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Chergui M, Thomas JM. From structure to structural dynamics: Ahmed Zewail's legacy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:043802. [PMID: 28868324 PMCID: PMC5562505 DOI: 10.1063/1.4998243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this brief tribute to Ahmed Zewail, we highlight and place in the historical context, several of the major achievements that he and his colleagues have made in Femtochemistry (of which he was the principal instigator) and his introduction of ultrafast electron scattering, diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy. By achieving a sub-picosecond temporal resolution, coupled with a picometer spatial resolution, he revolutionised our understanding of the corpus of chemical, physical, biological and materials science systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, Faculté des Sciences de Base, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB30FS, United Kingdom
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2
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Ioffe IN, Granovsky AA. Photoisomerization of Stilbene: The Detailed XMCQDPT2 Treatment. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4973-90. [PMID: 26583415 DOI: 10.1021/ct400647w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the detailed XMCQDPT2/cc-pVTZ study of trans-cis photoisomerization in one of the core systems of both experimental and computational photochemistry-the stilbene molecule. For the first time, the potential energy surface (PES) of the S1 state has been directly optimized and scanned using a multistate multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory. We characterize the trans-stilbene, pyramidalized (phantom), and DHP-cis-stilbene geometric domains of the S1 state and describe their stationary points including the transition states between them, as well as S1/S0 intersections. Also reported are the minima and the activation barriers in the ground state. Our calculations correctly predict the kinetic isotope effect due to H/D exchange at ethylenic hydrogens, the dynamic behavior of excited cis-stilbene, and trans-cis branching ratio after relaxation to S0 through a rather unsymmetric conical intersection. In general, the XMCQDPT2 results confirm the qualitative adequacy of the TDDFT (especially SF-TDDFT) picture of the excited stilbene but also reveal quantitative discrepancies that deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Kovalenko SA, Dobryakov AL, Pollak E, Ernsting NP. Communication: Optical cooling of trans-stilbene. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:011101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4812776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Peralta Conde A, Ovejas V, Montero R, Castaño F, Longarte A. Influence of solvation on the indole photophysics: Ultrafast dynamics of indole–water clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gobbo JP, Borin AC, Serrano-Andrés L. On the Relaxation Mechanisms of 6-Azauracil. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6243-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200297z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Gobbo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Serrano-Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Apartado 22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
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Lienau C, Schroeder J, Troe J, Wack K. Fluorescence lifetimes of jet-cooled trans-stilbene and its (1:1)-van der Waals complexes with n-hexane: Cluster effects in photoisomerisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schroeder J. Picosecond kinetics of trans-cis-photoisomerisations: From jet-cooled molecules to compressed solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Buchachenko AL. Chemistry on the border of two centuries — achievements and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1999v068n02abeh000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cheng PY, Baskin JS, Zewail AH. Dynamics of clusters: from elementary to biological structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10570-6. [PMID: 16740669 PMCID: PMC1502273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between isolated atoms or molecules and bulk materials there lies a class of unique structures, known as clusters, that consist of a few to hundreds of atoms or molecules. Within this range of "nanophase," many physical and chemical properties of the materials evolve as a function of cluster size, and materials may exhibit novel properties due to quantum confinement effects. Understanding these phenomena is in its own rights fundamental, but clusters have the additional advantage of being controllable model systems for unraveling the complexity of condensed-phase and biological structures, not to mention their vanguard role in defining nanoscience and nanotechnology. Over the last two decades, much progress has been made, and this short overview highlights our own involvement in developing cluster dynamics, from the first experiments on elementary systems to model systems in the condensed phase, and on to biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Spencer Baskin
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Excited state dynamics of a PYP chromophore model system explored with ultrafast infrared spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sorgues S, Mestdagh JM, Soep B, Visticot JP. Dynamics of excited tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene solvated by argon atoms. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Quenneville J, Martínez TJ. Ab Initio Study of Cis−Trans Photoisomerization in Stilbene and Ethylene. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021210w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Quenneville
- Department of Chemistry and The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Garavelli M, Bernardi F, Olivucci M, Bearpark MJ, Klein S, Robb MA. Product Distribution in the Photolysis of s-cis Butadiene: A Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012058l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Garavelli
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London, Strand, London, UK WC2R 2LS, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena
| | - Fernando Bernardi
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London, Strand, London, UK WC2R 2LS, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London, Strand, London, UK WC2R 2LS, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena
| | - Michael J. Bearpark
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London, Strand, London, UK WC2R 2LS, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena
| | - Stephane Klein
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London, Strand, London, UK WC2R 2LS, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena
| | - Michael A. Robb
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London, Strand, London, UK WC2R 2LS, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena
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Zhong Q, Castleman AW. An ultrafast glimpse of cluster solvation effects on reaction dynamics. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4039-58. [PMID: 11749339 DOI: 10.1021/cr990056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhong
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Zewail A. Femtochemie: Studium der Dynamik der chemischen Bindung auf atomarer Skala mit Hilfe ultrakurzer Laserpulse (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000804)112:15<2688::aid-ange2688>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Warmuth C, Milota F, Kauffmann HF, Wadi H, Pollak E. Experimental evidence of laser cooling of room temperature trans-stilbene upon excitation to the S1 state. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Meyer A, Schroeder J, Troe J. Photoisomerization of trans-Stilbene in Moderately Compressed Gases: Pressure-Dependent Effective Barriers. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992747l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Abteilung für Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Schroeder
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Abteilung für Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Troe
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Abteilung für Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Gershinsky G, Pollak E. Isomerization of trans-stilbene: Theory for pressure dependence of the rate. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Molecular clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5467(98)80003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Gershinsky G, Pollak E. Isomerization of stilbene in the gas phase: Theoretical study of isotopic and clustering effects. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Gershinsky G, Pollak E. Unimolecular reactions in the gas and liquid phases: A possible resolution to the puzzles of the trans-stilbene isomerization. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Garavelli M, Celani P, Fato M, Bearpark MJ, Smith BR, Olivucci M, Robb MA. Relaxation Paths from a Conical Intersection: The Mechanism of Product Formation in the Cyclohexadiene/Hexatriene Photochemical Interconversion. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961554k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Paolo Celani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Monica Fato
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Michael J. Bearpark
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Barry R. Smith
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Michael A. Robb
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell'Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, King's College, London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
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Schultz SL, Qian J, Jean JM. Separability of Intra- and Intermolecular Vibrational Relaxation Processes in the S1 State of trans-Stilbene. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - J. Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - J. M. Jean
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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Heikal AA, Baskin JS, Bañares L, Zewail AH. Structural Effects on the Isomerization Dynamics of trans-Stilbenes: IVR, Microcanonical Reaction Rates, and the Nature of the Transition State. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961971x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Heikal
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - J. S. Baskin
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - L. Bañares
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - A. H. Zewail
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Laitinen E, Salonen K, Harju T. Solvation dynamics study of 3‐aminophthalimide inn‐butanol solution at different temperatures. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Marcus RA. Solvent dynamics: Modified Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory. II. Vibrationally assisted case. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Gershinsky G, Pollak E. Theoretical study of the trans‐stilbene isomerization reaction in ethane. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Castleman AW, Bowen KH. Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - K. H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Baskin JS, Bañares L, Pedersen S, Zewail AH. Femtosecond Real-Time Probing of Reactions. 20. Dynamics of Twisting, Alignment, and IVR in the trans-Stilbene Isomerization Reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960909x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Baskin
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - L. Bañares
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - S. Pedersen
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - A. H. Zewail
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Schneider S, Jäger W, Lauteslager XY, Verhoeven JW. Conformational Dynamics of Semirigidly Bridged Electron Donor−Acceptor Systems As Revealed by Stationary and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopies at Higher Pressures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp953765f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lenderink E, Duppen K, Everdij FPX, Mavri J, Torre R, Wiersma DA. Photodissociation Dynamics of the Iodine−Arene Charge-Transfer Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp953325o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Lenderink
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, BIOSON Research Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Largo E. Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Koos Duppen
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, BIOSON Research Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Largo E. Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Frank P. X. Everdij
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, BIOSON Research Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Largo E. Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Janez Mavri
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, BIOSON Research Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Largo E. Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Torre
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, BIOSON Research Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Largo E. Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Douwe A. Wiersma
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, BIOSON Research Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Largo E. Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy
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