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Heng H, Song G, Cai X, Sun J, Du K, Zhang X, Wang X, Feng F, Wang S. Intrinsic Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activate the In Situ Synthesis of Trimethine Cyanines in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203444. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Gang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Cai
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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2
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Heng H, Song G, Cai X, Sun J, Du K, Zhang X, Wang X, Feng F, Wang S. Intrinsic‐Mitochondrial‐ROS‐Activated In Situ Synthesis of Trimethine Cyanines in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Heng
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Gang Song
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Zhongguancun North First Street 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Xuetong Cai
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Zhongguancun North First Street 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Ke Du
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Xia Wang
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Fude Feng
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Zhongguancun North First Street 100190 Beijing CHINA
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3
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Krishnaraj C, Sekhar Jena H, Bourda L, Laemont A, Pachfule P, Roeser J, Chandran CV, Borgmans S, Rogge SMJ, Leus K, Stevens CV, Martens JA, Van Speybroeck V, Breynaert E, Thomas A, Van Der Voort P. Strongly Reducing (Diarylamino)benzene-Based Covalent Organic Framework for Metal-Free Visible Light Photocatalytic H 2O 2 Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20107-20116. [PMID: 33185433 PMCID: PMC7705891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Photocatalytic
reduction of molecular oxygen is a promising route
toward sustainable production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This challenging process requires photoactive semiconductors
enabling solar energy driven generation and separation of electrons
and holes with high charge transfer kinetics. Covalent organic frameworks
(COFs) are an emerging class of photoactive semiconductors, tunable
at a molecular level for high charge carrier generation and transfer.
Herein, we report two newly designed two-dimensional COFs based on
a (diarylamino)benzene linker that form a Kagome (kgm) lattice and show strong visible light absorption. Their high crystallinity
and large surface areas (up to 1165 m2·g–1) allow efficient charge transfer and diffusion. The diarylamine
(donor) unit promotes strong reduction properties, enabling these
COFs to efficiently reduce oxygen to form H2O2. Overall, the use of a metal-free, recyclable photocatalytic system
allows efficient photocatalytic solar transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidharth Krishnaraj
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Bourda
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,XStruct - Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Laemont
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Roeser
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Vinod Chandran
- NMRCoRe, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis - Characterisation and Application Team (COK-kat), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Borgmans
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry Research Group (SynBioC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan A Martens
- NMRCoRe, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis - Characterisation and Application Team (COK-kat), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- NMRCoRe, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis - Characterisation and Application Team (COK-kat), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Kim M, Kang J, Lee M, Han J, Nam G, Tak E, Kim MS, Lee HJ, Nam E, Park J, Oh SJ, Lee JY, Lee JY, Baik MH, Lim MH. Minimalistic Principles for Designing Small Molecules with Multiple Reactivities against Pathological Factors in Dementia. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8183-8193. [PMID: 32233474 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pathogenic elements, including reactive oxygen species, amyloidogenic proteins, and metal ions, are associated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders. We report minimalistic redox-based principles for preparing compact aromatic compounds by derivatizing the phenylene moiety with various functional groups. These molecular agents display enhanced reactivities against multiple targets such as free radicals, metal-free amyloid-β (Aβ), and metal-bound Aβ that are implicated in the most common form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mechanistic studies reveal that the redox properties of these reagents are essential for their function. Specifically, they engage in oxidative reactions with metal-free and metal-bound Aβ, leading to chemical modifications of the Aβ peptides to form covalent adducts that alter the aggregation of Aβ. Moreover, the administration of the most promising candidate significantly attenuates the amyloid pathology in the brains of AD transgenic mice and improves their cognitive defects. Our studies demonstrate an efficient and effective redox-based strategy for incorporating multiple functions into simple molecular reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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5
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Increased Mitochondrial Protein Levels and Bioenergetics in the Musculus Rectus Femoris of Wfs1-Deficient Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3175313. [PMID: 30584460 PMCID: PMC6280240 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3175313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wfs1 deficiency leads to a progressive loss of plasma insulin concentration, which should reduce the consumption of glucose in insulin-dependent tissues, causing a variety of changes in intracellular energy metabolism. Our objective here was to assess the changes in the amount and function of mitochondrial proteins in different muscles of Wfs1-deficient mice. Mitochondrial functions were assayed by high-resolution oxygraphy of permeabilized muscle fibers; the protein amount was evaluated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis and mRNA levels of the uncoupler proteins UCP2 and UCP3 by real-time PCR; and citrate synthase (CS) activity was determined spectrophotometrically in muscle homogenates. Compared to controls, there were no changes in proton leak and citrate synthase activity in the heart and m. soleus tissues of Wfs1-deficient mice, but significantly higher levels of both of these factors were observed in the m. rectus femoris; mitochondrial proteins and mRNA of UCP2 were also higher in the m. rectus femoris. ADP-stimulated state 3 respiration was lower in the m. soleus, remained unchanged in the heart, and was higher in the m. rectus femoris. The mitochondrial protein amount and activity are higher in Wfs1-deficient mice, as are mitochondrial proton leak and oxygen consumption in m. rectus femoris. These changes in muscle metabolism may be important for identifying the mechanisms responsible for Wolfram syndrome and diabetes.
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6
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Obayashi H, Kobayashi N, Nezu Y, Yamoto T, Shirai M, Asai F. Plasma 2-hydroxyglutarate, a promising prognostic biomarker candidate for skeletal muscle injury in Fischer 344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:601-610. [PMID: 30298848 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated the potential of plasma 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) as an easily detectable biomarker for skeletal muscle injury in rats. Here, we examined whether plasma 2HG was superior to conventional skeletal muscle damage biomarkers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and skeletal muscle-type CK isoenzyme (CK-MM) levels, in rats. Skeletal muscle injury was induced in 4- or 9-week-old male Fischer 344 rats by cerivastatin (CER) or tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) administration. Plasma 2HG levels were measured on days 4, 8, and 11 (CER group) and at 6 and 24 hr post-administration (TMPD group). Plasma AST, CK, and CK-MM activities and histopathological changes in the rectus femoris muscle were evaluated at the study endpoints. In the CER group, AST, CK, and CK-MM increased in 4- and 9-week-old rats, whereas increases in CK (4- and 9-week-old rats) and CK-MM (4-week-old rats) were not obvious in the TMPD group. In both 4- and 9-week-old rats, plasma 2HG increased on day 8 and at 24 hr post-administration in the CER and TMPD groups, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed myofiber vacuolation and necrosis in both groups. The histopathological damage to the rectus femoris muscle was more severe in the CER than in the TMPD group. Increased plasma 2HG was associated with CER- and TMPD-induced skeletal muscle injuries in rats and was not affected by age differences or repeated blood collection. The results suggest that plasma 2HG is superior to CK and CK-MM as a biomarker for mild skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakuni Obayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Research Function, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Naoko Kobayashi
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takashi Yamoto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Mitsuyuki Shirai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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7
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Obayashi H, Kobayashi N, Nezu Y, Yamoto T, Shirai M, Asai F. Plasma 2-hydroxyglutarate and hexanoylcarnitine levels are potential biomarkers for skeletal muscle toxicity in male Fischer 344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:385-396. [PMID: 28717097 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To identify new candidate biomarkers for skeletal muscle toxicity, an unbiased metabolomic analysis was performed in rats treated with two distinct myotoxicants, cerivastatin (CER) and tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). Skeletal muscle toxicity was induced in male Fischer 344 rats by administering CER or TMPD and monitored using established endpoints, such as increased plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and histopathology, and a metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle and plasma samples. Plasma CK levels in CER-treated rats were markedly elevated at Day 11; however, those in TMPD-treated rats showed a statistically significant decrease at 24 hr after dosing. Light microscopy revealed that vacuolated or necrotic fibers were evident in all CER-treated rats on Day 11, and slightly vacuolated fibers were observed in TMPD-treated rats at 6 and 24 hr after dosing. Metabolomic analysis of the rectus femoris indicated increases in 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in CER-treated rats and hexanoylcarnitine in CER- and TMPD-treated rats. There were also increases in plasma 2HG in CER-treated rats on Days 8 and 11 and in TMPD-treated rats at 24 hr after dosing and increases in plasma hexanoylcarnitine in CER-treated rats on Day 11 and in TMPD-treated rats at 6 and 24 hr after dosing. These experiments demonstrated the potential of plasma 2HG and hexanoylcarnitine as specific and easily detectable biomarkers for skeletal muscle toxicity in rats and demonstrated the value of metabolomics for biomarker detection and identification in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakuni Obayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Naoko Kobayashi
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshikazu Nezu
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Takashi Yamoto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Mitsuyuki Shirai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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8
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The peroxidase activity of ADM-Fe3+ cooperates with lipid peroxidation: The participation of hydroperoxide and hydroxyl radicals in the damage to proteins and DNA. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 236:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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10
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11
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Kriska T, Girotti AW. Separation and quantitation of peroxidized phospholipids using high-performance thin-layer chromatography with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine detection. Anal Biochem 2004; 327:97-106. [PMID: 15033516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the selective determination of phospholipid hydroperoxide (PLOOH) families in complex lipid populations has been developed. Referred to as HPTLC-TPD, the method is based on PLOOH separation by normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography, followed by spray detection with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and densitometric scanning of the purple bands. Parental phospholipids and alcohol analogues are unreactive. Calibration curves, dynamic ranges, and detection limits were established for hydroperoxide standards prepared from phospatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. For all PLOOH classes, responsiveness was linear out to at least 10 nmol of sample load, the detection limit being 0.1-0.2 nmol. HPTLC-TPD data were validated by subjecting duplicate samples to more complex column chromatography with reductive-mode electrochemical detection. General applicability of the new technique was demonstrated using lipid extracts from two test systems: (i) photoperoxidized liposomal membranes and (ii) tumor cells that had been oxidatively stressed with the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A. HPTLC-TPD provides a convenient, specific, and highly sensitive means for quantifying individual PLOOH families in complex natural mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kriska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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12
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Agrawal R, Sharma PK, Rao GS. Release of iron from ferritin by metabolites of benzene and superoxide radical generating agents. Toxicology 2001; 168:223-30. [PMID: 11684319 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of iron from ferritin in the presence of benzene metabolites, viz. phenol (P), catechol (CT), hydroquinone (HQ) and superoxide radical generating compounds, viz. pyrogallol (PL), phloroglucinol (PG), phenylhydrazine (PH) or phenylenediamine (PD) was studied in acetate buffer, pH 5.6. Monitoring the formation of the iron-ferrozine complex quantitated the release of iron from ferritin. The presence of P (125 microM) did not result in the release of iron from ferritin, whereas the same concentration of CT, HQ, PL, PH or PD resulted in the release of significant amounts of iron from ferritin and a marginal amount of iron in the presence of PG, CT, HQ, PL, PH or PD concentration and time-dependent increase in iron release from ferritin were observed although the increase was not linear as a function of time and concentration of the compounds studied. The presence of superoxide dismutase inhibited significantly the release of iron from ferritin by CT, HQ, PL, PH or PD. The iron released from ferritin by CT, HQ, PL, PH or PD enhanced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and released aldehydic products from bleomycin-dependent degradation of DNA and also caused single strand nicks to pUC18 DNA. These studies indicate that CT and HQ, the two principal polyphenolic metabolites of benzene and PL, PH or PD, the superoxide radical generating compounds were capable of reducing ferric iron from ferritin and also mobilizing and releasing iron from ferritin core. The release of iron from ferritin by these compounds is a result of direct reduction of ferritin iron by electron transfer and also reduction via superoxide radical. The release of iron from ferritin by CT and HQ may have toxicological implications in relation to benzene toxicity. The release of iron by superoxide radical generating agents suggests that oxidative stress may play a role as this could lead to disruption of intracellular iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agrawal
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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13
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Munday R. Concerted action of DT-diaphorase and superoxide dismutase in preventing redox cycling of naphthoquinones: an evaluation. Free Radic Res 2001; 35:145-58. [PMID: 11697195 DOI: 10.1080/10715760100300691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the enzymes DT-diaphorase and superoxide dismutase act in concert to prevent redox cycling of naphthoquinones and thus protect against the toxic effects of such substances. Little is known, however, about the scope of this process or the conditions necessary for its operation. In the presence of low levels of DT-diaphorase, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone was found to undergo redox cycling. This was very effectively inhibited by SOD, and in the presence of both enzymes the hydroquinone was maintained in the reduced form. The inhibitory effect of the enzyme combination was overcome, however, at high concentrations of the quinone, or by small increases in pH. Furthermore, redox cycling was re-established by addition of haemoproteins such as cytochrome c and methaemoglobin. DT-diaphorase and SOD strongly inhibited redox cycling by 2,3-dimethyl- and 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, but not that of 2-hydroxy-, 5-hydroxy- or 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone. Inhibition of redox cycling by a combination of DT-diaphorase and SOD is therefore not applicable to all naphthoquinone derivatives, and when it does occur, it may be overwhelmed at high quinone concentrations, and it may not operate under slightly alkaline conditions or in the presence of tissue components capable of initiating hydroquinone autoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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14
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Abstract
1. A large number of compounds that have toxic effects can be metabolized to free radicals and secondary reactive oxygen species. These may be directly damaging or may affect cell function by altering regulatory mechanisms through changing redox status. 2. Protection is provided by an integrated system of antioxidant defences. This includes reduced glutathione, one of the functions of which is to scavenge free radicals. It acts by channelling radicals to superoxide so that the one enzyme, superoxide dismutase, has a major control over radical reactions in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand
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15
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Munday R, Fowke EA. Generation of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide by 2,3,6-triaminopyridine, a metabolite of the urinary tract analgesic phenazopyridine. Free Radic Res 1994; 21:67-73. [PMID: 7921165 DOI: 10.3109/10715769409056558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
2,3,6-Triaminopyridine, a metabolite of the widely-used drug phenazopyridine, has been shown to autoxidize at neutral pH, generating superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide was also detected in erythrocytes exposed to this substance, and these cells suffered oxidative damage, as reflected by methaemoglobin formation and glutathione depletion. The in vitro effects of 2,3,6-triaminopyridine are closely similar to those of the structurally-related compound, 1,2,4-triaminobenzene. The latter substance is known to be highly toxic in vivo by mechanisms which may involve free radical production and oxidative stress. It is possible, therefore, that triaminopyridine may be similarly toxic in animals and that this metabolite could be responsible for some of the harmful side-effects associated with phenazopyridine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
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16
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Abstract
A pathway is proposed for superoxide to act as a sink for intracellularly generated radicals. A variety of radicals, either directly or via reduced glutathione (GSH) as an intermediate, can transfer their unpaired electron to oxygen to give superoxide. It is proposed that in a cellular environment, superoxide can undergo chain reactions involving GSH with or without another redox cycling agent, converting GSH to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and oxygen to hydrogen peroxide far in excess of the initial radical. This places an oxidative stress on the cell, depleting reducing equivalents and energy reserves. Superoxide dismutase is necessary to prevent this oxidative stress, as well as any direct damage by superoxide. Through this metabolic pathway, GSH and superoxide dismutase can be linked in antioxidant function, and superoxide dismutase, by reacting with superoxide, can provide general protection against radical reactions in the cell. The pathway also provides a mechanism for superoxide and superoxide dismutase to influence the redox state of the cell and regulate functions that are under redox control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand
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17
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Abstract
The acute cytotoxicities of methylated phenylenediamines (PDs) were evaluated with the neutral red assay, using BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts as the bioindicators. When the test agents were grouped according to their degree of methylation, good correlations were noted between their in vitro cytotoxicity and their in vivo myotoxicity to experimental animals, as well as to their in vitro autoxidation rates. For test agents of comparable methylation, the sequence of potency was ring-methylated p-PD > N-methylated p-PD >> N-methylated o-PD > N-methylated m-PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Babich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stern College, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10016
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18
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Munday R. Mitochondrial oxidation of p-phenylenediamine derivatives in vitro: structure-activity relationships and correlation with myotoxic activity in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 1992; 82:165-79. [PMID: 1568268 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(92)90108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of p-phenylenediamine derivatives are known to cause necrosis of skeletal and/or cardiac muscle when administered to experimental animals. Compounds of this type are oxidized to semiquinonedi-imines or quinonedi-imines by mitochondria in vitro, establishing alternative pathways for electron transport in the respiratory chain with concomitant decreases in respiratory control and ADP:O ratios. Muscle mitochondria were found to be particularly effective in promoting p-phenylenediamine oxidation in vitro and the magnitude of the mitochondrial effects of the various compounds tested correlated well with their ability to cause muscle necrosis in vivo. It is suggested that mitochondrial oxidation may be involved in the initiation of the myotoxic effects of these compounds and account for their target-site specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- Ruakura Animal Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hamilton, New Zealand
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19
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Störle C, Eyer P. Formation and reactions of the Wurster's blue radical cation during the reaction of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine with oxyhemoglobin. Chem Biol Interact 1991; 78:321-31. [PMID: 1649011 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(91)90062-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amine N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) reacted directly with oxyhemoglobin in a catalytic reaction resulting in formation of ferrihemoglobin. The second order rate constant of the reaction was found to be 5.5 M-1.s-1. The stable Wurster's blue radical cation produced ferrihemoglobin at rates greater 10(3) M-1.s-1, i.e. more than two orders of magnitude faster than the parent amine. In contrast to the reactions of aminophenols with hemoglobin, free hydrogen peroxide was formed which additionally contributed to ferrihemoglobin formation. Since ferrihemoglobin formation proceeded by two orders of magnitude faster than autoxidation of TMPD, oxyhemoglobin itself acted as an oxidase/peroxidase resulting in electron abstraction from the amino alone pair electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Störle
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, F.R.G
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20
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Störle C, Eyer P. Reactions of the Wurster's blue radical cation with thiols, and some properties of the reaction products. Chem Biol Interact 1991; 78:333-46. [PMID: 2070436 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(91)90063-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formation of 1-electron oxidation products of aromatic amines in biological systems have been ascertained. The mechanisms of the toxic actions of the aminyl radicals and their corresponding detoxication reactions are much less established. During the studies of reactions of GSH with the N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical cation (TMPD) (Wurster's blue) two pathways were detected: (1) a slow second order reaction (k = 5 M-1.s-1) which gave the parent amine and (ultimately) GSSG, and (2) a fast, complex reaction which yielded 2-(glutathione-S-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (2-GS-TMPD). From kinetic reasons, this reaction was suggested to be composed of a rapid disproportionation reaction followed by a reductive 1,4-Michael-addition. This reaction pathway prevailed at GSH concentrations below 1 mM. At higher GSH concentrations formation of the thioether was suppressed. This hypothesis was confirmed when the reaction of the highly labile N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-quinonediiminium dication (TMQDI++) with GSH was followed: In this case, thioether formation outweighed clearly reductive mechanisms, the latter yielding ultimately the amine and GSSG. Similar to N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), 2-GS-TMPD was also capable of producing ferrihemoglobin in a catalytic reaction. Its rate, however, was only 3% that observed with the parent amine. During this reaction the thioether was apparently oxidized to the corresponding quinonediiminium dication, which gave the corresponding quinonemonoimine on acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Störle
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, F.R.G
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21
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Winterbourn CC, Munday R. Concerted action of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase in preventing redox cycling of dihydroxypyrimidines, and their role in antioxidant defence. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1990; 8:287-93. [PMID: 2354807 DOI: 10.3109/10715769009053361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dialuric Acid, the reduced form of the beta-cell toxin alloxan, and the related fava bean derivatives divicine and isouramil, autoxidize rapidly in neutral solution by a radical mechanism. GSH promotes redox cycling of each compound, with concomitant GSH oxidation and H2O2 production. With superoxide dismutase present, there is a lag period in which little oxidation occurs, followed by rapid oxidation. GSH extends this lag and decreases the subsequent rate of oxidation, so that with superoxide dismutase and a sufficient excess of GSH, coupled oxidation of GSH and each pyrimidine is almost completely suppressed. This mechanism may be a means whereby GSH in combination with superoxide dismutase protects against the cytotoxic effects of these reactive pyrimidines. Superoxide dismutase may also protect cells against oxidative stress in other situations where GSH acts as a radical scavenger, and we propose that the concerted action of GSH and superoxide dismutase constitutes an important antioxidant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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22
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Munday R, Manns E, Fowke EA, Hoggard GK. Structure-activity relationships in the myotoxicity of ring-methylated p-phenylenediamines in rats and correlation with autoxidation rates in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 1990; 76:31-45. [PMID: 2393943 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(90)90032-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of N-methylated p-phenylenediamines are known to cause necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle in rats. The severity of the muscle damage induced by these compounds in vivo was found to be directly proportional to their autoxidation rates in vitro, suggesting that reactive species formed during oxidation may be involved in the initiation of this toxic effect. In the present study, the in vitro oxidation rates and in vivo toxicities of a number of ring-methylated p-phenylenediamines have been evaluated. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl p-phenylenediamine readily autoxidized at neutral pH. Hydrogen peroxide was formed in this reaction, while oxidation in the presence of glutathione or reduced pyridine nucleotides led to the production of both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical. Less highly methylated derivatives oxidized more slowly, with rates decreasing in the order 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl greater than 2,5-dimethyl greater than 2,6-dimethyl greater than 2-methyl. All these compounds were myotoxic in rats, with damage being largely confined to skeletal muscle. Toxicity was again proportional to oxidation rate. Myotoxicity appears to be a general property of certain substituted p-phenylenediamines and the structure-activity relationships identified may permit an estimate to be made of the potential toxicity of other compounds of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- Ruakura Animal Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hamilton, New Zealand
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23
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Munday R, Winterbourn CC. Reduced glutathione in combination with superoxide dismutase as an important biological antioxidant defence mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:4349-52. [PMID: 2604738 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- Ruakura Animal Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hamilton, New Zealand
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24
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Munday R, Manns E, Fowke EA, Hoggard GK. Muscle necrosis by N-methylated p-phenylenediamines in rats: structure-activity relationships and correlation with free-radical production in vitro. Toxicology 1989; 57:303-14. [PMID: 2756530 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(89)90118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Certain derivatives of p-phenylenediamine have been shown to cause necrosis of cardiac and skeletal muscle in rats; in vitro, such compounds are known to autoxidize to the corresponding radical cations, with concomitant formation of oxygen free-radicals. In the present study, the autoxidation rates of p-phenylenediamine and its N-methyl, dimethyl, trimethyl and tetramethyl derivatives have been determined and compared with the severity of the muscle necrosis induced by each of these compounds in rats. A close correlation was observed between autoxidation rate in vitro and toxicity in vivo, suggesting that free-radical species may be involved in the initiation of the muscle damage caused by these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- Ruakura Animal Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
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