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Abstract
This overview describes the nature of the immune responses induced by the inhalation of allergens. There is a dichotomy in that B cells have multiple mechanisms that limit the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production, whereas T-cell responses are large even in nonallergic subjects. With the possible exception of responses to cat allergen, however, T cells from nonallergic subjects have limited effector function of helping IgG antibody, and in house-dust mite allergy, this declines with age. Regulation by interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing cells and CD25+ T-regulatory cells has been proposed, but critically, there is limited evidence for this, and many studies show the highest IL-10 production by cells from allergic subjects. Recent studies have shown the importance of nonlymphoid chemokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-27, so studying responses in situ is critical. Most sources of allergens have 1 or 2 dominant allergens, and for house-dust mite, it has been shown that people have a predictable responsiveness to high-, mid-and poor-IgE-binding proteins regardless of the total size of their response. This allergen hierarchy can be used to design improved allergen preparations and to investigate how antiallergen responses are regulated.
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2
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Abstract
HDM allergy is associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. In many countries childhood asthma is predominantly found in HDM-allergic children with their probability of developing disease being proportional to their IgE antibody titers and the early development of Th2 responses. While the pathogenesis is complex and increasingly linked to infection the immunologically-based allergen immunotherapy and anti-IgE antibody therapy are highly beneficial. Immunotherapy could be a short-term treatment providing lifelong relief but the current regimens depend on repeated administration of allergen over years. Immunological investigations point to a contribution of responses outside the Th2 pathway and multiple potential but unproven control mechanisms. Over half of the IgE antibodies are directed to the group 1 and 2 allergens with most of remainder to the group 4, 5, 7 and 21 allergens. This hierarchy found in high and low responders provides a platform for introducing defined allergens into immunotherapy and defined reagents for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Thomas
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia. wayne @ichr.uwa.edu.au
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3
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we review the pathways of allorecognition and their potential relevance to the balance between regulatory and effector responses following transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Transplantation between nonidentical members of the same species elicits an immune response that manifests as graft rejection or persistence. Presentation of foreign antigen to recipient T cells can occur via three nonmutually exclusive routes, the direct, indirect and semi-direct pathways. Allospecific T cells can have effector or regulatory functions, and the relative proportions of the two populations activated following alloantigen presentation are two of the factors that determine the clinical outcome. Regulatory T cells have been the subject of significant research, and there is now greater understanding of their recruitment and function in the context of allorecognition. SUMMARY A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying allorecognition may be fundamental to appreciating how these different populations are recruited and could in turn inform novel strategies for immunomodulation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we review the pathways of allorecognition and their potential relevance to the balance between regulatory and effector responses following transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Transplantation between nonidentical members of the same species elicits an immune response that manifests as graft rejection or persistence. Presentation of foreign antigen to recipient T cells can occur via three nonmutually exclusive routes, the direct, indirect and semi-direct pathways. Allospecific T cells can have effector or regulatory functions, and the relative proportions of the two populations activated following alloantigen presentation are two of the factors that determine the clinical outcome. Regulatory T cells have been the subject of significant research, and there is now greater understanding of their recruitment and function in the context of allorecognition. SUMMARY A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying allorecognition may be fundamental to appreciating how these different populations are recruited and could in turn inform novel strategies for immunomodulation.
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Lombardi G, Sagoo P, Scotta C, Fazekasova H, Smyth L, Tsang J, Afzali B, Lechler R. Cell therapy to promote transplantation tolerance: a winning strategy? Immunotherapy 2011; 3:28-31. [PMID: 21524166 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, success is limited by the immune response of the recipient to allogeneic tissues (recognized by the direct and indirect alloresponses) and by the morbidity and mortality associated with the immunosuppressive drugs that are used to control alloimmunity. One solution to these problems is the induction of immunological tolerance. In our laboratory, we have selected two strategies to achieve this goal. The first is to expand and/or generate Tregs directly in vivo using infusions of 'tolerogenic' DCs into patients; the second is to purify Tregs from the blood of patients on the waiting list for a transplant, enrich and expand these cells in vitro and then inject back in vivo after transplantation. Here, we have summarized our results both in the murine and human systems on the use of Treg-based strategies to induce tolerance to the transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation and National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas', NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, UK.
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6
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Designer lymphocytes to fight cancer: a helping hand from modern molecular biology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 88:1081-4. [PMID: 20927504 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Li J, Ridgway W, Fathman CG, Tse HY, Shaw MK. High cell surface expression of CD4 allows distinction of CD4(+)CD25(+) antigen-specific effector T cells from CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:57-67. [PMID: 17920698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of T regulatory cells (Treg) and T effector cells (Teff) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is complicated by the fact that both cell types express CD4 and CD25. We demonstrate that encephalitogenic T cells, following antigen recognition, up-regulate cell surface expression of CD4. The CD4(high) sub-population contains all of the antigen response as shown by proliferation and cytokine secretion, and only these cells are capable of transferring EAE to naive animals. On the other hand, a FACS separable CD25(+) sub-population of cells displayed consistent levels of CD4 prior to and after antigen stimulation. These cells displayed characteristics of Treg, such as expressing high levels of the Foxp3 gene and the ability to suppress mitogenic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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8
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Afzali B, Lechler RI, Hernandez-Fuentes MP. Allorecognition and the alloresponse: clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69:545-56. [PMID: 17498264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The artificial transfer of tissues or cells between genetically diverse individuals elicits an immune response that is adaptive and specific. This response is orchestrated by T lymphocytes that are recognizing, amongst others, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expressed on the surface of the transferred cells. Three pathways of recognition are described: direct, indirect and semi-direct. The sets of antigens that are recognized in this setting are also discussed, namely, MHC protein products, the MHC class I-related chain (MIC) system, minor histocompatibility antigens and natural killer cell receptor ligands. The end product of the effector responses are hyperacute, acute and chronic rejection. Special circumstances surround the situation of pregnancy and bone marrow transplantation because in the latter, the transferred cells are the ones originating the immune response, not the host. As the understanding of these processes improves, the ability to generate clinically viable immunotherapies will increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Afzali
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
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9
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Thomas WR, Hales BJ. T and B cell responses to HDM allergens and antigens. Immunol Res 2007; 37:187-99. [PMID: 17873403 DOI: 10.1007/bf02697369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
House dust mites provide well-characterized proteins to study human responses to inhaled antigens. Even in the absence of allergy they induce a high frequency of T cell precursors. The healthy response manifests by T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines with little antibody. Responses of allergic people include Th1 and Th2 cytokines and IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 antibodies. Regulatory cells limit effector responses in healthy people. About half the IgE and IgG antibodies bind the group 1 and 2 allergens and 30% bind the group 4, 5, and 7 allergens. Although HLA independent, the recognition of the group 1 allergen shows an immunodominant region and a T cell receptor bias. The major allergens are not produced in higher amounts than many of the poorly non-allergenic proteins. The non-allergenic mite ferritin antigen shows high T cell proliferative responses with mixed cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Thomas
- Centre for Child Health Research University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child, Health Research, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
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10
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Mills DM, Cambier JC. B lymphocyte activation during cognate interactions with CD4+ T lymphocytes: molecular dynamics and immunologic consequences. Semin Immunol 2004; 15:325-9. [PMID: 15001171 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Productive interaction between T and B lymphocytes is required for humoral immune responses to many foreign protein antigens and production of pathogenic antibodies characteristic of several autoimmune conditions. Thus, much attention has been given in recent years to understand the dynamic molecular interactions and signal transduction required for productive T-B interaction. In this review we highlight current knowledge of signaling and biologic responses that occur in B cells during cognate interactions with helper T cells, focusing on the dynamic function of B cell-surface molecules in T-B synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mills
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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11
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Fassò M, Anandasabapathy N, Crawford F, Kappler J, Fathman CG, Ridgway WM. T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated repertoire selection and loss of TCR vbeta diversity during the initiation of a CD4(+) T cell response in vivo. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1719-30. [PMID: 11120769 PMCID: PMC2213496 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.12.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a novel way to isolate populations of antigen-reactive CD4(+) T cells with a wide range of reactivity to a specific antigen, using immunization with a fixed dose of nominal antigen and FACS((R)) sorting by CD4(high) expression. Phenotypic, FACS((R)), functional, antibody inhibition, and major histocompatibility complex-peptide tetramer analyses, as well as T cell receptor Vbeta sequence analyses, of the antigen-specific CD4(high) T cell populations demonstrated that a diverse sperm whale myoglobin 110-121-reactive CD4(+) T cell repertoire was activated at the beginning (day 3 after immunization) of the immune response. Within 6 d of immunization, lower affinity clones were lost from the responding population, leaving an expanded population of oligoclonal, intermediate affinity (and residual high affinity) T cells. This T cell subset persisted for at least 4 wk after immunization and dominated the secondary immune response. These data provide evidence that CD4(+) T cell repertoire selection occurs early in the immune response in vivo and suggest that persistence and expansion of a population of oligoclonal, intermediate affinity T cells is involved in CD4(+) T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Fassò
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Frances Crawford
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - John Kappler
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - C. Garrison Fathman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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12
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Costa GL, Benson JM, Seroogy CM, Achacoso P, Fathman CG, Nolan GP. Targeting rare populations of murine antigen-specific T lymphocytes by retroviral transduction for potential application in gene therapy for autoimmune disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3581-90. [PMID: 10725713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are important mediators in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and would therefore provide ideal candidates for lymphocyte-based gene therapy. However, the number of Ag-specific T cells in any single lesion of autoimmunity may be quite low. Successful gene transfer into autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells would serve as an ideal vehicle for site-targeted gene therapy if it were possible to transduce preferentially the small number of autoantigen-specific T cells. In this study we have demonstrated that retroviral infection of CD4+ lymphocytes from either autoantigen-stimulated TCR transgenic mice, or Ag-activated immunized nontransgenic mice, with a retroviral vector (pGCIRES), resulted in the transduction of only the limited number of Ag-reactive CD4+ T cells. In contrast, polyclonal activation of the same cultures resulted in transduction of non-antigen-specific lymphocytes. Transduction of Ag-reactive CD4+ T cells with pGCIRES retrovirus encoding the regulatory genes IL-4 (IL4) and soluble TNF receptor (STNFR) resulted in stable integration and long-term expression of recombinant gene products. Moreover, expression of the pGCIRES marker protein, GFP, directly correlated with the expression of the upstream regulatory gene. Retroviral transduction of CD4+ T cells targeted specifically Ag-reactive cells and was cell cycle-dependent and evident only during the mitosis phase. These studies suggest that retroviral transduction of autoantigen-specific murine CD4+ T cells, using the pGCIRES retroviral vector, may provide a potential method to target and isolate the low frequency of autoantigen-specific murine CD4+ T cells, and provides a rational approach to gene therapy in animal models of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Costa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Lejon C. K, Fathman G. Isolation of Self Antigen-Reactive Cells from Inflamed Islets of Nonobese Diabetic Mice Using CD4high Expression as a Marker. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The low precursor frequency of Ag-reactive CD4+ T cells has been a barrier to the study of CD4+ T cell responses to conventional Ags as well as CD4+ T cell responses to autoantigens recognized during the course of an autoimmune disease. We have recently reported that all “conventional Ag” reactive CD4+ T cells are contained within the subpopulation expressing high levels of the CD4 molecule, termed CD4high. We have identified a CD4high population in the islets of Langerhans of prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice that is extremely potent in transferring disease. As few as 500 CD4high islet-infiltrating CD4+ T cells transferred insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to CD8 reconstituted NOD-SCID mice within 30 days of transfer. In contrast, CD4high T cells isolated from either NOD spleen or salivary glands did not transfer insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus into similar CD8-reconstituted NOD-SCID recipients. These data indicate that the precursor frequency of NOD islet-reactive, pathogenic CD4+ T cells is much higher in the prediabetic NOD pancreas than in these other organs. The islet-infiltrating CD4high T cells displayed selected memory markers, by cell surface analysis, and displayed a Th 1 phenotype by RNase protection assay, but had a marked decrease in IL-4 mRNA determined by quantitative real time PCR when compared with the less pathogenic CD4normal islet-infiltrating T cells. Use of the CD4high marker to select Ag activated T cells represents a tool to isolate and study pathogenic CD4+ T cells from autoimmune lesions in which the Ag has not been previously defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lejon C.
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Garrison Fathman
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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14
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Mody CH, Wood CJ, Syme RM, Spurrell JC. The cell wall and membrane of Cryptococcus neoformans possess a mitogen for human T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1999; 67:936-41. [PMID: 9916111 PMCID: PMC96407 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.2.936-941.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of human T-lymphocyte activation by the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans has not been established. Previous investigations have suggested that C. neoformans contains a mitogen for T lymphocytes, while other investigators have attributed lymphocyte proliferation in vitro to a recall antigen. Because of the potential importance of the mechanism of T-cell activation for our understanding of the immune response to C. neoformans, the present studies were performed to determine whether C. neoformans contains a mitogen for T lymphocytes. C. neoformans stimulates fetal blood lymphocytes to proliferate and stimulates proliferation of CD45RA+ cells from adults, indicating that it stimulates naive T cells. The T-cell response to C. neoformans was dependent upon the presence of accessory cells. However, allogeneic cells were sufficient for accessory cell function, indicating that the response was not major histocompatibility complex restricted. The percentage of T cells in the cell cycle was higher than that with the recall antigen tetanus toxoid but lower than that with the mitogenic lectin phytohemagglutinin A or the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B. Precursor frequency analysis established that 1 in 7,750 +/- 2, 270 T cells proliferated in response to the cryptococcal cell wall and membrane. Compared to the case for most mitogens or superantigens, the proliferative response is late and the number of T cells that enter the cell cycle and the precursor frequency are low, indicating that the mitogenic effect is modest. However, the mitogenic effect of C. neoformans should be considered when interpreting the immune response to C. neoformans, since even weak mitogens can have profound effects on host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Mody
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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15
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Ridgway W, Fassò M, Fathman CG. Following Antigen Challenge, T Cells Up-Regulate Cell Surface Expression of CD4 In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The low precursor frequency of Ag-specific T cells has raised significant barriers to studying the T cell response in vivo. We demonstrate that T cells up-regulate the cell surface expression of CD4 following Ag recognition, which identifies Ag-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo and allows their characterization. The CD4high cell subpopulation contains the Ag-specific population as indicated by Ag-induced proliferation and limiting dilution analyses. The use of the CD4high marker will allow analysis of the dynamics of the T cell immune response in vivo, the study of the suboptimal T cell response to Ag, and the identification of T cells which are reactive to known and unknown autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ridgway
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Marcella Fassò
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - C. Garrison Fathman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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16
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Jeffes EW, Lee GC, Said S, Sabahi M, McCullough JL, Herrod R, Alzona CP, Linden KG, Soundararajan D, Edwards S. Elevated numbers of proliferating mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of psoriatic patients correlate with disease severity. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:733-8. [PMID: 7490464 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12325496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although psoriasis is characterized by the accumulation of activated proliferating lymphoid cells in the psoriatic skin lesion, it is not known whether these cells are activated and proliferating before entry into the psoriatic plaque. The current study evaluates the number and phenotype of proliferating lymphoid cells in the blood of psoriatic patients. Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated on cytospun preparations of these cells using autoradiographic techniques after pulsing the mononuclear cells with 3H-methyl thymidine for 2 h. The phenotypes of the labeled peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined combining autoradiography and immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies directed at CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD22, and human leukocyte antigen-DR. The data demonstrated elevated numbers of proliferating lymphoid cells in the blood of psoriatic patients compared with normal nonpsoriatic volunteers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the number of circulating proliferating mononuclear cells increased significantly with increasing psoriasis skin disease severity (correlation coefficient 0.95; p < 0.0001). When the phenotype of the proliferating cells in the blood was examined, the numbers of T cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells), B cells (CD22+ cells), monocytes (CD11c+ cells), and human leukocyte antigen-DR+ cells were significantly elevated compared with nonpsoriatic skin (p < 0.01) and increased with increasing disease activity (correlation coefficient range 0.48-0.74; p < 0.05). The data suggest a generalized systemic activation of T, B, and monocytic cells that results in labeling of up to 0.16% of the circulating mononuclear cells with 3H-methyl thymidine (i.e., proliferating and presumably activated) when assayed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Jeffes
- Department of Dermatology, V.A. Medical Center, Long Beach 90822, USA
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17
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Zhang J, Markovic-Plese S, Lacet B, Raus J, Weiner HL, Hafler DA. Increased frequency of interleukin 2-responsive T cells specific for myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 1994; 179:973-84. [PMID: 7509366 PMCID: PMC2191414 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.3.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Equal numbers of CD4+ T cells recognizing myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) are found in the circulation of normal individuals and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We hypothesized that if myelin-reactive T cells are critical for the pathogenesis of MS, they would exist in a different state of activation as compared with myelin-reactive T cells cloned from the blood of normal individuals. This was investigated in a total of 62 subjects with definitive MS. While there were no differences in the frequencies of MBP- and PLP-reactive T cells after primary antigen stimulation, the frequency of MBP or PLP but not tetanus toxoid-reactive T cells generated after primary recombinant interleukin (rIL-2) stimulation was significantly higher in MS patients as compared with control individuals. Primary rIL-2-stimulated MBP-reactive T cell lines were CD4+ and recognized MBP epitopes 84-102 and 143-168 similar to MBP-reactive T cell lines generated with primary MBP stimulation. In the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients, MBP-reactive T cells generated with primary rIL-2 stimulation accounted for 7% of the IL-2-responsive cells, greater than 10-fold higher than paired blood samples, and these T cells also selectively recognized MBP peptides 84-102 and 143-168. In striking contrast, MBP-reactive T cells were not detected in CSF obtained from patients with other neurologic diseases. These results provide definitive in vitro evidence of an absolute difference in the activation state of myelin-reactive T cells in the central nervous system of patients with MS and provide evidence of a pathogenic role of autoreactive T cells in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
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19
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Chou YK, Bourdette DN, Offner H, Whitham R, Wang RY, Hashim GA, Vandenbark AA. Frequency of T cells specific for myelin basic protein and myelin proteolipid protein in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 38:105-13. [PMID: 1374422 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell sensitization to two myelin components, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), may be important to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Using the limiting dilution assay, we demonstrated that the blood of MS patients had an increased frequency of MBP-reactive T cells compared with normal subjects and patients with other neurological diseases (OND) and rheumatoid arthritis. There was no difference in T cell frequency to a synthetic peptide, PLP139-151, or Herpes simplex virus. Within cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 37% of IL-2/IL-4-reactive T cell isolates from MS patients responded either to MBP or PLP139-151 while only 5% of similar isolates from OND patients responded to these myelin antigens. The mean relative frequency of MBP-reactive T cells within CSF from MS patients was significantly higher than that of OND patients (22 x 10(-5) cells versus 1 x 10(-5) cells) and was similar to that of MBP reactive T cells within the central nervous system of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results lend new support to the hypothesis that myelin-reactive T cells mediate disease in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chou
- Neuroimmunology Research, V.A. Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201
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20
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Adams PW, Opremcak EM, Orosz CG. Limiting dilution analysis of human, tetanus-reactive helper T lymphocytes. A rapid method for the enumeration of helper T lymphocytes with specificity for soluble antigens. J Immunol Methods 1991; 142:231-41. [PMID: 1717601 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(91)90111-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The number of helper T lymphocytes (HTL) in human peripheral blood with specificity for the soluble protein, tetanus toxoid, was estimated by limiting dilution analysis (LDA). HTL were detected via antigen-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine by an IL-2-dependent indicator cell line, CTLL-20. Culture conditions optimizing assay sensitivity are described, and the ability to detect antigen-specific HTL using this LDA technique are demonstrated. Observed HTL frequencies in healthy human donors tested for tetanus-reactive helper T cells ranged from less than 1 HTL/268,749 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (undetectable) to 1 HTL/1486 PBMC. The LDA technique was also used to detect frequency shifts in human peripheral blood HTL following challenge with antigen. This assay offers distinct advantages over proliferative LDA techniques in that it is rapid (requiring only 2 days), and defines an antigen-reactive T cell subset with defined function (IL-2 secretion). Furthermore, the LDA technique can be adapted for the detection of other soluble protein antigens, such as PPD and Candida albicans. In general, this LDA technique provides a reliable, quantitative index of human HTL reactivity to any of a variety of soluble protein antigens, and has clinical as well as experimental applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Adams
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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Björkstén B, Gamkrelidze A, Vanto T, Kjellman M. Seasonal variation of IgE synthesis in vitro by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Allergy 1990; 45:572-6. [PMID: 2288392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in IgE antibody synthesis in vitro were studied in cultures of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from 11 pollen allergic individuals. The IgE levels were significantly higher in two summer seasons than in the winter and spring between them. Net synthesis was confined to the summer in all but one of the patients. All the IgE in the cultures outside the pollen season represented preformed IgE which was present mainly (59%) in the monocyte fraction. Thus, preformed IgE seems to persist in monocytes at times when there is little de novo synthesis of IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Björkstén
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden
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Petersen J, Rhodes G, Patrick K, Roudier J, Vaughan JH. Human T cell responses to the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) as evaluated by synthetic peptides. Cell Immunol 1989; 123:325-33. [PMID: 2790964 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A panel of synthetic peptides derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EB-NA-1) was used to examine human T cell responses to this antigen. In six of seven normal persons with past EBV infection, T cell precursors specific for five peptides (P27, amino acid residues 83-101;P62, 148-166;E31, 353-367;E41, 368-381; and E11, 461-474) were detectable. The precursor frequencies were in the range of 1:20,000 to less than 1:100,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells as determined by limiting dilution analyses. Only two of these peptides were predicted as alpha-helices; all peptides were glycine-rich. Four other peptides were not reactive in the seven individuals tested. T cell responses were not detectable in donors without prior EBV infection. Infectious mononucleosis patients investigated 4-6 weeks after diagnosis had likewise no detectable peptide-specific T cell precursors. Thus, it appears that T cells recognizing peptides from EBNA-1 arise and persist in people with past EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Petersen
- Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, Department of Basic and Clinical Research, La Jolla, California 92037
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Roudier J, Petersen J, Rhodes GH, Luka J, Carson DA. Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis maps to a T-cell epitope shared by the HLA-Dw4 DR beta-1 chain and the Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gp110. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5104-8. [PMID: 2472638 PMCID: PMC297565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with the HLA antigen HLA-DR4. Disease susceptibility maps to the amino acid sequence QKRAA located in the third hypervariable region of the DR beta-1 chain. This region is thought to be a site of recognition for the T-cell antigen receptor. We searched for an antigen in the human environment that could induce T-cell recognition of this sequence. An analysis of protein and DNA databases revealed that the Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gp110, which is encoded by the BALF4 open reading frame, contains the sequence QKRAAQRAA, which is highly homologous to the rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility determinant. Experiments using antibodies to synthetic peptides showed that the QKRAA determinant is expressed on the gp110 protein. Humans with serologic evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection had serum antibodies to gp110 and peripheral blood T cells that recognized peptides from gp110 and HLA-Dw4 encompassing the QKRAA determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roudier
- Research Institute of Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Abstract
Endothelial cells line the vessels and lymphatics forming a barrier between circulating T cells and the extravascular tissue site of antigen. We have suggested that circulating T cells recognize antigen on the surface of endothelial cells, resulting in the activation of the endothelium such that the endothelial cells then release the key mediators of a cell-mediated immune response. To test this hypothesis, we have evaluated the extent to which endothelial cells can signal antigen-specific T cell activation. We have shown that cultured endothelial cells are as effective as macrophages in lymphocyte activation and that this activation is HLA-DR restricted. In additional experiments we have established that endothelial cells synthesize both Ia and IL-1 early in the signaling process. To eliminate any possible contribution of other cell types participating in the T cell-endothelial cell interaction, we have shown that cloned endothelial cells present antigen to cloned T cells. Moreover, there appeared to be a preference of selected T-cell populations for different types of antigen presenting cells. These experiments document that endothelial cells are independently competent antigen presenting cells.
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Parmely MJ, Iglewski BH, Horvat RT. Identification of the principal T lymphocyte-stimulating antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Exp Med 1984; 160:1338-49. [PMID: 6208308 PMCID: PMC2187495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.160.5.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To aid in understanding the role of cellular immunity in limiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, we have identified some of the principal antigens of the organism that are recognized by human T cells. Clones of T cells were selected in such a manner that they would provide information not only about the identity of Pseudomonas antigens, but also the T cell repertoires of immune donors. Most clones were found to be specific for Pseudomonas alkaline protease (AP). Such clones could be physically isolated by selecting with crude Pseudomonas antigens or purified AP. In either case, their fine specificities were the same when tested against a panel of Pseudomonas antigens. The conclusion that AP is the principal immunogen for many donors was confirmed by measuring the absolute frequencies of proliferating T cells committed to AP and all other Pseudomonas antigens. Frequencies of AP-specific clones (1.5-2.7 X 10(-5] were comparable to those from the same donors that were specific for all secreted Pseudomonas antigens (1.3-6.0 X 10(-5]. These results provide a model system for studying human T cell-mediated immunity to bacteria by identifying discrete antigens and measuring the repertoire diversities of cells responding to them.
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