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Kim JY, Bae JW, Grace JR, Epstein N, Lee DH. Horizontal immersed heater-to-bed heat transfer with layer inversion in gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds of binary solids. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Basha OM, Sehabiague L, Abdel-Wahab A, Morsi BI. Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in Slurry Bubble Column Reactors: Experimental Investigations and Modeling – A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2014-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents an extensive review of the kinetics, hydrodynamics, mass transfer, heat transfer and mathematical as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of Low-Temperature Tropsch Synthesis (LTFT) synthesis in Slurry Bubble Column Reactors (SBCRs), with the aim of identifying potential research and development areas in this particular field. The kinetic expressions developed for F-T synthesis over iron and cobalt catalysts along with the water gas shift (WGS) reactions are summarized and compared. The experimental data and empirical correlations to predict the hydrodynamics (gas holdup, Sauter mean bubble diameter, and bubble rise velocity), mass transfer coefficients and heat transfer coefficients are presented. The effects of various operating variables, including pressure, temperature, gas velocity, catalyst concentration, reactor geometry, and reactor internals on the hydrodynamic and transport parameters as well as the performance of SBCRs are discussed. Additionally, modeling efforts of SBCRs, using axial dispersion models (ADM), multiple cell recirculation models (MCCM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), are addressed. This review revealed the following:
(1)Numerous F-T and WGS kinetic rate expressions are available for cobalt and iron catalysts and one must be careful in selecting the appropriate expressions for LTFT. Iron catalyst suffers from severe attrition and subsequent deactivation in SBCRs and accordingly building a costly catalyst manufacturing facility onsite is required to maintain a steady operation of the F-T reactor;
(2)Experimental data on the hydrodynamic and transport parameters at high pressures and temperatures, typical to those of actual F-T synthesis, remain scanty when compared with the plethora of studies conducted using air–water systems in small reactors at ambient conditions;
(3)Several empirical correlations for predicting the hydrodynamic and mass as well heat transfer parameters are available and one should select those which consider the reactor diameter, gas mixtures and the potential foamability of the F-T liquids;
(4)The effect of cooling internals configuration and sparger design on the hydrodynamic and transport parameters, local turbulence, mixing and catalyst attrition are yet to be seriously addressed;
(5)The impact of operating variables on the hydrodynamic and transport parameters as well as the overall performance of the SBCRs should be investigated using actual F-T fluid–solid systems under typical pressures and temperatures using a large-scale reactor (>0.15 m ID) in the presence of gas spargers and cooling internals;
(6)Significant efforts are still required in order to advance CFD modeling of SBCRs, particularly those pertaining to the relevant closure models, such as drag, lift and turbulence. Also, cooling internals configuration and the design as well as orientation of gas spargers should be accounted for in the CFD modeling; and
(7)Proper validations of the CFD formulations using actual systems for F-T SBCR are needed.
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Literature Review on Heat Transfer in Two- and Three-Phase Bubble Columns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.2202/1542-6580.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), an exothermic reaction where hydrogen and carbon monoxide synthesis gas are converted to hydrocarbon products, has been under development since the 1930's. The interest in FTS depends on current and perceived future prices of crude oil but is increasingly viewed as an option for exploiting stranded natural gas. Other advantages of FTS hydrocarbons include the absence of sulphur, nitrogen, heavy metal contaminants, low aromatic content and the ability to produce high value middle distillates/fuels. Current interest is directed towards slurry bubble processes comprising gas, liquid, and solid phases. Industrial slurry phase FTS reactors may range in size from 6 10 m in diameter and upwards of 30 m in height and include multiple internal heat transfer tubes. Such systems offer numerous advantages including high heat transfer rates, good mixing, and ease of online catalyst addition and withdrawal. However, one disadvantage is the complex hydrodynamics associated with slurry bubble columns, which make scale-up difficult. A literature review on heat transfer studies and correlations has been completed focusing on previous experimental setups, the synthesis of the key findings/parameters, and the identification of the necessary criteria required for reactor design and scale-up.The parameters having the most pronounced impact on heat transfer in slurry bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds are the superficial gas velocity and liquid properties such as viscosity and surface tension, which significantly alter the bubble properties and the column hydrodynamics. The effect of particles is poorly understood and is a complex function of particle diameter and concentration. The experimental results and correlations reported here from the majority of studies are dependent upon the equipment and properties of the three phases studied resulting in very limited applicability to other systems or for scale-up. Other concerns include the use of relatively low gas velocities, ambient temperature and pressure, relatively large particles, and relatively small columns employed in most studies, which are not relevant to industrial operating conditions. Furthermore, studies involving multiple internals were relatively few. Most columns were only equipped with a single tube or small heat flux probe thereby measuring only the local heat transfer and not taking into account the effect on column hydrodynamics of multiple internals. Of these studies only a few tubes were equipped with heaters (that did not run the entire tube length) and heat flux probes while the remaining probes were inactive.
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Cao C, Liu M, Guo Q. Experimental Investigation into the Radial Distribution of Local Phase Holdups in a Gas−Liquid−Solid Fluidized Bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie060798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China, and School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China, and School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China, and School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Goncalves JJ, Castro F, Teixeira JA, González-Mendizabal D. Fluid-dynamic experimental study in a slurry bubble column with a tube bank in cross flow. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440302090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Goncalves
- a Grupo FT USB, Departamento de Termodinámica y Fenómenos de Transferencia , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Fidel Castro
- a Grupo FT USB, Departamento de Termodinámica y Fenómenos de Transferencia , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Alberto Teixeira
- a Grupo FT USB, Departamento de Termodinámica y Fenómenos de Transferencia , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Dosinda González-Mendizabal
- a Grupo FT USB, Departamento de Termodinámica y Fenómenos de Transferencia , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
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Duduković MP, Larachi F, Mills PL. Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/cr-120001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Miura H, Takahashi T, Kawase Y. Effect of pseudoplastic behaviour of liquid in co-current three-phase fluidized beds on bed expansion. Chem Eng Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(01)00219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Larachi F, Belfares L, Iliuta I, Grandjean BPA. Three-Phase Fluidization Macroscopic Hydrodynamics Revisited. Ind Eng Chem Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0006864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faïçal Larachi
- Department of Chemical Engineering & CERPIC, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Lamia Belfares
- Department of Chemical Engineering & CERPIC, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Ion Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering & CERPIC, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Gómez M, Alarcón Z, Parra E, Siquier S, Pironti F, Sáez A. Hydrodynamics of semibatch slurry bubble columns with polymer solutions. Chem Eng Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(96)00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alarcón Z, Parra E, Gómez M, Siquier S, Sáez A. Phase distributions in semibatch slurry bubble columns with guar gum solutions. Chem Eng Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(95)00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fluid Flow, Heat, and Mass Transfer in Non-Newtonian Fluids: Multiphase Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2717(08)70007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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