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Beletskaya EA, Lukina EA, Uvarov MN, Popov AA, Kulik LV. Geminate recombination in organic photovoltaic blend PCDTBT/PC 71BM studied by out-of-phase electron spin echo spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044706. [PMID: 32007084 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The key process in organic solar cell operation is charge separation under light illumination. Due to the low dielectric constant of organic materials, the Coulomb attraction energy within the interfacial charge-transfer state (CTS) is larger than the thermal energy. Understanding the mechanism of charge separation at the organic donor/acceptor interface still remains a challenge and requires knowledge of the CTS temporal evolution. To address this problem, the CTS in the benchmark photovoltaic blend PCDTBT/PC71BM was studied by the out-of-phase Electron Spin Echo (ESE). The protocol for determining the CTS geminate recombination rate for certain electron-hole distances was developed. Simulating the out-of-phase ESE trace for the CTS in the PCDTBT/PC71BM blend allows precise determination of the electron-hole distance distribution function and its evolution with the increase in the delay after the laser flash. Distances of charge separation up to 6 nm were detected upon thermalization at a temperature of 20 K. Assuming the exponential decay of the recombination rate, the attenuation factor β = 0.08 Å-1 is estimated for the PCDTBT/PC71BM blend. Such a low attenuation factor is probably caused by a high degree of hole delocalization along the PCDTBT chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Beletskaya
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E A Lukina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M N Uvarov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Popov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L V Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Nelson JN, Zhang J, Zhou J, Rugg BK, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. CNOT gate operation on a photogenerated molecular electron spin-qubit pair. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:014503. [PMID: 31914753 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of the two-qubit controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate is necessary to develop a complete set of universal gates for quantum computing. Here, we demonstrate that a photogenerated radical (spin qubit) pair within a covalent donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule can be used to successfully execute a CNOT gate with high fidelity. The donor is tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), the chromophore is 8-aminonaphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide (ANI), and the acceptor is pyromellitimide (PI). Selective photoexcitation of ANI with a 416 nm laser pulse results in subnanosecond formation of the TTF•+-ANI-PI•- radical (spin qubit) pair at 85 K having a 1.8 µs phase memory time. This is sufficiently long to execute a CNOT gate using a sequence of five microwave pulses followed by a sequence of two pulses that read out all the elements of the density matrix. Comparing these data to a simulation of the data that assumes ideal conditions results in a fidelity of 0.97 for the execution of the CNOT gate. These results show that photogenerated molecular spin qubit pairs can be used to execute this essential quantum gate at modest temperatures, which affords the possibility that chemical synthesis can be used to develop structures to execute more complex quantum logic operations using electron spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Brandon K Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Lukina EA, Reijerse E, Lubitz W, Kulik LV. Spin-dependent recombination of the charge-transfer state in photovoltaic polymer/fullerene blends. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1548713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Lukina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E. Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - W. Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - L. V. Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Nelson JN, Zhang J, Zhou J, Rugg BK, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Effect of Electron–Nuclear Hyperfine Interactions on Multiple-Quantum Coherences in Photogenerated Covalent Radical (Qubit) Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9392-9402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Horwitz NE, Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Wasielewski MR. Zero Quantum Coherence in a Series of Covalent Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2241-2252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Popov AA, Lukina EA, Rapatskiy L, Kulik LV. Time-domain shape of electron spin echo signal of spin-correlated radical pairs in polymer/fullerene blends. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 276:86-94. [PMID: 28157560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temporal shape of electron spin echo (ESE) signal of photoinduced spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRP) in composite of conductive polymer P3HT and substituted fullerene PCBM is studied in details. ESE signals of radical pairs (RP) P3HT+/PCBM- are calculated in realistic model, taking into account finite microwave pulse length. Inhomogeneous broadening of resonant lines and interradical distance distribution are included. Experimentally observed ESE time-domain shape was found to contradict predictions of conventional SCRP theory, which would be valid in the case of very fast electron transfer. Thus, instantaneous formation of singlet SCRP is not the case for P3HT+/PCBM- pair, and spin system has enough time to evolve coherently during sequential electron transfer. While it is impossible to reproduce experimental data within simple singlet SCRP model, assumption of presence of additional - with respect to what is predicted by singlet SCRP theory - AE (absorption/emission) spin polarization gives convincing accordance with the experiment. Density matrix of RP P3HT+/PCBM- is a superposition of two contributions, namely the parts reflecting (i) antiphase polarization of original singlet-born SCRP and (ii) additional AE-polarization which is generated during initial stage of charge separation. AE-polarization affects experimental ESEEM (electron spin echo envelope modulation) traces, as well as ESE shape, making impossible their interpretation via simple singlet SCRP model. However, this effect can be eliminated by averaging of ESEEM traces over EPR spectral positions. Finally, choosing the optimal gate for ESE time-domain integration and proper microwave detection phase tuning are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Popov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Lukina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Leonid Rapatskiy
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34 - 36, D - 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Leonid V Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Kothe G, Thurnauer MC. What you get out of high-time resolution electron paramagnetic resonance: example from photosynthetic bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 102:349-365. [PMID: 19350413 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary energy conversion steps of natural photosynthesis proceed via light-induced radical ion pairs as short-lived intermediates. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments of photosynthetic reaction centers monitor the key charge separated state between the oxidized primary electron donor and reduced quinone acceptor, e.g., P(+)(865)Q(-)(A) of purple photosynthetic bacteria. The time-resolved EPR spectra of P(+)(865)Q(-)(A) are indicative of a spin-correlated radical pair that is created from the excited singlet state of P(865) in an ultra-fast photochemical reaction. Importantly, the spin-correlated radical pair nature of the charge separated state is a common feature of all photosynthetic reaction centers, which gives rise to several interesting spin phenomena such as quantum oscillations, observed at short delay times after optical excitation. In this review, we describe details of the quantum oscillation phenomenon and present a complete analysis of the data obtained from the charge separated state of purple bacteria, P(+)(865)Q(-)(A). The analysis and simulation of the quantum oscillations yield the three-dimensional structure of P(+)(865)Q(-)(A) in the photosynthetic membrane on a nanosecond time scale after light-induced charge separation. Comparison with crystallographic data reveals that the position of Q(-)(A) is essentially the same as in the X-ray structure. However, the head group of Q(-)(A) has undergone a 60° rotation in the ring plane relative to its orientation in the crystal structure. The results are discussed within the framework of the previously suggested conformational gating mechanism for electron transfer from Q(-)(A) to the secondary quinone acceptor Q(B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Kothe
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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High-Time Resolution Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Quantum Beat Oscillations Observed in Photosynthetic Reaction Center Proteins. BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8250-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fursman CE, Teutloff C, Bittl R. Pulsed ENDOR Studies of Short-Lived Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0257202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Fursman
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Teutloff
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Borbat PP, McHaourab HS, Freed JH. Protein structure determination using long-distance constraints from double-quantum coherence ESR: study of T4 lysozyme. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:5304-14. [PMID: 11996571 DOI: 10.1021/ja020040y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of a novel pulsed ESR technique for distance measurement, based on the detection of double quantum coherence (DQC), which yields high quality dipolar spectra, to significantly extend the range of measurable distances in proteins using nitroxide spin-labels. Eight T4 lysozyme (T4L) mutants, doubly labeled with methanethiosulfonate spin-label (MTSSL), have been studied using DQC-ESR at 9 and 17 GHz. The distances span the range from 20 A for the 65/76 mutant to 47 A for the 61/135 mutant. The high quality of the dipolar spectra also allows the determination of the distance distributions, the width of which can be used to set upper and lower bounds in future computational strategy. It is also demonstrated that the shape of these distributions can reveal the presence of multiple conformations of the spin-label, an issue of critical relevance to the structural interpretation of the distances. The distances and distributions found in this study are readily rationalized in terms of the known crystal structure, the characteristic conformers of the nitroxide side chains, and molecular modeling. This study sets the stage for the use of DQC-ESR for determining the tertiary structure of large proteins with just a small number of long-distance constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr P Borbat
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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13
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Double-Quantum ESR and Distance Measurements. DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY EPR 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47109-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods such as ESEEM, PELDOR, relaxation time measurements, transient EPR, high-field/high-frequency EPR, and pulsed ENDOR, have been used successfully to investigate the local structure and dynamics of paramagnetic centers in biological samples. These methods allow different contributions to the EPR spectra to be distinguished and can help unravel complicated EPR spectra consisting of overlapping resonance lines, as are often found in disordered protein samples. The basic principles, specific potentials, technical requirements, and limitations of these advanced EPR techniques will be reviewed together with recent applications to metal centers, organic radicals, and spin labels in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prisner
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, Frankfurt am Main, D-60439 Germany.
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Selective excitation in pulsed EPR of spin-correlated radical pairs: electron–electron interactions, zero-, single-, and double-quantum relaxation and spectral diffusion. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Timmel C, Fursman C, Hoff A, Hore P. Spin-correlated radical pairs: microwave pulse effects on lifetimes, electron spin echo envelope modulations, and optimum conditions for detection by electron spin echo spectroscopy. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(97)00283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pulsed EPR detection of light-generated nuclear coherences in photosynthetic reaction centers. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dzuba S. Spin-correlated radical pairs in photosynthetic reaction centers: role of anisotropic hyperfine interaction as revealed by computational modeling. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zech SG, van der Est AJ, Bittl R. Measurement of cofactor distances between P700.+ and A1.- in native and quinone-substituted photosystem I using pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1997; 36:9774-9. [PMID: 9245409 DOI: 10.1021/bi970754z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The radical pair P700.+Q.- (P700 = primary electron donor, Q = quinone acceptor) in native photosystem I and in preparations in which the native acceptor (vitamin K1) is replaced by different quinones is investigated by pulsed EPR spectroscopy. In a two-pulse experiment, the light-induced radical pair causes an out-of-phase electron spin echo, showing an envelope modulation. From the modulation frequency, the dipolar coupling, and therefore the distance between the two cofactors, can be derived. The observation of nearly identical distances of about 25.4 A between P700.+ and Q.- in all preparations investigated here leads to the conclusion that the reconstituted quinones are bound to the native A1 binding pocket. Since the orientation of the reconstituted naphthoquinone relative to the axis joining P700.+ and Q*- differs drastically from that of the native vitamin K1, it cannot be bonded to the protein in the same way as the native acceptor. This implies that the function of A1 as an electron acceptor does not depend on the orientation or hydrogen bonding of the quinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Zech
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
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Saxena S, Freed JH. Theory of double quantum two-dimensional electron spin resonance with application to distance measurements. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tang J, Thurnauer MC, Kubo A, Hara H, Kawamori A. Anomalous pulse-angle and phase dependence of Hahn’s electron spin echo and multiple-quantum echoes in a photoinduced spin-correlated radical pair. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bittl R, Zech SG. Pulsed EPR Study of Spin-Coupled Radical Pairs in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers: Measurement of the Distance Between and in Photosystem I and between and in Bacterial Reaction Centers. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962256q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bittl
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan G. Zech
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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HORE PJ. RESEARCH NOTE Transfer of spin correlation between radical pairs in the initial steps of photosynthetic energy conversion. Mol Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/002689796173598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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