oligomers by free-radical depolymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:631-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Obituary. Carbohydr Polym 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu Y, Ding W, He Q. Molecular characteristics of tara galactomannans: Effect of degradation with hydrogen peroxide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1270300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Wu
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qiang He
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Srinivasan A, Young C, Liao PH, Lo KV. Radiofrequency-oxidation treatment of sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 141:212-218. [PMID: 26233925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel thermal-chemical treatment technology using radiofrequency heating and oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, ozone and a combination of both) was used for the treatment of sewage sludge. This was to evaluate the process effectiveness on cell disintegration and nutrient release of sludge, physical property changes such as particle size distribution, dewaterability and settleability, and their inter-relationships. The effectiveness of treatment processes was in the following order, from the most to least: thermal-oxidation process, oxidation process and thermal process. The thermal-oxidation process greatly increased cell disintegration and nutrient release, improved settleability, and decreased particle sizes. The treatment scheme involving ozone addition followed by hydrogen peroxide and radiofrequency heating yielded the highest soluble chemical oxygen demand, volatile fatty acids, ammonia and metals, while proffering the shortest capillary suction time and excellent settling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Srinivasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Chris Young
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Ping H Liao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Kwang V Lo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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Čížová A, Bystrický P, Bystrický S. Ultrasonic and free-radical degradation of mannan from Candida albicans. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amico C, Tornetta T, Scifo C, Blanco AR. Antioxidant effect of 0.2% xanthan gum in ocular surface corneal epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:72-6. [PMID: 24832134 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.914542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative damage and inflammation are expected to be involved in age-related functional decline of lachrymal gland, that induces lachrymal dysfunction; this resulting in dry eye disease. Therefore, we investigated the potential antioxidant effect of 0.2% xanthan gum (XNT) in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE), in comparison with other widely used tear substitute polymers, such as 0.2% hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA) and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). METHODS Subconfluent (80%) HCE (Human Corneal Epithelial) cultures were treated with the different polysaccharides at the above reported concentrations. The effect of every polymer was investigated with and without 0.5 mM H2O2 In detail, hydrogen peroxide was added 1 hour after the addition of polysaccharides. Twelve hours later, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (dichlorofluorescein diacetate spectrofluorimetric test) was assessed and their values were normalized versus protein content. Morphological analysis was performed by optical microscopy. RESULTS No morphological differences in HCE compared to control cells (CTRL, cells treated with the buffer used for polymer solubilization) were observed in any of the tested polymers, whereas, in the presence of 0.5 mM H2O2 HCE clearly showed signs of cytotoxicity. Polymers did protect cultures from oxidative stress with XNT>HA = HEC>CMC, as evidenced by microscopic analysis. These results were confirmed from ROS measurements, which showed XNT as the only polysaccharide to restore the levels of ROS comparable to CTRL, in presence of H2O2. CONCLUSIONS 0.2% xanthan gum was able to protect HCE by oxidative stress, bringing the ROS level down to CTRL values. Considering that in dry eye syndrome oxidative stress sustains inflammation and apoptotic cell death, the use of xanthan gum in ophthalmic preparations could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Amico
- Research & Development of S.I.F.I. SpA , Aci S. Antonio (CT) , Italy
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Xiong X, Li M, Xie J, Jin Q, Xue B, Sun T. Antioxidant activity of xanthan oligosaccharides prepared by different degradation methods. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wu M, Xu S, Zhao J, Kang H, Ding H. Free-radical depolymerization of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Thelenata ananas by hydrogen peroxide and copper ions. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Preparation and characterization of molecular weight fractions of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Thelenata ananas using free radical depolymerization. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:649-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Qian F, An L, Wang M, Li C, Li X. Isolation and characterization of a xanthan-degrading Microbacterium sp. strain XT11 from garden soil. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 102:1362-71. [PMID: 17448171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Isolation and characterization of the xanthan-degrading Microbacterium sp. XT11. METHODS AND RESULTS The bacterial isolate XT11, capable of fragmenting xanthan, has been isolated from soil sample. Morphological and biochemical analyses, as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, demonstrated that strain XT11 should be grouped in the genus Microbacterium, and represented a new member in this family. Xanthan could be degraded by the xanthan-degrading enzyme released from strain XT11. It has been shown that xantho-oligosaccharides fragmented from xanthan had both elicitor activity and antibacterial effect against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. CONCLUSIONS The xanthan-degrading enzyme produced by the newly isolated XT11 could fragment xanthan to form oligosaccharides. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Xanthan-degrading products would be useful for potential application in the control of black rot of cruciferous plants caused by X. campestris pv. campestris and, as an oligosaccharide elicitor, in making these plants resistant to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China
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17
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Trommer H, Neubert RHH. The examination of polysaccharides as potential antioxidative compounds for topical administration using a lipid model system. Int J Pharm 2005; 298:153-63. [PMID: 15955644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was the detection of polysaccharides with antioxidative properties as potential lipid protectors for topical administration. The effects of eight different polysaccharides on UV irradiation induced lipid peroxidation were investigated in a concentration dependent manner. An aqueous linolenic acid dispersion was used as an in vitro test system to examine the influences of acacia gum, agar agar, alginic acid, guar gum, novelose 330 and xanthan gum on the lipid peroxidation level after UV exposure. Four different samples of pectin and locust bean gum resulting from a swing mill grinding series were tested as well. Iron ions were added as transition metal catalysts. A UV irradiation device was used to create high level radiation. The amount of lipid peroxidation secondary products was quantified by the thiobarbituric acid assay detecting malondialdehyde. All of the tested polysaccharides showed antioxidative effects at least at one concentration. For acacia and xanthan gum, a concentration dependency of the protective effects was measured. The samples of agar agar, guar gum and novelose 330 acted antioxidatively without showing any concentration dependency. For alginic acid, prooxidative effects were determined. A correlation between grinding time and the effects of pectin and locust bean gum on the model lipid was not observed. The administration of lipid protective polysaccharides in cosmetic formulations or sunscreens could be helpful for the protection of the human skin against UV induced damage. In vivo experiments with the lipid protective polysaccharides found in this study should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Trommer
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Xue C, Chen L, Li Z, Cai Y, Lin H, Fang Y. Antioxidative activities of low molecular fucoidans from kelp laminaria japonica. MORE EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF FISH AND FISHERIES PRODUCTS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCCASION OF THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE, HELD IN KYOTO, JAPAN, 7-10 OCTOBER 2001 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4501(04)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sigler K, Chaloupka J, Brozmanová J, Stadler N, Höfer M. Oxidative stress in microorganisms--I. Microbial vs. higher cells--damage and defenses in relation to cell aging and death. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1999; 44:587-624. [PMID: 11097021 DOI: 10.1007/bf02825650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in microbial cells shares many similarities with other cell types but it has its specific features which may differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. We survey here the properties and actions of primary sources of oxidative stress, the role of transition metals in oxidative stress and cell protective machinery of microbial cells, and compare them with analogous features of other cell types. Other features to be compared are the action of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on cell constituents, secondary lipid- or protein-based radicals and other stress products. Repair of oxidative injury by microorganisms and proteolytic removal of irreparable cell constituents are briefly described. Oxidative damage of aerobically growing microbial cells by endogenously formed ROS mostly does not induce changes similar to the aging of multiplying mammalian cells. Rapid growth of bacteria and yeast prevents accumulation of impaired macromolecules which are repaired, diluted or eliminated. During growth some simple fungi, such as yeast or Podospora spp., exhibit aging whose primary cause seems to be fragmentation of the nucleolus or impairment of mitochondrial DNA integrity. Yeast cell aging seems to be accelerated by endogenous oxidative stress. Unlike most growing microbial cells, stationary-phase cells gradually lose their viability because of a continuous oxidative stress, in spite of an increased synthesis of antioxidant enzymes. Unlike in most microorganisms, in plant and animal cells a severe oxidative stress induces a specific programmed death pathway--apoptosis. The scant data on the microbial death mechanisms induced by oxidative stress indicate that in bacteria cell death can result from activation of autolytic enzymes (similarly to the programmed mother-cell death at the end of bacillary sporulation). Yeast and other simple eukaryotes contain components of a proapoptotic pathway which are silent under normal conditions but can be activated by oxidative stress or by manifestation of mammalian death genes, such as bak or bax. Other aspects, such as regulation of oxidative-stress response, role of defense enzymes and their control, acquisition of stress tolerance, stress signaling and its role in stress response, as well as cross-talk between different stress factors, will be the subject of a subsequent review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Free-radical degradation of triple-stranded scleroglucan by hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ions. Carbohydr Polym 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(98)00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hjerde T, Smidsrød O, Stokke BT, Christensen BE. Acid Hydrolysis of κ- and ι-Carrageenan in the Disordered and Ordered Conformations: Characterization of Partially Hydrolyzed Samples and Single-Stranded Oligomers Released from the Ordered Structures. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9711506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torgeir Hjerde
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Smidsrød
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn T. Stokke
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn E. Christensen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
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Hjerde T, Smidsrød O, Christensen BE. The influence of the conformational state of κ- and τ-carrageenan on the rate of acid hydrolysis. Carbohydr Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)90795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Christensen BE, Smidsrød O, Stokke BT. Metastable, Partially Depolymerized Xanthans and Rearrangements toward Perfectly Matched Duplex Structures. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951445o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn E. Christensen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and of Physics and Mathematics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Smidsrød
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and of Physics and Mathematics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn T. Stokke
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Departments of Biotechnology and of Physics and Mathematics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
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