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Fidanovski K, Gu M, Travaglini L, Lauto A, Mawad D. Self-Doping and Self-Acid-Doping of Conjugated Polymer Bioelectronics: The Case for Accuracy in Nomenclature. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302354. [PMID: 37883783 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are enabling the development of flexible bioelectronics, largely driven by their organic nature which facilitates modification and tuning to suit a variety of applications. As organic semiconductors, conjugated polymers require a dopant to exhibit electrical conductivity, which in physiological conditions can result in dopant loss and thereby deterioration in electronic properties. To overcome this challenge, "self-doped" and self-acid-doped conjugated polymers having ionized pendant groups covalently bound to their backbone are being developed. The ionized group in a "self-doped" polymer behaves as the counterion that maintains electroneutrality, while an external dopant is required to induce charge transfer. The ionized group in a self-acid-doped polymer induces charge transfer and behaves as the counterion balancing the charges. Despite their doping processes being different, the two terms, self-doped and self-acid-doped, are often used interchangeably in the literature. Here, the differences are highlighted in the doping mechanisms of self-doped and self-acid-doped polymers, and it is proposed that the term "self-doped" should be replaced by "self-compensated," while reserving the term self-acid-doped for polymers that are intrinsically doped without the need of an external dopant. This is followed by a summary of examples of self-acid-doping in bioelectronics, highlighting their stability in the conductive state under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fidanovski
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Modi Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Travaglini
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Ford WE, Gao D, Knorr N, Wirtz R, Scholz F, Karipidou Z, Ogasawara K, Rosselli S, Rodin V, Nelles G, von Wrochem F. Organic dipole layers for ultralow work function electrodes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:9173-9180. [PMID: 25093963 DOI: 10.1021/nn502794z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The alignment of the electrode Fermi level with the valence or conduction bands of organic semiconductors is a key parameter controlling the efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and printed circuits. Here, we introduce a class of organic molecules that form highly robust dipole layers, capable of shifting the work function of noble metals (Au and Ag) down to 3.1 eV, that is, ∼1 eV lower than previously reported self-assembled monolayers. The physics behind the considerable interface dipole is elucidated by means of photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, and a polymer diode exclusively based on the surface modification of a single electrode in a symmetric, two-terminal Au/poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Au junction is presented. The diode exhibits the remarkable rectification ratio of ∼2·10(3), showing high reproducibility, durability (>3 years), and excellent electrical stability. With this evidence, noble metal electrodes with work function values comparable to that of standard cathode materials used in optoelectronic applications are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Ford
- Materials Science Laboratory, Sony Deutschland GmbH , Hedelfinger Strasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany
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Choong VE, Park Y, Gao Y, Hsieh BR, Tang CW. Metal induced photoluminescence quenching of a phenylene vinylene oligomer and its recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981250107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Salzner U. Modeling Photoelectron Spectra of Conjugated Oligomers with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10997-1007. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105588n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
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Doherty WJ, Friedlein R, Renouard T, Mathis C, Salaneck WR. Electronic structure of Li-intercalated oligopyridines: A comparative study by photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:094708. [PMID: 17362119 DOI: 10.1063/1.2710262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitrogen in the charge transfer and storage capacity of lithium-intercalated heterocyclic oligophenylenes was investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy. The development of new occupied states at low binding energies in the valence band region, as well as core level chemical shifts at both carbon and nitrogen sites, demonstrates partial charge transfer from lithium atoms to the organic component during formation of the intercalated compound. In small compounds, i.e., biphenyl and bipyridine derivatives, the position of the nitrogen heteroatom significantly affects the spacing between gap states in the Li-intercalated film; yet it has minimal effects on the charge storage capacity. In larger, branched systems, the presence of nitrogen in the aromatic system significantly enhances the charge storage capacity while the Li-N bond strength at high intercalation levels is significantly weakened relative to the nitrogen-free derivative. These observations have strong implications towards improved deintercalation processes in organic electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Doherty
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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de Jong MP, Denier van der Gon AW, Crispin X, Osikowicz W, Salaneck WR, Groenendaal L. The electronic structure of n- and p-doped phenyl-capped 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene trimer. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1558037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Crispin A, Crispin X, Fahlman M, dos Santos DA, Cornil J, Johansson N, Bauer J, Weissörtel F, Salbeck J, Brédas JL, Salaneck WR. Influence of dopant on the electronic structure of spiro-oligophenyl-based disordered organic semiconductors. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1465408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Greczynski G, Fahlman M, Salaneck WR, Johansson N, dos Santos DA, Dkhissi A, Brédas JL. Electronic structure of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in the pristine and reduced state. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1430694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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The nature of the active sites of titanium oxide photocatalysts stabilized on an active carbon surface. A theoretical ab initio study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(00)00540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Greczynski G, Fahlman M, Salaneck WR. An experimental study of poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene) and its interfaces with Li, Al, and LiF. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.482056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Koch N, Rajagopal A, Ghijsen J, Johnson RL, Leising G, Pireaux JJ. Bipolaron: The Stable Charged Species in n-Doped p-Sexiphenyl. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Koch
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Rajagopal
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Ghijsen
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. L. Johnson
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Leising
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J.-J. Pireaux
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Johansson N, Osada T, Stafström S, Salaneck WR, Parente V, dos Santos DA, Crispin X, Brédas JL. Electronic structure of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum thin films in the pristine and reduced states. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Miyamae T, Ueno N, Hasegawa S, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Seki K. Electronic structure of poly(1,10-phenanthroline-3,8-diyl) and its K-doped state studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kugler T, Lögdlund M, Salaneck WR. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Modeling Applied to Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces in Light-Emitting Devices. Acc Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ar980041o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kugler
- Department of Physics, IFM Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lögdlund
- Department of Physics, IFM Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Polzonetti G, Iucci G, Russo M, Paolucci G, Cocco D, Capellini G. Further insight in chromium growth on the surface of an organometallic polymer film. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Irle S, Lischka H. Combined ab initio and density functional study on polaron to bipolaron transitions in oligophenyls and oligothiophenes. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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