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Bogdanov M, Pyrshev K, Yesylevskyy S, Ryabichko S, Boiko V, Ivanchenko P, Kiyamova R, Guan Z, Ramseyer C, Dowhan W. Phospholipid distribution in the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is highly asymmetric, dynamic, and cell shape-dependent. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6333. [PMID: 32537497 PMCID: PMC7269648 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of phospholipids across the inner membrane (IM) of Gram-negative bacteria is unknown. We demonstrate that the IMs of Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are asymmetric, with a 75%/25% (cytoplasmic/periplasmic leaflet) distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in rod-shaped cells and an opposite distribution in E. coli filamentous cells. In initially filamentous PE-lacking E. coli cells, nascent PE appears first in the periplasmic leaflet. As the total PE content increases from nearly zero to 75%, cells progressively adopt a rod shape and PE appears in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the IM. The redistribution of PE influences the distribution of the other lipids between the leaflets. This correlates with the tendency of PE and cardiolipin to regulate antagonistically lipid order of the bilayer. The results suggest that PE asymmetry is metabolically controlled to balance temporally the net rates of synthesis and translocation, satisfy envelope growth capacity, and adjust bilayer chemical and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Bogdanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kyrylo Pyrshev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Laboratory of the Nanobiotechnology, Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovycha Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 46 Nauky Avenue., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Semen Yesylevskyy
- Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 46 Nauky Avenue., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Sergey Ryabichko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Vitalii Boiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Spectroscopy of Excited States, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, Wrocław 50-422, Poland
| | - Pavlo Ivanchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Interdepartmental Centre Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ramziya Kiyamova
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christophe Ramseyer
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - William Dowhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Roth MR, Welti R. Arrangement of phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species in Escherichia coli membranes and reconstituted lipids as determined by dimethyl suberimidate cross-linking of nearest neighbor lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1190:91-8. [PMID: 8110824 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsuberimidate cross-linking has been used to determine the arrangement of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecular species in Escherichia coli membranes. No large deviations from random mixing were found in wild-type strain AB1623, either in whole cells or in extracted lipids which were reconstituted into multilamellar vesicles. These results suggest, first, that there is little difference in the PE molecular species composition of the three lipid monolayers (the inner and outer monolayers of the inner membrane and the inner monolayer of the outer membrane) which contain significant amounts of PE. Secondly, the results suggest that the molecular species within each monolayer and in the extracted lipids are arranged close to randomly with no tendency for like molecular species to cluster. E. coli strain L8-2, which has a defect in beta-oxidation and a temperature-sensitive mutation in total fatty acid synthesis, was grown on cis-vaccenate (cis-11,12- octadecenate) to enrich the cells in divaccenoyl PE. Again, in whole cells or in lipids extracted from whole cells and reconstituted into multilamellar vesicles, the species were close to randomly arranged. However, a consistent, slight tendency of divaccenoyl species to pair with like species as compared to pairing with the second most common species, vaccenoyl, palmitoleoyl PE, was noted in both extracted lipids and in whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Roth
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Bishop DG, Bevers EM, van Meer G, Op den Kamp JA, van Deenen LL. A monolayer study of the reaction of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with amino phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 551:122-8. [PMID: 106889 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with amino phospholipids, and in particular phosphatidylethanolamine has been studied by the monolayer technique. Injection of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid under a monolayer of amino phospholipid results in an increase in surface pressure. The rate and extent of the pressure change is greatly affected by the initial surface pressure, the fatty acid composition of the lipid, and the presence of other non-reactive lipids, especially negatively charged phospholipids. The extent of the reaction was measured with 32P-labelled phospholipids isolated from Bacillus subtilis. Only about 80% of the phosphatidylethanolamine in the monolayer could be converted to its trinitrophenyl derivative. In the presence of negatively charged phospholipids such as cardiolipin or phosphatidylglycerol, a further 20% decrease in the trinitrophenylation of phosphatidylethanolamine was found. The pressure increase occurring during trinitrophenylation could also be correlated with the extent of the reaction by comparison of the force-area curves of pure phosphatidylethanolamine, its trinitrophenyl derivative and mixtures of both compounds. The data may offer an explanation for the observation that incomplete labelling of amino phospholipids frequently occurs in natural membranes and furthermore indicate that the use of chemical labelling techniques in the study of lipid asymmetry in biological membranes must be approached with great caution.
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