Micelles of 1-alkyl glucoside and maltoside: Anomeric effects on structure and induced chirality

Bioderivatization as a concept for renewable production of chemicals that are toxic or poorly soluble in the liquid phase

Microorganisms can be rationally engineered to convert CO₂ and H₂O into chemicals, replacing those made from fossil fuels today. Sometimes such chemicals are poorly soluble in water or negatively affect the growth of the microorganism, resulting in cost-inefficient manufacturing. In nature, this problem is often solved by converting incompatible chemicals into those more compatible with the host and/or environment. Inspired by this, we propose a similar strategy for engineered biotechnology, whereby biochemical conversion inside the microorganism is followed by chemical reversal once outside. The principle was demonstrated with 1-octanol by implementing two different conversion methods in two different species, showing enhanced bioproduction in most cases. The approach may stimulate commercialization of sustainable and renewable production of chemicals.

Bio-based production technologies may complement or replace petroleum-based production of chemicals, but they face a number of technical challenges, including product toxicity and/or water insolubility. Plants and microorganisms naturally biosynthesize chemicals that often are converted into derivatives with reduced toxicity or enhanced solubility. Inspired by this principle, we propose a bioderivatization strategy for biotechnological chemicals production, defined as purposeful biochemical derivatization of intended target molecules. As proof of principle, the effects of hydrophobic (e.g., esterification) and hydrophilic (e.g., glycosylation) bioderivatization strategies on the biosynthesis of a relatively toxic and poorly soluble chemical, 1-octanol, were evaluated in Escherichia coli and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The 1-octanol pathway was first optimized to reach product titers at which the host displayed symptoms of toxicity. Solvent overlay used to capture volatile products partially masked product toxicity. Regardless of whether solvent overlay was used, most strains with bioderivatization had a higher molar product titer and product yield, as well as improved cellular growth and glucose consumption, compared with strains without bioderivatization. The positive effect on bioproduction was observed with both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic strategies. Interestingly, in several combinations of genotype/induction strength, bioderivatization had a positive effect on productivity without any apparent effect on growth. We attribute this to enhanced product solubility in the aqueous or solvent fraction of the bioreactor liquid phase (depending on the derivative and medium used), with consequent enhanced product removal. Overall, under most conditions, a benefit of bioproduction was observed, and the bioderivatization strategy could be considered for other similar chemicals as well.

Growth of wormlike micelles in nonionic surfactant solutions: Quantitative theory vs. experiment

Despite the considerable advances of molecular-thermodynamic theory of micelle growth, agreement between theory and experiment has been achieved only in isolated cases. A general theory that can provide self-consistent quantitative description of the growth of wormlike micelles in mixed surfactant solutions, including the experimentally observed high peaks in viscosity and aggregation number, is still missing. As a step toward the creation of such theory, here we consider the simplest system - nonionic wormlike surfactant micelles from polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, C_iE_j. Our goal is to construct a molecular-thermodynamic model that is in agreement with the available experimental data. For this goal, we systematized data for the micelle mean mass aggregation number, from which the micelle growth parameter was determined at various temperatures. None of the available models can give a quantitative description of these data. We constructed a new model, which is based on theoretical expressions for the interfacial-tension, headgroup-steric and chain-conformation components of micelle free energy, along with appropriate expressions for the parameters of the model, including their temperature and curvature dependencies. Special attention was paid to the surfactant chain-conformation free energy, for which a new more general formula was derived. As a result, relatively simple theoretical expressions are obtained. All parameters that enter these expressions are known, which facilitates the theoretical modeling of micelle growth for various nonionic surfactants in excellent agreement with the experiment. The constructed model can serve as a basis that can be further upgraded to obtain quantitative description of micelle growth in more complicated systems, including binary and ternary mixtures of nonionic, ionic and zwitterionic surfactants, which determines the viscosity and stability of various formulations in personal-care and house-hold detergency.

Membrane Protein Solubilization and Composition of Protein Detergent Complexes

Membrane proteins are typically expressed in heterologous systems with a view to in vitro characterization. A critical step in the preparation of membrane proteins after expression in any system is the solubilization of the protein in aqueous solution, typically using detergents and lipids, to obtain the protein in a form suitable for purification, structural or functional analysis. This process is particularly difficult as the objective is to prepare the protein in an unnatural environment, a protein detergent complex, separating it from its natural lipid partners while causing the minimum destabilization or modification of the structure. Although the process is difficult, and relatively hard to master, an increasing number of membrane proteins have been successfully isolated after expression in a wide variety of systems. In this chapter we give a general protocol for preparing protein detergent complexes that is aimed at guiding the reader through the different critical steps. In the second part of the chapter we illustrate how to analyze the composition of protein detergent complexes; this analysis is important as it has been found that compositional variation often causes irreproducible results.

Exploring the meaning of sugar configuration in a supramolecular environment: comparison of six octyl glycoside micelles by ITC and NMR spectroscopy

To promote understanding of sugar configuration in a supramolecular context, glycomicelles were compared and a “trinity projection” of glycosides proposed.

A class of mild surfactants that keep integral membrane proteins water-soluble for functional studies and crystallization

Mixed protein-surfactant micelles are used for in vitro studies and 3D crystallization when solutions of pure, monodisperse integral membrane proteins are required. However, many membrane proteins undergo inactivation when transferred from the biomembrane into micelles of conventional surfactants with alkyl chains as hydrophobic moieties. Here we describe the development of surfactants with rigid, saturated or aromatic hydrocarbon groups as hydrophobic parts. Their stabilizing properties are demonstrated with three different integral membrane proteins. The temperature at which 50% of the binding sites for specific ligands are lost is used as a measure of stability and dodecyl-β-D-maltoside ('C12-b-M') as a reference for conventional surfactants. One surfactant increased the stability of two different G protein-coupled receptors and the human Patched protein receptor by approximately 10°C compared to C12-b-M. Another surfactant yielded the highest stabilization of the human Patched protein receptor compared to C12-b-M (13°C) but was inferior for the G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, one of the surfactants was successfully used to stabilize and crystallize the cytochrome b(6 )f complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The structure was solved to the same resolution as previously reported in C12-b-M.

Molecular simulations of dodecyl-β-maltoside micelles in water: influence of the headgroup conformation and force field parameters

This paper deals with the development and validation of new potential parameter sets, based on the CHARMM36 and GLYCAM06 force fields, to simulate micelles of the two anomeric forms (α and β) of N-dodecyl-β-maltoside (C(12)G(2)), a surfactant widely used in the extraction and purification of membrane proteins. In this context, properties such as size, shape, internal structure, and hydration of the C(12)G(2) anomer micelles were thoroughly investigated by molecular dynamics simulations and the results compared with experiments. Additional simulations were also performed with the older CHARMM22 force field for carbohydrates (Kuttel, M.; et al. J. Comput. Chem. 2002, 23, 1236-1243). We find that our CHARMM and GLYCAM parameter sets yield similar results in the case of properties related to the micelle structure but differ for other properties such as the headgroup conformation or the micelle hydration. In agreement with experiments, our results show that for all model potentials the β-C(12)G(2) micelles have a more pronounced ellipsoidal shape than those containing α anomers. The computed radius of gyration is 20.2 and 25.4 Å for the α- and β-anomer micelles, respectively. Finally, we show that depending on the potential the water translational diffusion of the interfacial water is 7-11.5 times slower than that of bulk water due to the entrapment of the water in the micelle crevices. This retardation is independent of the headgroup in α- or β-anomers.

Mixtures of n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside and hexaoxyethylene dodecyl ether--surface properties, bulk properties, foam films, and foams

Mixtures of the two non-ionic surfactants hexaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C(12)E(6)) and n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (beta-C(12)G(2)) were studied with regard to surface properties, bulk properties, foam films, and foams. The reason for studying a mixture of an ethylene oxide (C(i)E(j)) and a sugar (C(n)G(m)) based surfactant is that despite being non-ionic, these two surfactants behave quite differently. Firstly, the physico-chemical properties of aqueous solutions of C(n)G(m) surfactants are less temperature-sensitive than those of C(i)E(j) solutions. Secondly, the surface charge density q(0) of foam films stabilized by C(n)G(m) surfactants is pH insensitive down to the so-called isoelectric point, while that of foam films stabilized by C(i)E(j) surfactants changes linearly with the pH. The third difference is related to interaction forces between solid surfaces. Under equilibrium conditions very high forces are needed to expel beta-C(12)G(2) from between thiolated gold surfaces, while for C(12)E(6) low loads are sufficient. Fourthly, the adsorption of C(12)E(6) and beta-C(12)G(2) on hydrophilic silica and titania, respectively, is inverted. While the surface excess of C(12)E(6) is large on silica and negligible on titania, beta-C(12)G(2) adsorbs very little on silica but has a large surface excess on titania. What is the reason for this different behaviour? Under similar conditions and for comparable head group sizes, it was found that the hydration of C(i)E(j) surfactants is one order of magnitude higher but on average much weaker than that of C(n)G(m) surfactants. Moreover, C(n)G(m) surfactants possess a rigid maltoside unit, while C(i)E(j) surfactants have a very flexible hydrophilic part. Indeed, most of the different properties mentioned above can be explained by the different hydration and the head group flexibilities. The intriguing question of how mixtures of C(i)E(j) and C(n)G(m) surfactants would behave arises organically. Thus various properties of C(12)E(6)+beta-C(12)G(2) mixtures in aqueous solution have been studied with a focus on the 1:1 mixture. The results are compared with those of the single surfactants and are discussed accordingly.

Structural properties of beta-dodecylmaltoside and C12E6 mixed micelles

Mixed micelles formed in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants n-dodecyl-hexaethylene-glycol (C12E6) and n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (C12G2) have been studied using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) and static light scattering (SLS). Apparent micelle molar masses obtained with SLS were analyzed with a model taking into account both micelle growth and interference effects. The analysis shows that pure C12G2 forms small globular micelles whereas C12E6 and the mixtures form elongated micelles of much higher molar mass. The elongated micelles grow with increased concentration according to mean-field theory, and the masses are larger for increasing amounts of C12E6. To describe the SANS and SAXS data for C12E6 and the mixtures, it was necessary to employ a model with coexisting spherical and spherocylindrical micelles. The SANS and SAXS data were fitted simultaneously using this model with core-shell particles and molecular constraints. All mixtures, as well as pure C12E6, can be described by this model, demonstrating the coexistence of spherical and cylindrical micelles. The spherical micelles are the same size in all samples, whereas the cylindrical micelles grow in length with the fraction of C12E6 in the samples, as well as with concentration, in agreement with the SLS analysis. The mass fraction of surfactant in cylindrical aggregates also increases with the fraction of C12E6 and with overall concentration. The analysis of the SAXS and SANS data for pure C12G2 shows that the micelles are disk-shaped. The presence of elongated micelles in pure C12E6 and in the mixtures demonstrates that the behavior of the mixtures is dominated by C12E6.

Excited-State Proton Transfer in Chiral Environments: Photoracemization of BINOLs

We have studied excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) from chiral proton donors to chiral and achiral acceptors. The key role of the exergonicity of the reaction and the transition-state position along the reaction coordinate for the existence of an enantiomeric effect was established. This effect was observed for "super" photoacids (ΔG ≪ 0) and vanished for endergonic reactions (ΔG > 0) where a "late" transition state similar to planar achiral binaphtholate anion occurs. As a result, photoracemization was observed, as confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The photoracemization effects were studied for several chiral photoacids (BINOLs and their ethers) and proton acceptors (amines, aminoalcohols, and water) using UV-vis, steady-state fluorescence, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. The nature of the solvent and the proton acceptor, as well as the chemical structure of the BINOL, played a pivotal role in the photochemical reactivity of the system. Two proposed pathways competed for photoracemization: excited-state inter- and intra-molecular proton transfer, the former being more effective. Irradiation of the dimethoxy BINOL derivative, which lacks an acidic proton and cannot undergo ESPT, produced no appreciable reaction or racemization.

Self-assembly properties of alkyloxyethyl beta-glycosides with different types of carbohydrate headgroups

The effect of alkyl chain length on micelle formation in aqueous solutions of synthetic alkyloxyethyl glycosides containing an ethyl spacer with different conformations of the disaccharide headgroups was investigated. The molecular shape was systematically changed from a wedge-shaped to a rodlike geometry by changing the type of carbohydrate headgroup. The lipophilic part consists of dodecyl or tetradecyl chains. The adsorption at the liquid-air interface was investigated by surface tension measurements. The micellar phase region (L1) was studied using small-angle neutron scattering. We have observed a strong influence of the linkage between the sugar moieties in the disaccharide headgroup and the ethyl spacer on the micellar structure: the transformation from spherical to disklike aggregates was observed for compounds with a rodlike shape, but only spherical aggregates were formed by the wedge-shaped molecules.

Micelle structures in aqueous solutions of glucose-based surfactants having an isoprenoid-type hydrophobic chain

Surfactant self-diffusion coefficients have been measured on a binary system of 1-O-beta-3,7-dimethyloctyl-D-maltopyranoside (beta-Mal(2)(Ger))/water and a mixed surfactant system of beta-Mal(2)(Ger)/1-O-beta-3,7-dimethyloctyl-D-glucopyranoside (beta-Glc(Ger))/water at 25 degrees C. For comparison, measurements have also been made on 1-O-beta-decyl-D-maltopyranoside (beta-Mal(2)C(10))/water and beta-Mal(2)C(10)/1-O-beta-decyl-D-glucopyranoside (beta-GlcC(10))/water. The hydrodynamic radius of beta-Mal(2)(Ger) micelles obtained from the micellar diffusion coefficient is around 3 nm and nearly equal to that of beta-GlcC(10) micelles within experimental error. In the mixed surfactant systems, the hydrodynamic radii for both systems increase with increasing X(G) (the mole fraction of beta-Glc(Ger) or beta-GlcC(10) in the total mixed solute) above X(G) congruent with 0.4 when the total surfactant concentration is kept constant at 2 wt%. The R(H) of beta-Glc(Ger)/Mal(2)(Ger) micelles increases more rapidly than beta-GlcC(10)/beta-Mal(2)C(10) micelles, and then phase separation occurs at X(G) congruent with 0.65. On the other hand, the R(H) of beta-GlcC(10)/beta-Mal(2)C(10) micelles continues to increase until the phase separation occurs at X(G) congruent with 0.92. Measurements have also been performed as a function of total surfactant concentration at constant X(G) (=0.6). The CMC of the beta-Glc(Ger)/Mal(2)(Ger) system is larger than that of the beta-GlcC(10)/beta-Mal(2)C(10) system as expected from the results of the pure surfactant systems published previously. The R(H) increases with increasing total surfactant concentration for both systems. At higher concentrations, the R(H) of beta-Glc(Ger)/Mal(2)(Ger) micelles increases more rapidly than beta-GlcC(10)/beta-Mal(2)C(10) micelles. These results can be explained by the fact that the geranyl and decyl chains have the same volume but different chain lengths.

Neutral pentosides surfactants issued from the butadiene telomerization with pentoses: preparation and amphiphilic properties

Interfacial properties of octadienyl pentosides prepared by the palladium-catalyzed telomerization of butadiene with free pentoses have been evaluated and compared to those of mixtures issued from the autoclaving process.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Monoalkyl Glycoside Micelles in Aqueous Solution: Influence of Carbohydrate Headgroup Stereochemistry

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of n-octyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (beta-C8Gal) and n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (beta-C8Glc) micelles in aqueous solution have been performed to explore the influence of carbohydrate stereochemistry on glycolipid properties at the atomic level. In particular, we explore the hypothesis that differences in T(m) and T(c) for beta-C8Gal and beta-C8Glc in lyotropic systems arise from a more extensive hydrogen bonding network between beta-C8Gal headgroups relative to beta-C8Glc, due to the axial 4-OH group in beta-C8Gal. Good agreement of the 13 ns micelle-water simulations with available experimental information is found. The micelles exhibit a similar shape, size, and degree of exposed alkyl chain surface area. We find net inter- and intra-headgroup hydrogen bonding is also similar for beta-C8Gal and beta-C8Glc, although n-octyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside micelles do exhibit a slightly greater degree of inter- and intra-headgroup hydrogen bonding. However, the main distinction in the calculated microscopic behavior of beta-C8Glc and beta-C8Gal micelles lies in solvent interactions, where beta-d-glucosyl headgroups are considerably more solvated (mainly at the equatorial O4 oxygen). These results agree with preceding theoretical and experimental studies of monosaccharides in aqueous solution. A number of long water residence times are found for solvent surrounding both micelle types, the largest of which are associated with surface protrusions involving headgroup clusters. Our simulations, therefore, predict differences in hydrogen bonding for the two headgroup stereochemistries, including a small difference in inter-headgroup interactions, which may contribute to the higher T(m) and T(c) values of beta-C8Gal surfactants relative to beta-C8Glc in lyotropic systems.

Interactions between charged polypeptides and nonionic surfactants

The influence of molecular characteristics on the mutual interaction between peptides and nonionic surfactants has been investigated by studying the effects of surfactants on amphiphilic, random copolymers of alpha-L-amino acids containing lysine residues as the hydrophilic parts. The hydrophobic residues were either phenylalanine or tyrosine. The peptide-surfactant interactions were studied by means of circular dichroism spectroscopy and binding isotherms, as well as by 1D and 2D NMR. The binding of surfactant to the peptides was found to be a cooperative process, appearing at surfactant concentrations just below the critical micellar concentration. However, a certain degree of peptide hydrophobicity is necessary to obtain an interaction with nonionic surfactant. When this prerequisite is fulfilled, the peptide mainly interacts with self-assembled, micelle-like surfactant aggregates formed onto the peptide chain. Therefore, the peptide-surfactant complex is best described in terms of a necklace model, with the peptide interacting primarily with the palisade region of the micelles via its hydrophobic side chains. The interaction yields an increased amount of alpha-helix conformation in the peptide. Surfactants that combine small headgroups with a propensity to form small, nearly spherical micelles were shown to give the largest increase in alpha-helix content.

Structures of micelles formed by synthetic alkyl glycosides with unsaturated alkyl chains

Three new alkyl glycosides with similar molecular structures (oleyl and oleoyl alkyl chains and various head groups: disaccharide, trisaccharide and disaccharide with an additional amidoethoxy spacer) were synthesized and their supramolecular structure in aqueous solution was investigated. Small angle neutron scattering, surface tension measurement and the contact preparation method were applied to get molecular structure-property relationships. Although the chemical structures differ only in small details, their CMC values, lyotropic phase behaviour, surface area per surfactant molecule in the micelle and at the liquid-air interface, and the size and shape of the micelles are very different. We have found three different types of aggregates: spherical, cylindrical and polymer-like micelles in dilute solutions.

Effects of temperature, salt, and deuterium oxide on the self-aggregation of alkylglycosides in dilute solution. 2. n-Tetradecyl-beta-D-maltoside

The effects of salt, temperature, and deuterium oxide on the self-aggregation of n-tetradecyl-beta-d-maltoside (C(14)G(2)) in dilute solution have been investigated by static light scattering, dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), tensiometry, and capillary viscometry. SANS data show that the micelles can be described as relatively flexible polymer-like micelles with an elliptical cross section, at least at temperatures between 35 and 50 degrees C. The micelles grow in one dimension with increasing temperature and concentration. DLS and viscometry data suggest that the micelle size reaches a maximum at 60-70 degrees C. Comparison of DLS data in D(2)O and H(2)O shows that the micelles are larger in the former case. The effect of salt on the micelle size was found to follow the Hofmeister series. Thus, at constant salt concentration, the micelle size decreases according to the sequence SO(4)(2)(-) > Cl(-) > NO(3)(-) > I(-) > SCN(-), where I(-) and SCN(-) act as salting-in anions. From tensiometric data, it can be concluded that the temperature effects on micelle morphology do not correlate directly with those on unimer solubility. Rather, the temperature effect on the hydrocarbon chain conformation seems to be decisive for the micelle morphology. At constant temperature, on the other hand, the effect of salt and deuterium isotope is attributable to changes in effective headgroup area, including intermolecular interactions and water of hydration.

Effects of temperature, salt, and deuterium oxide on the self-aggregation of alkylglycosides in dilute solution. 1. n-nonyl-beta-D-glucoside

The influence of salt, temperature, and deuterium oxide on the self-aggregation of n-nonyl-beta-D-glucoside (beta-C9G1) in dilute solution has been investigated by static and dynamic light scattering, neutron scattering, and tensiometry. Scattering data show that the micelles can be described as relatively stiff, elongated structures with a circular cross section. With a decrease of temperature, the micelles grow in one dimension, which makes it surprising that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) shows a concomitant increase. On the other hand, substitution of D2O for H2O causes a large increase in micelle size at low temperatures, without any appreciable effect on cmc. With increasing temperature, the deuterium effect on the micelle size diminishes. The effects of salt on the micelle size and cmc were found to follow the Hofmeister series. Thus, at constant salt concentration, the micelle size decreased according to the sequence SO4(2-) > Cl- > Br- > NO3- > I- > SCN-, whereas the effect on cmc displays the opposite trend. Here, I- and SCN are salting-in anions. Similarly, the effects of cations decrease with increasing polarizability in the sequence Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Cs+. At high ionic strength, the systems separate into two micellar phases. The results imply that the size of beta-C9G1 micelles is extremely sensitive to changes in the headgroup size. More specifically, temperature and salt effects on effective headgroup size, including intermolecular interactions and water ofhydration, are suggested to be more decisive for the micelle morphology than the corresponding effects on unimer solubility.

Reactivity at the interface of chiral amphiphilic dendrimers. High asymmetric reduction by NaBH(4) of various prochiral ketones

New amphiphilic dendrimers derived from PAMAM and D-gluconolactone were found to induce chirality in the reduction of prochiral ketones by NaBH(4), in heterogeneous (THF) and homogeneous (water) conditions. The third generation of these amphiphilic dendrimers, G(3)G, was found to be a good chiral ligand for the reduction of various prochiral ketones in heterogeneous conditions. Even with substrates well-known to give poor results (especially linear ketones), good enantioselectivities were obtained. It is also important to notice that under heterogeneous conditions (THF) the dendrimer could be recovered by filtration, regenerated, and recycled (up to 10 times), leading to reproducible results in asymmetric reduction of ketones. We have also discussed the reduction of acetophenone in water. Evidence is presented that the selectivity is dominated by the architecture of the dendrimer and some supramolecular ordering in the position of the ketone at the chiral solvating interface. The results obtained showed a correlation between stereoselectivity of the reduction and the compact character of the dendritic particles.

Chiral aggregates and asymmetric induction of the reduction of prochiral ketones

The aim of this work was to establish structure-reactivity relationships between chiral aggregates (micelles, vesicles, and "pseudo-micelles" of amphiphilic dendrimers) and asymmetric induction. In water, micelles or vesicles formed with sugar-headed surfactants gave less than 10% ee in the reduction of prochiral ketones by NaBH(4), in contrast with dendrimers bearing the same types of sugar moieties, which gave more than 50% ee under the same reaction conditions. Moreover, in the presence of neoglycodendrimers in THF we have been able to improve reduction of prochiral ketones to give very high stereoselectivity, near 100% in many cases. Comparison of these results suggests that to improve high stereoselectivity it is necessary to work with rigid, well-organized colloidal objects. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Chiral recognition of thiaheterohelicenes by alkyl beta-D-pyranoside micelles. Influence of extension of helix

Chiral recognition of alkyl beta-D-pyranoside micelles toward [7] and [5] heterohelicenes possessing helical structures was investigated by 1H-NMR and CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy. In dodecyl maltopyranoside micellar solution, P and M enantiomers of tetrathia[7]heterohelicene (7TH), which have rigid and stable helixes, manifested different chemical shifts in their 1H-NMR spectra due to differences in the diastereomeric interactions, implying that the micelles undergo stronger recognition toward the M enantiomer than the P enantiomer. On the other hand, in octyl glucopyranoside micellar solution, trithia[5]heterohelicene (5TH) and two kinds of its derivatives which are rapidly equilibrated between the enantiomers in solution, gave no distinctly resolved 1H-NMR peaks for either enantiomer even at a lowered temperature. However, these racemic [5]heterohelicenes in the micelles did develop induced CD absorptions owing to a displacement of the equilibrium, suggesting from the signs of their Cotton effects that the micelles prefer the M enantiomer to its antipode in conformity with the 1H-NMR results of 7TH.

Aggregation Behavior of Sugar Surfactants in Aqueous Solutions: Effects of Temperature and the Addition of Nonionic Polymers

The aggregation behavior, critical micelle concentration (cmc) and micelle aggregation number (N), of dodecyl maltoside (DM), octyl glucoside (OG), and Hecameg has been investigated in water and in water plus one of the three water-soluble polymers, polyoxyethylene (POE), polyoxypropylene (POP), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), by means of florescence probing and time-resolved fluorescence quenching. The cmc of DM in water increased with temperature and showed a slight increase in the presence of POE. The aggregation number N of DM micelles was nearly independent of concentration (0.25-1 wt %) and temperature (16-60 degreesC). It remained invariant upon addition of 2 wt % POE or PVP but decreased slightly upon addition of the more hydrophobic POP. With increasing temperature, the cmc of OG decreased, went through a shallow minimum at around 35 degreesC, and increased. Addition of POE slightly increased the cmc in the whole temperature range. The aggregation number of OG micelles showed a fairly flat maximum at around 30 degreesC, and was unaffected by the presence of 2 wt % POE or PVP. However, N showed a complex dependence on temperature in the presence of POP, with lower values than in pure water below 15 degreesC, and rapidly increasing quencher-dependent values above this temperature. Hecameg was characterized by N-values nearly independent of temperature and concentration. Intermicellar exchanges of probe and/or quencher were observed with OG and Hecameg, but not with DM. The above results are compared to those for the nonionic ethoxylated surfactants. The effect of various parameters on the micelle aggregation number, the micelle polydispersity, the occurrence of sugar surfactant/nonionic polymer interactions, and the mechanisms responsible for the observed intermicellar exchanges are discussed. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Properties of N-Alkylglucosyl(meth)acrylamides: New Reactive Sugar Surfactants

New reactive-surfactants, N-alkylglucosylacrylamides and N-alkylglucosylmethacrylamides, are easily prepared in two steps from glucose without protection. The complete structural analysis of these compounds by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy shows the existence of a rotational isomerism that is strongly dependent on the steric hindrance of the carbonyl substituent: whatever the alkyl chain length, both endo and exo rotamers are observed for N-alkylglucosylacrylamides 1 while the endo rotamer is the sole species observed in the case of N-alkylglucosylmethacrylamides 2. For acrylamido derivatives 1, the exo-endo equilibrium is solvent-dependent: the endo isomer is favored in polar nonaqueous solvents (endo-exo isomeric ratio R = 70/30) while the equilibrium is shifted toward the exo rotamer in protic acidic medium (R = 50/50 in water and 80/20 in acidic medium). An intramolecular hydrogen bond is assumed to be responsible for the increased stability of the endo rotamer. Furthermore, for tetra-O-acetylated derivatives the exo rotamer becomes favored in aprotic solvents. Surface tension measurements demonstrate that N-octyl- to -tetradecyl-substituted compounds 1 and 2 are surfactants with critical micelle concentrations ranging from 1.2 x 10(-2) to 1.7 x 10(-5) mol/L.

Improved synthesis of glycosylamines and a straightforward preparation of N-acylglycosylamines as carbohydrate-based detergents

D-Glucose, D-galactose, lactose, cellobiose, and maltose yield quantitatively the corresponding glycosylamine when treated at 42 degrees C for 36 h with a commercial aqueous solution of ammonia in the presence of one equivalent of ammonium hydrogen carbonate. After lyophilisation, the residue (i.e., the pure glucosylamine) was dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water, and treated with acyl chlorides to afford in a few minutes N-acylglucosylamines. Micellar properties of these amphiphilic derivatives were determined.