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Heller J, Cunningham EM, Hartmann JC, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Size-dependent H and H 2 formation by infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of hydrated vanadium cations, V +(H 2O) n, n = 3-51. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14699-14708. [PMID: 35438100 PMCID: PMC9215701 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00833e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectra of the hydrated vanadium cation (V+(H2O)n; n = 3–51) were measured in the O–H stretching region employing infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Spectral fingerprints, along with size-dependent fragmentation channels, were observed and rationalized by comparing to spectra simulated using density functional theory. Photodissociation leading to water loss was found for cluster sizes n = 3–7, consistent with isomers featuring intact water ligands. Loss of molecular hydrogen was observed as a weak channel starting at n = 8, indicating the advent of inserted isomers, HVOH+(H2O)n−1. The majority of ions for n = 8, however, are composed of two-dimensional intact isomers, concordant with previous infrared studies on hydrated vanadium. A third channel, loss of atomic hydrogen, is observed weakly for n = 9–11, coinciding with the point at which the H and H2O calculated binding energies become energetically competitive for intact isomers. A clear and sudden spectral pattern and fragmentation channel intensity at n = 12 suggest a structural change to inserted isomers. The H2 channel intensity decreases sharply and is not observed for n = 20 and 25–51. IRMPD spectra for clusters sizes n = 15–51 are qualitatively similar indicating no significant structural changes, and are thought to be composed of inserted isomers, consistent with recent electronic spectroscopy experiments. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra of V+(H2O)n depend on experiment conditions, with strong kinetic shift effects for large clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jessica C Hartmann
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Heller J, Pascher TF, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution at Metal Centers Probed with Hydrated Aluminium Cations, Al + (H 2 O) n , n=1-10. Chemistry 2021; 27:16367-16376. [PMID: 34636449 PMCID: PMC9298212 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated aluminium cations have been investigated as a photochemical model system with up to ten water molecules by UV action spectroscopy in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Intense photodissociation was observed starting at 4.5 eV for two to eight water molecules with loss of atomic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen and water molecules. Quantum chemical calculations for n=2 reveal that solvation shifts the intense 3s-3p excitations of Al+ into the investigated photon energy range below 5.5 eV. During the photochemical relaxation, internal conversion from S1 to T2 takes place, and photochemical hydrogen formation starts on the T2 surface, which passes through a conical intersection, changing to T1 . On this triplet surface, the electron that was excited to the Al 3p orbital is transferred to a coordinated water molecule, which dissociates into a hydroxide ion and a hydrogen atom. If the system remains in the triplet state, this hydrogen radical is lost directly. If the system returns to singlet multiplicity, the reaction may be reversed, with recombination with the hydroxide moiety and electron transfer back to aluminium, resulting in water evaporation. Alternatively, the hydrogen radical can attack the intact water molecule, forming molecular hydrogen and aluminium dihydroxide. Photodissociation is observed for up to n=8. Clusters with n=9 or 10 occur exclusively as HAlOH+ (H2 O)n-1 and are transparent in the investigated energy range. For n=4-8, a mixture of Al+ (H2 O)n and HAlOH+ (H2 O)n-1 is present in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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Heller J, Pascher TF, Muß D, van der Linde C, Beyer MK, Ončák M. Photochemistry and UV/vis spectroscopy of hydrated vanadium cations, V +(H 2O) n, n = 1-41, a model system for photochemical hydrogen evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22251-22262. [PMID: 34396372 PMCID: PMC8514045 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical hydrogen evolution provides fascinating perspectives for light harvesting. Hydrated metal ions in the gas phase are ideal model systems to study elementary steps of this reaction on a molecular level. Here we investigate mass-selected hydrated monovalent vanadium ions, with a hydration shell ranging from 1 to 41 water molecules, by photodissociation spectroscopy. The most intense absorption bands correspond to 3d-4p transitions, which shift to the red from n = 1 to n = 4, corresponding to the evolution of a square-planar complex. Additional water molecules no longer interact directly with the metal center, and no strong systematic shift is observed in larger clusters. Evolution of atomic and molecular hydrogen competes with loss of water molecules for all V+(H2O)n, n ≤ 12. For n ≥ 15, no absorptions are observed, which indicates that the cluster ensemble is fully converted to HVOH+(H2O)n-1. For the smallest clusters, the electronic transitions are modeled using multireference methods with spin-orbit coupling. A large number of quintet and triplet states is accessible, which explains the broad features observed in the experiment. Water loss most likely occurs after a series of intersystem crossings and internal conversions to the electronic ground state or a low-lying quintet state, while hydrogen evolution is favored in low lying triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dominik Muß
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Pascher TF, Barwa E, van der Linde C, Beyer MK, Ončák M. Photochemical activation of carbon dioxide in Mg +(CO 2)(H 2O) 0,1. Theor Chem Acc 2020; 139:127. [PMID: 32655309 PMCID: PMC7335376 DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We combine multi-reference ab initio calculations with UV-VIS action spectroscopy to study photochemical activation of CO2 on a singly charged magnesium ion, [MgCO2(H2O)0,1]+, as a model system for the metal/ligand interactions relevant in CO2 photochemistry. For the non-hydrated species, two separated Mg+ 3s-3p bands are observed within 5.0 eV. The low-energy band splits upon hydration with one water molecule. [Mg(CO2)]+ decomposes highly state-selectively, predominantly via multiphoton processes. Within the low-energy band, CO2 is exclusively lost within the excited state manifold. For the high-energy band, an additional pathway becomes accessible: the CO2 ligand is activated via a charge transfer, with photochemistry taking place on the CO2 - moiety eventually leading to a loss of CO after absorption of a second photon. Upon hydration, already excitation into the first and second excited state leads to CO2 activation in the excited state minimum; however, CO2 predominantly evaporates upon fluorescence or absorption of another photon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Ončák M, Taxer T, Barwa E, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Photochemistry and spectroscopy of small hydrated magnesium clusters Mg +(H 2O) n, n = 1-5. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044309. [PMID: 30068190 PMCID: PMC7075709 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrated singly charged magnesium ions Mg+(H2O)n, n ≤ 5, in the gas phase are ideal model systems to study photochemical hydrogen evolution since atomic hydrogen is formed over a wide range of wavelengths, with a strong cluster size dependence. Mass selected clusters are stored in the cell of an Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer at a temperature of 130 K for several seconds, which allows thermal equilibration via blackbody radiation. Tunable laser light is used for photodissociation. Strong transitions to D1-3 states (correlating with the 3s-3px,y,z transitions of Mg+) are observed for all cluster sizes, as well as a second absorption band at 4-5 eV for n = 3-5. Due to the lifted degeneracy of the 3px,y,z energy levels of Mg+, the absorptions are broad and red shifted with increasing coordination number of the Mg+ center, from 4.5 eV for n = 1 to 1.8 eV for n = 5. In all cases, H atom formation is the dominant photochemical reaction channel. Quantum chemical calculations using the full range of methods for excited state calculations reproduce the experimental spectra and explain all observed features. In particular, they show that H atom formation occurs in excited states, where the potential energy surface becomes repulsive along the O⋯H coordinate at relatively small distances. The loss of H2O, although thermochemically favorable, is a minor channel because, at least for the clusters n = 1-3, the conical intersection through which the system could relax to the electronic ground state is too high in energy. In some absorption bands, sequential absorption of multiple photons is required for photodissociation. For n = 1, these multiphoton spectra can be modeled on the basis of quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Taxer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lam TW, Zhang H, Siu CK. Reductions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acetonitrile by the magnesium(II)/magnesium(I) couple in aqueous media: theoretical insights from a nano-sized water droplet. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2780-92. [PMID: 25738586 DOI: 10.1021/jp511490n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of O2, CO2, and CH3CN by the half-reaction of the Mg(II)/Mg(I) couple (Mg(2+) + e(-) → Mg(+•)) confined in a nanosized water droplet ([Mg(H2O)16](•+)) have been examined theoretically by means of density functional theory based molecular dynamics methods. The present works have revealed many intriguing aspects of the reaction dynamics of the water clusters within several picoseconds or even in subpicoseconds. The reduction of O2 requires an overall doublet spin state of the system. The reductions of CO2 and CH3CN are facilitated by their bending vibrations and the electron-transfer processes complete within 0.5 ps. For all reactions studied, the radical anions, i.e., O2(•-), CO2(•-), and CH3CN(•-), are initially formed on the cluster surface. O2(•-) and CO2(•-) can integrate into the clusters due to their high hydrophilicity. They are either solvated in the second solvation shell of Mg(2+) as a solvent-separated ion pair (ssip) or directly coordinated to Mg(2+) as a contact-ion pair (cip) having the (1)η-[MgO2](•+) and (1)η-[MgOCO](•+) coordination modes. The (1)η-[MgO2](•+) core is more crowded than the (1)η-[MgOCO](•+) core. The reaction enthalpies of the formation of ssip and cip of [Mg(CO2)(H2O)16](•+) are -36 ± 4 kJ mol(-1) and -30 ± 9 kJ mol(-1), respectively, which were estimated based on the average temperature changes during the ion-molecule reaction between CO2 and [Mg(H2O)16](•+). The values for the formation of ssip and cip of [Mg(O2)(H2O)16](•+) are estimated to be -112 ± 18 kJ mol(-1) and -128 ± 28 kJ mol(-1), respectively. CH3CN(•-) undergoes protonation spontaneously to form the hydrophobic [CH3CN, H](•). Both CH3CN and [CH3CN, H](•) cannot efficiently penetrate into the clusters with activation barriers of 22 kJ mol(-1) and ∼40 kJ mol(-1), respectively. These results provide fundamental insights into the solvation dynamics of the Mg(2+)/Mg(•+) couple on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Kocak A, Austein-Miller G, Pearson WL, Altinay G, Metz RB. Dissociation Energy and Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Co+(H2O) and Its Isotopomers. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1254-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305673t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Geoff Austein-Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Wright L. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gokhan Altinay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Daluz JS, Kocak A, Metz RB. Photodissociation Studies of the Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Ni+(H2O). J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1344-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211220v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Daluz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, United States
| | - Abdulkadir Kocak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, United States
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Plowright RJ, McDonnell TJ, Wright TG, Plane JMC. Theoretical Study of Mg+−X and [X−Mg−Y]+ Complexes Important in the Chemistry of Ionospheric Magnesium (X, Y = H2O, CO2, N2, O2, and O). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9354-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Plowright
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT U.K
| | - Thomas J. McDonnell
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT U.K
| | - Timothy G. Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT U.K
| | - John M. C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD U.K., and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT U.K
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Hashimoto K, Daigoku K. Ground and low-lying excited states of Na(NH3)n and Na(H2O)n clusters: Formation and localization of solvated electron. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hashimoto K, Daigoku K. Formation and localization of a solvated electron in ground and low-lying excited states of Li(NH3)n and Li(H2O)n clusters: a comparison with Na(NH3)n and Na(H2O)n. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9391-400. [DOI: 10.1039/b907766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Mahmudur Rahman M, Muhida R, Kasai H. A density functional study of the electric and magnetic properties of a benzene–transition-metal multiple-decker sandwich chain. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dunbar RC, Petrie S. Magnesium monocationic complexes: a theoretical study of metal ion binding energies and gas-phase association kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:1411-9. [PMID: 16833459 DOI: 10.1021/jp046777m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for complexes of ground state Mg+ (2S) with several small oxygen- and nitrogen-containing ligands (H2O, CO, CO2, H2CO, CH3OH, HCOOH, H2CCO, CH3CHO, c-C2H4O, H2CCHOH, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, NH3, HCN, H2CNH, CH3NH2, CH3CN, CH3CH2NH2, (CH3)2NH, H2NCN, and HCONH2) have been calculated at the CP-dG2thaw level of theory. These BDE values, as well as counterpoise-corrected MP2(thaw)/6-311+G(2df,p) calculations on the Mg+ complexes of several larger ligands, augment and complement existing experimental or theoretical determinations of gas-phase Mg+/ligand bond strengths. The reaction kinetics of complex formation are also investigated via variational transition state theory (VTST) calculations using the computed ligand and molecular ion parameters. Radiative association rate coefficients for most of these systems increase by approximately 1 order of magnitude with every 3-fold reduction in temperature from 300 to 10 K. Several of the largest molecules surveyed-notably, CH3COOH, (CH3)2CO, and CH3CH2CN-exhibit comparatively efficient radiative association with Mg+ (k(RA) > or = 1.0 x 10(-10) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1)) at temperatures as high as 100 K, implying that these processes may have a considerable influence on the metal ion chemistry of warm molecular astrophysical environments known to contain these potential ligands. Our calculations also identify the infrared chromophoric brightness of various functional groups as a significant factor influencing the efficiency of the radiative association process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Dunbar
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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15
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Structures, Spectroscopies, and Reactions of Atomic Ions with Water Clusters. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470141694.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Hashimoto K, Shimizu T, Daigoku K. Electronic States of Sodium Dimer in Ammonia Clusters: Theoretical Study of Photoelectron Spectra for Na2-(NH3)n (n = 0−6). J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1990-7. [PMID: 17388273 DOI: 10.1021/jp0652188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The geometries, energetics, and vertical detachment energies of Na2-(NH3)n (n = 0-6) were examined by ab initio molecular orbital methods in connection with their photoelectron spectra. One of the Na atoms is selectively solvated in the most stable structures for each n. The solvated Na is spontaneously ionized and the formation of a solvated electron occurs with increasing n, giving rise to the Na-Na+(NH3)n(e-)-type state. The ground and two lowest-lying excited states derived from the 11Sigma g+, 13Sigma u+, and 13Pi u states of Na2, respectively, are of ion-pair character though the 13Sigma u+-type state has an intermediate nature slowly changing to the radical-pair state with increasing n. On the other hand, the higher states stemming from the 11Sigma u+, 13Sigma g+, and 11Pi u states of Na2 show a developing radical-pair nature as n increases. The size dependences of the photoelectron spectra such as the near parallel shifts of the first and second bands, as well as the rapid red shifts of the higher bands, are studied on the basis of the electronic change of the neutrals by solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenro Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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17
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Liu H, Hu Y, Yang S, Guo W, Lu X, Zhao L. Experimental and Computational Studies of Intracomplex Reactions in Mg+(Primary, Secondary Alkylamine) Complexes Induced by Photoexcitation of Mg+. Chemistry 2005; 11:6392-406. [PMID: 16086333 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a comprehensive study of photoinduced reactions in complexes of Mg+ with primary (n-propyl- and isopropylamine) and secondary amines (dipropyl- and diisopropylamine) in the spectral range of 230-440 nm. Similar to the methyl- and ethylamine complexes studied previously, N-H bond activation of these complexes is very unfavorable. Instead, the C(alpha)-C, C-N, and C(alpha)-H bond-cleavage photoproducts are observed after photoexcitation of the Mg+ complexes (3(2)P<--3(2)S). For Mg+(primary amine) complexes, for example, Mg+-NH2CH2CH2CH3, and Mg+-NH2CH(CH3)2, the photoproducts resulting from C(alpha)--C rupture prevail after P(z) and charge-transfer excitations, whereas the Mg+ photofragment is predominant upon P(x,y) excitation. However, with further N-alkyl substitution, as in Mg+(secondary amine) complexes, for example, Mg+-NH(CH2CH2CH3)2 and Mg+-NH[CH(CH3)2]2, a novel intracomplex C-C coupling photoreaction dominates on P(x,y) excitation of Mg+, which is believed to arise from Mg+* insertion into the C-N bond. With P(z) and charge-transfer excitation, the Mg-R elimination photoproducts, arising from C(alpha)-C bond cleavage, predominate. The energetics and possible mechanisms of the intracomplex photoreactions are analyzed in detail with the help of extensive quantum mechanics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, PR China
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18
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Abstract
Using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation, we have theoretically studied the formation of neutral metal-aromatic complexes R1-M and R1-M-R2, where M is either neutral lithium, calcium, or gallium and R1 or R2 is benzene or borazine. We first find that calcium atom is an effective mediator for cooperative formation of a sandwich complex with borazine, while others are not. When benzene and borazine are mixed in the presence of calcium, a 1:2:1 mixture of benzene-calcium-benzene, borazine-calcium-benzene, and borazine-calcium-borazine is expected. An "A"-shaped structure is predicted for homo- and heterocomplexes of borazine with partial B-B and B-C bonds, while two rings are planar in the case of homocomplexes of benzene. Our analysis of the electron density distributions in HOMO-1 to LUMO in terms of orbital symmetry in conjunction with analysis of l,m-projected electronic local density of states shows that this correlates with the charge transfer and the interaction of pi states of the rings mediated by empty d-states of Ca, which is ultimately related to the polarity of the B-N bond. We find that there is a large accumulation of electron density on particular atoms upon complex formation, predicting characteristic behavior in electron-transfer reaction and nucleophilic reaction different from those for pure benzene or borazine molecule. The hetero-sandwich complex is of particular interest due to its asymmetrical distribution of excess electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Kang
- College of Natural Science, Jeonju University, Hyoja-dong, Wansan-ku, Chonju, Chonbuk 560-759, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Inokuchi Y, Ohshimo K, Misaizu F, Nishi N. Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy of [Mg·(H2O)1-4]+ and [Mg·(H2O)1-4·Ar]+. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0486752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ohshimo
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fuminori Misaizu
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Abstract
Weakly bound metal ion complexes are produced in molecular beams and studied with mass-selected laser photodissociation spectroscopy. The metal ions Mg+ and Ca+ are the focus of these studies because they have a single valence electron and strong atomic resonance lines in convenient wavelength regions. Weakly bound complexes of these ions with rare-gas atoms and small molecules are prepared with laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source. The vibrationally and rotationally resolved electronic spectra obtained for these complexes help to determine the complexes' structures and bonding energetics. Observations from these studies have provided many new insights into the fundamental interactions in electrostatic bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2556, USA.
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21
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Schulz CP, Bobbert C, Shimosato T, Daigoku K, Miura N, Hashimoto K. Electronically excited states of sodium–water clusters. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1624599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Farrar† JM. Size-dependent reactivity in open shell metal-ion polar solvent clusters: spectroscopic probes of electronic-vibration coupling, oxidation and ionization. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350310001616896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Liu H, Sun J, Yang S. Photodissociation of Bidentate Metal Complex Cations−Hydrogen Shift Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034757z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Gerhards M, Thomas OC, Nilles JM, Zheng WJ, Bowen KH. Cobalt–benzene cluster anions: Mass spectrometry and negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1477924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Lee JI, Sperry DC, Farrar JM. Spectroscopy and reactivity of size-selected Mg+–methanol clusters. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1355311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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A soft-landing experiment on organometallic cluster ions: infrared spectroscopy of V(benzene)2 in Ar matrix. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Petrie S, Dunbar RC. Radiative Association Reactions of Na+, Mg+, and Al+ with Abundant Interstellar Molecules. Variational Transition State Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993485q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Petrie
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia and School of Chemistry, University College, University of New South Wales, A. D. F. A. Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Robert C. Dunbar
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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28
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Nakajima A, Kaya K. A Novel Network Structure of Organometallic Clusters in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9927303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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29
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Brockhaus P, Hertel IV, Schulz CP. Electronically excited states in size-selected solvated alkali metal atoms. III. Depletion spectroscopy of Na(NH3)n-clusters. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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30
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Berg C, Beyer M, Achatz U, Joos S, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Bondybey VE. Stability and reactivity of hydrated magnesium cations. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Watanabe H, Asada T. Hybrid procedure of the ab initio molecular orbital (MO) method and the Monte Carlo samplings; application to cluster B+(H2O). Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Watanabe H, Iwata S. Theoretical assignments of the photo-dissociation excitation spectra of Mg+ ion complexes with water clusters: Multi-reference CI studies. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Nagao S, Kurikawa T, Miyajima K, Nakajima A, Kaya K. Formation and Structures of Transition Metal−C60 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kurikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Ken Miyajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Koji Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
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34
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Castleman A. The influence of solvation on ion-molecule reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-9687(98)80008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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35
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Watanabe H, Asada T, Iwata S. Theoretical Prediction of Intracluster Reactions of B+(H2O)2and B+(H2O)3: Hybrid Procedure of Ab Initio MO Calculations and Monte Carlo Samplings. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.70.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yasuike T, Nakajima A, Yabushita S, Kaya K. Why Do Vanadium Atoms Form Multiple-Decker Sandwich Clusters with Benzene Molecules Efficiently? J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970243m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Yasuike
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yabushita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Koji Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
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37
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Hirano M, Judai K, Nakajima A, Kaya K. Effect of Ring Substituents on Formation Rates for Vanadium−Arene Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9705378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Hirano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Ken Judai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Koji Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
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38
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Yang Y, Linnert HV, Riveros JM, Williams KR, Eyler JR. Photodetachment of Singly Solvated Halide Ions. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960451z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yarjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Instituto De Química, USP, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cid. Universitária, 05508−900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harrald V. Linnert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Instituto De Química, USP, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cid. Universitária, 05508−900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Riveros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Instituto De Química, USP, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cid. Universitária, 05508−900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kathryn R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Instituto De Química, USP, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cid. Universitária, 05508−900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John R. Eyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Instituto De Química, USP, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cid. Universitária, 05508−900 São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Spence TG, Burns TD, Guckenberger, Posey LA. Wavelength-Dependent Photodissociation of [Fe(bpy)3·(CH3OH)n]2+ Clusters, n = 2−6, Triggered by Excitation of the Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Transition. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9629396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Thomas D. Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Guckenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Lynmarie A. Posey
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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40
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Watanabe H, Iwata S. Molecular Orbital Studies of the Structures and Reactions of a Singly Charged Calcium Ion with Water Clusters, Ca+(H2O)n. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9617985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Watanabe
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444 Japan
| | - Suehiro Iwata
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444 Japan
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41
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Hybrid procedure of ab initio molecular orbital calculation and Monte Carlo simulation for studying intracluster reactions: applications to Mg+(H2O)n (n = 1−4). Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Castleman AW, Bowen KH. Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - K. H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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43
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Sanekata M, Misaizu F, Fuke K. Photodissociation study on Ca+(H2O)n, n=1–6: Electron structure and photoinduced dehydrogenation reaction. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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44
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Reactions of Fe+n clusters (n = 2–11) with C6H6 and C6D6. Ligand isomerization in the benzene precursor ion Fe4(C2H2)+3. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Solvated metal cation photochemistry. Electronic state-selective reaction versus evaporation in Sr+(CH3OH)/Sr+(CH3OD). Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00931-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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47
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Panov SI, Williamson JM, Miller TA. The electronic spectroscopy of the Ba+–Ar complex: Potential surface and dissociation energies. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Nitsch C, Hüglin C, Hertel IV, Schulz CP. Electronically excited states in size selected solvated alkali metal atoms. I. First observation in NaNH3 by resonant two color two photon ionization. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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49
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Yeh CS, Pilgrim JS, Willey KF, Robbins DL, Duncan MA. Spectroscopy of weakly-bound magnesium ion complexes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/01442359409353295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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