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Rahiman N, Zamani P, Badiee A, Arabi L, Alavizadeh SH, Jaafari MR. An insight into the role of liposomal therapeutics in the reversion of Multiple Sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1795-1813. [PMID: 34747298 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS), as an autoimmune disease, has complicated immunopathology, which makes its management relevant to various factors. Novel pharmaceutical vehicles, especially liposomes, can support efficacious handling of this disease both in early detection and prognosis and also in a therapeutic manner. The most well-known trigger of MS onset is the predominance of cellular to humoral immunity and enhancement of inflammatory cytokines level. The installation of liposomes as nanoparticles to control this disease holds great promise up to now. AREAS COVERED Various types of liposomes with different properties and purposes have been formulated and targeted immune cells with their surface manipulations. They may be encapsulated with anti-inflammatory, MS-related therapeutics, or immunodominant myelin-specific peptides for attaining a higher therapeutic efficacy of the drugs or tolerance induction. Cationic liposomes are also highly applicable for gene delivery of the anti-inflammatory cytokines or silencing the inflammatory cytokines. Liposomes have also been used as biotools for comprehending MS pathomechanisms or as diagnostic agents. EXPERT OPINION The efforts to manage MS through nanomedicine, especially liposomal therapeutics, pave a new avenue to a high-throughput medication of this autoimmune disease and their translation to the clinic in the future for overcoming the challenges that MS patients confront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Avrilionis K, Boggs JM. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by the encephalitogenic peptide, in solution or bound to liposomes. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 35:201-10. [PMID: 1720133 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the ability of liposome-bound encephalitogenic peptide to suppress experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the guinea pig. EAE was induced by challenge with the encephalitogenic peptide, residues 113-122 of human myelin basic protein (MBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The peptide was acylated with stearic acid in order to anchor it to the lipid bilayer. The liposomal-bound peptide effectively suppressed clinical signs of EAE at relatively low doses, when given subcutaneously or intraperitoneally without incomplete Freund's adjuvant, several days after challenge. In vitro proliferation of lymphocytes from treated, protected animals in response to the peptide was greatly decreased but that to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin antigen was not, indicating an antigen-specific effect. However, histological signs of EAE were not reduced. The free peptide in solution was somewhat less effective when given intraperitoneally but was as or nearly as effective as liposome-bound peptide when given subcutaneously. Binding to liposomes may decrease the rate of clearance or degradation of the peptide when given intraperitoneally.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Avrilionis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Naiki M, Takeoka Y, Kurimoto Y, Matsuoka T, Suehiro S, Imai Y, Osawa T, Gershwin ME. Neurotropin inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1991; 13:235-43. [PMID: 1712761 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(91)90103-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Neurotropin, a substance extracted from the inflammatory dermis of rabbits inoculated with Vaccinia virus, for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats, a model for human multiple sclerosis (MS), was studied. The peptide defined by residues 68-84 (MB 68-84) which corresponds to the encephalitogenic portion of the guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) in complete adjuvant H37Ra (CFA) was injected into the hind foot pad of each rat. Neurotropin significantly suppressed the clinical and histological expression of actively induced EAE when administered i.p. daily from day 0 to day 6 after immunization. In addition, passive EAE induced by precultured spleen cells from rats immunized with MB 68-84 in CFA was also suppressed by daily administration of Neurotropin after cell transfer. Neurotropin treatment significantly suppressed the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to MB 68-84. Furthermore, the ability of spleen cells from Neurotropin-treated rats to transfer EAE was significantly lower than that of saline-treated rats. It seemed that the suppression may be due to the inhibition of the activation by MB 68-84 of sensitized spleen cells, as demonstrated by proliferative response to MB 68-84. However, no difference was observed in Con A-induced proliferative response of the spleen cells between Neurotropin- and saline-treated rats. These findings indicate that Neurotropin inhibits EAE by suppressing the immune responses to encephalitogenic MBP with little non-specific suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naiki
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Stein CS, St Louis J, Gilbert JJ, Strejan GH. Treatment of spinal cord-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat with liposomes presenting central nervous system antigens. J Neuroimmunol 1990; 28:119-30. [PMID: 1694533 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90026-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) in the Lewis rat, induced by the injection of spinal cord tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant (SC/CFA), was studied in vivo by treatment with liposomes containing central nervous tissue antigens, and in vitro by lymphocyte proliferation assays. Intracardiac administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) liposomes, galactocerebroside (GC) liposomes, or MBP + GC liposomes substantially reduced the clinical severity and/or delayed the onset of the initial phase of disease. Liposomes prepared from whole myelin provided even greater protection, and were effective at suppressing both the first disease episode and the relapses. These results indicate that while GC and MBP may play significant roles in the development of CR-EAE in the Lewis rat, immune responses to other antigens are probably also involved. Splenic and lymph node lymphocytes from MBP-GC liposome-treated rats, and splenic lymphocytes from cytochrome-GC (CYT-GC) liposome-treated rats, showed drastically reduced abilities to proliferate in response to MBP in culture. Spleen cells from both the MBP-GC- and CYT-GC-liposome-treated donors were able to actively suppress antigen-induced proliferation of MBP-primed lymphocytes. These findings suggest participation of both clonal anergy, and active suppressor cells in the liposome-mediated suppression of CR-EAE in the Lewis rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Strejan GH, St Louis J. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by MBP-coupled lymphoid cells and by MBP-liposomes: a comparison. Cell Immunol 1990; 127:284-98. [PMID: 1691689 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90133-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In previous experiments, we showed that administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) inserted into phosphatidyl-serine liposomes, to susceptible animals suppressed the clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic-relapsing EAE. In this report we compare the effectiveness of treatment with MBP-liposomes and with MBP-coupled syngeneic spleen cells in EAE protection. Lewis rats treated with 150 micrograms MBP-liposomes or with 160 micrograms (35 x 10(6] MBP-coupled spleen cells, given 7 days before and 7 days after encephalitogenic challenge were equally protected against clinical EAE, when compared to untreated controls. In addition to clinical protection, in vitro proliferative responses of lymphocytes from treated rats were significantly reduced, but delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions remained unaffected. Proliferation of lymphocytes from MBP-sensitized donors was inhibited by the addition of spleen cells but not of lymph node cells from treated donors. The inhibitory effect was observed with spleen cells regardless of whether the donors were treated or not, was antigen nonspecific, and localized in a radio-resistant, adherent cell population. Adoptive transfers of spleen cells from treated donors, after a 48-hr in vitro incubation with concanavalin A, showed that the cells from donors treated with MBP-coupled spleen cells, but not with MBP-liposomes, suppressed the disease in recipients, following challenge with MBP-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). These results suggest that two distinct mechanisms operate in the protection by MBP-coupled cells and MBP-liposomes, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Liposomes
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes
- Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Strejan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Strejan GH, Gilbert JJ, St Louis J. Effect of treatment with glutaraldehyde-fixed myelin basic protein-liposomes on active induction and passive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Cell Immunol 1988; 116:250-6. [PMID: 2458844 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(88)90225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP)-liposomes were prepared and fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde (GA). Lewis rats were treated with glutaraldehyde-fixed MBP-liposomes (MBP-L-GA) or with cytochrome-c-liposomes (CYC-L-GA), 7 days before and 7 days after challenge with MBP in CFA. Rats treated with MBP-L-GA, but not with CYC-L-GA, were very well protected against the clinical manifestations of EAE. The protection was better than that obtained after treatment with conventional MBP-liposomes (without glutaraldehyde). Furthermore, when grown in vitro for 72 hr in the presence of MBP, lymphocytes from rats treated with MBP-L-GA and challenged with MBP in CFA exhibited a marked decrease in their ability to transfer EAE to normal syngeneic recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Strejan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Galmarini M, Ferro ME, Riera CM. Delayed hypersensitivity and lesions following isoimmunization with modified rat male accessory glands: kinetics of induction. J Reprod Immunol 1988; 13:147-57. [PMID: 3050067 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(88)90058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the cellular immune response to rat male accessory glands were studied in Wistar rats isoimmunized with modified rat male accessory glands extract and complete Freund's adjuvant at 0, 30 and 45 days. The animals were divided into seven groups, and each group was sacrificed weekly. One immunization was sufficient for the induction of 2-, 6- and 24-h footpad reactivity. The reaction increased until 21 days post-immunization. After the second injection the reaction decreased and was negative 12 days later. Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity monitored by a mixed-direct assay was demonstrated in rats from all groups except in the animals studied at day 42 in which macrophage migration was markedly stimulated. The absence of MIF activity correlated with a lack of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. The humoral response was studied and detected by passive hemagglutination in a few sera after the first immunization. A second injection was necessary to obtain a more frequent occurrence and higher titres of antibodies. Histological modifications in the target organs started to appear in the group of animals studied at 35 days and were characterized by a mononuclear infiltrate in the prostate, coagulating glands and seminal vesicles. In several cases there was also infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells. Specimens obtained at 35 days showed the most severe lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galmarini
- Inmunología y Serología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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Inamura N, Hashimoto M, Nakahara K, Nakajima Y, Nishio M, Aoki H, Yamaguchi I, Kohsaka M. Immunosuppressive effect of FK506 on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 10:991-5. [PMID: 2463974 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(88)90046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a new immunosuppressant, FK506, on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. EAE developed in 100% of rats immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant. FK506 in doses of 1.0 mg/kg/day or more prevented the clinical signs of EAE for at least 50 days, when administered intramuscularly 5 days a week for 2 weeks starting on the day of immunization (days 0-4 and days 7-11), and a similar result was obtained, when the compound was given for 5 days (days 0-4). FK506, however, showed a significant but weak effectiveness when started from 7 days after immunization. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to MBP developed before EAE, and anti-MBP antibody levels increased. Both humoral and cellular immune response to MBP were completely suppressed in rats treated with FK506. From these results, it is presumed that immunosuppression of cell-mediated immunity and/or humoral immunity by the treatment of FK506 actually causes the decreased incidence noted in the experiment for the development of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Inamura
- Exploratory Research Laboratory, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
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Janković BD, Marić D. Enkephalins and autoimmunity: differential effect of methionine-enkephalin on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Wistar and Lewis rats. J Neurosci Res 1987; 18:88-94. [PMID: 3500326 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490180115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the immunomodulating activity of methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) and leucine-enkephalin (Leu-Enk) in the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), two strains of rats, one highly susceptible to EAE (Lewis rats) and the other relatively resistant to the disease (Wistar rats) were used. The animals were given daily injections of either a high dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) or a low dose (0.2 mg/kg b.w.) of these opioid peptides, after receiving guinea pig spinal cord in combination with immunological adjuvants. A major conclusion from this study is that Met-Enk is a potent immunomodulator/regulator of the autoimmune disease, whereas Leu-Enk does not affect EAE. The high dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. of Met-Enk completely or significantly inhibited neurological signs and markedly diminished occurrence and intensity of histological lesions in the brain, and cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord. The loss of body weight, which accompanies EAE, was also prevented by a high dose of Met-Enk. In contrast, the low dose of 0.2 mg/kg b.w. of Met-Enk potentiated neurological and histopathological features of the disease. Nonimmunized rats injected with enkephalins for a period of 17 consecutive days showed neither neurological nor histological signs of EAE, nor signs of intoxication due to the application of enkephalins. Thus, these data establish a link between methionine-enkephalin and EAE, and suggest that this opioid pentapeptide might be important in the pathogenesis and prevention of the inflammatory autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Janković
- Immunology Research Center, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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