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Liu WJ, Qiao YH, Wang S, Wang YB, Nong QN, Xiao Q, Bai HX, Wu KH, Chen J, Li XQ, Wang YF, Tan J, Cao W. A novel glycoglycerolipid from Holotrichia diomphalia Bates: Structure characteristics and protective effect against DNA damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132594. [PMID: 38821811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
A lipidated polysaccharide, HDPS-2II, was isolated from the dried larva of Holotrichia diomphalia, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular weight of HDPS-2II was 5.9 kDa, which contained a polysaccharide backbone of →4)-β-Manp-(1 → 4,6)-β-Manp-(1 → [6)-α-Glcp-(1]n → 6)-α-Glcp→ with the side chain α-Glcp-(6 → 1)-α-Glcp-(6 → linked to the C-4 of β-1,4,6-Manp and four types of lipid chains including 4-(4-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanamido)pentanoic acid, 5-(3-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)hexan-2-ol, N-(3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)palmitamide, and N-(5-amino-3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)stearamide. The lipid chains were linked to C-1 of terminal α-1,6-Glcp in carbohydrate chain through diacyl-glycerol. HDPS-2II exhibited DNA protective effects and antioxidative activity on H2O2- or adriamycin (ADM)-induced Chinese hamster lung cells. Furthermore, HDPS-2II significantly ameliorated chromosome aberrations and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced γ-H2AX signaling and the expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, P22phox, and P47phox in ADM-induced cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, HDPS-2II suppressed ADM-induced up-regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 in cardiomyocytes, but not in NOX2 or NOX4 knocked-down cardiomyocytes, indicating that HDPS-2II could relieve intracellular DNA damage by regulating NOX2/NOX4 signaling. These findings demonstrate that HDPS-2II is a new potential DNA protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu-He Qiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu-Bo Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiu-Na Nong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qianhan Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong-Xin Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke-Han Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu-Fan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Antropova AB, Tereshina VM. Acquired thermotolerance, membrane lipids and osmolytes profiles of xerohalophilic fungus Aspergillus penicillioides under heat shock. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:909-917. [PMID: 36906381 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Xerophilic fungi accumulate a large amount of glycerol in the cytosol to counterbalance the external osmotic pressure. But during heat shock (HS) majority of fungi accumulate a thermoprotective osmolyte trehalose. Since glycerol and trehalose are synthesized in the cell from the same precursor (glucose), we hypothesised that, under heat shock conditions, xerophiles growing in media with high concentrations of glycerol may acquire greater thermotolerance than those grown in media with high concentrations of NaCl. Therefore, the composition of membrane lipids and osmolytes of the fungus Aspergillus penicillioides, growing in 2 different media under HS conditions was studied and the acquired thermotolerance was assessed. It was found that in the salt-containing medium an increase in the proportion of phosphatidic acids against a decrease in the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines is observed in the composition of membrane lipids, and the level of glycerol in the cytosol decreases 6-fold, while in the medium with glycerol, changes in the composition of membrane lipids are insignificant and the level of glycerol is reduced by no more than 30%. In the mycelium trehalose level have increased in both media, but did not exceed 1% of dry weight. However, after exposure to HS the fungus acquires greater thermotolerance in the medium with glycerol than in the medium with salt. The data obtained indicate the interrelation between changes in the composition of osmolytes and membrane lipids in the adaptive response to HS, as well as the synergistic effect of glycerol and trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna B Antropova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera», 5А, Malyy Kazennyy Pereulok, 105064, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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3
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Yamaguchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Kato K. Structural Analysis of Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates Using NMR. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:163-184. [PMID: 36255675 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chains play critical roles in cellular recognition and subsequent signal transduction in the nervous system. Furthermore, gangliosides are targets for various amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological phenomena, atomic views are essential to delineate dynamic biomolecular interactions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides powerful tools for studying structures, dynamics, and interactions of biomolecules at the atomic level. This chapter describes the basics of solution NMR techniques and their applications to the analysis of 3D structures and interactions of glycoconjugates in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems and Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan.
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4
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Bondarenko SA, Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Grum-Grzhimaylo AA, Kotlova ER, Kamzolkina OV, Bilanenko EN, Tereshina VM. Membrane lipids and soluble sugars dynamics of the alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces tronii in response to ambient pH. Extremophiles 2017; 21:743-754. [PMID: 28478604 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alkaliphily, the ability of an organism to thrive optimally at high ambient pH, has been well-documented in several lineages: archaea, bacteria and fungi. The molecular mechanics of such adaptation has been extensively addressed in alkaliphilic bacteria and alkalitolerant fungi. In this study, we consider an additional property that may have enabled fungi to prosper at alkaline pH: altered contents of membrane lipids and cytoprotectant molecules. In the alkaliphilic Sodiomyces tronii, we showed that at its optimal growth pH 9.2, the fungus accumulates abundant cytosolic trehalose (4-10% dry weight) and phosphatidic acids in the membrane lipids, properties not normally observed in neutrophilic species. At a very high pH 10.2, the major carbohydrate, glucose, was rapidly substituted by mannitol and arabitol. Conversely, lowering the pH to 5.4-7.0 had major implications both on the content of carbohydrates and membrane lipids. It was shown that trehalose dominated at pH 5.4. Fractions of sphingolipids and sterols of plasma membranes rapidly elevated possibly indicating the formation of membrane structures called rafts. Overall, our results reveals complex dynamics of the contents of membrane lipids and cytoplasmic sugars in alkaliphilic S. tronii, suggesting their adaptive functionality against pH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya A Bondarenko
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Grum-Grzhimaylo
- Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina R Kotlova
- Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Kamzolkina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena N Bilanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
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5
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Zhou H, Hanneman AJ, Chasteen ND, Reinhold VN. Anomalous N-glycan structures with an internal fucose branched to GlcA and GlcN residues isolated from a mollusk shell-forming fluid. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4547-55. [PMID: 23919883 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the structural details of a unique N-linked valence epitope on the major protein within the extrapallial (EP) fluid of the mollusk, Mytilus edulis. Fluids from this area are considered to be responsible for shell expansion by a self-assembly process that provides an organic framework for the growth of CaCO3 crystals. Previous reports from our laboratories have described the purification and amino acid sequence of this EP protein, which was found to be a glycoprotein (EPG) of approximately 28 KDa with 14.3% carbohydrate on a single N-linked consensus site. Described herein is the de novo sequence of the major glycan and its glycomers. The sequence was determined by ion trap sequential mass spectrometry (ITMS(n)) resolving structure by tracking precursor-product relationships through successive rounds of collision induced disassociation (CID), thereby spatially resolving linkage and branching details within the confines of the ion trap. Three major glycomers were detected, each possessing a 6-linked fucosylated N-linked core. Two glycans possessed four and five identical antennae, while the third possessed four antennas, but with an additional methylfucose 2-linked to the glucuronic acid moiety, forming a pentasaccharide. The tetrasaccharide structure was: 4-O-methyl-GlcA(1-4)[GlcNAc(1-3)]Fuc(1-4)GlcNAc, while the pentasaccharide was shown to be as follows: mono-O-methyl-Fuc(1-2)-4-O-methyl-GlcA(1-4)[GlcNAc(1-3)]Fuc(1-4)GlcNAc. Samples were differentially deuteriomethylated (CD3/CH3) to localize indigenous methylation, further analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to confirm monomer compositions, and finally gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assign structural and stereoisomers. The interfacial shell surface location of this major extrapallial glycoprotein, its calcium and heavy metal binding properties and unique structure suggests a probable role in shell formation and possibly metal ion detoxification. A closely related terminal tetrasaccharide structure has been reported in spermatozoan glycolipids of freshwater bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire , 35 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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Vereshchagina OA, Memorskaya AS, Tereshina VM. Effect of trehalose on the viability of sporangiospores of the mucorous fungus Blakeslea trispora. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Müthing J, Distler U. Advances on the compositional analysis of glycosphingolipids combining thin-layer chromatography with mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:425-479. [PMID: 19609886 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), composed of a hydrophilic carbohydrate chain and a lipophilic ceramide anchor, play pivotal roles in countless biological processes, including infectious diseases and the development of cancer. Knowledge of the number and sequence of monosaccharides and their anomeric configuration and linkage type, which make up the principal items of the glyco code of biologically active carbohydrate chains, is essential for exploring the function of GSLs. As part of the investigation of the vertebrate glycome, GSL analysis is undergoing rapid expansion owing to the application of novel biochemical and biophysical technologies. Mass spectrometry (MS) takes part in the network of collaborations to further unravel structural and functional aspects within the fascinating world of GSLs with the ultimate aim to better define their role in human health and disease. However, a single-method analytical MS technique without supporting tools is limited yielding only partial structural information. Because of its superior resolving power, robustness, and easy handling, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is widely used as an invaluable tool in GSL analysis. The intention of this review is to give an insight into current advances obtained by coupling supplementary techniques such as TLC and mass spectrometry. A retrospective view of the development of this concept and the recent improvements by merging (1) TLC separation of GSLs, (2) their detection with oligosaccharide-specific proteins, and (3) in situ MS analysis of protein-detected GSLs directly on the TLC plate, are provided. The procedure works on a nanogram scale and was successfully applied to the identification of cancer-associated GSLs in several types of human tumors. The combination of these two supplementary techniques opens new doors by delivering specific structural information of trace quantities of GSLs with only limited investment in sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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8
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Tereshina VM, Memorskay AS, Kotlova ER, Feofilov EP. Membrane lipid and cytosol carbohydrate composition in Aspergillus niger under heat shock. Microbiology (Reading) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261710010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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López-Requena A, De Acosta CM, Moreno E, González M, Puchades Y, Talavera A, Vispo NS, Vázquez AM, Pérez R. Gangliosides, Ab1 and Ab2 antibodies. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:423-33. [PMID: 16581129 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This report is focused on the molecular basis for the interaction of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and its anti-idiotypic mAb. P3 mAb (Ab1) recognizes N-glycolyl-gangliosides, and 1E10 mAb is one of its anti-idiotypic mAbs (Ab2). Chimeric versions of both antibodies retained their specificity. Charged residues in their H-CDRs, particularly H-CDR3, were considered to play a major role in their binding and immunogenic properties. P3 mAb has the unusual property of generating a strong antibody response in syngeneic mice, even when it is administered in saline. We selected phagotopes from a 12mer peptide library displayed on filamentous phage to characterize amino acid motifs recognized by these antibodies. The peptides were enriched in charged amino acids similar to those present in P3 and 1E10 mAb H-CDR3. We also report the construction of four mutants of the P3 antibody, where arginine residues in the heavy chain CDRs were substituted by serine residues, and the characterization of their interaction with 1E10 mAb and GM3(NeuGc) ganglioside, as well as their immunogenic properties in Balb/c mice. H-CDR1 R31 residue appears to have a central role in P3 mAb reactivity and antigenicity. H-CDR3 R100a residue seems to be more involved in the immunogenicity of the P3 idiotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Requena
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Center of Molecular Immunology, P.O. Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
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10
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Castro-Palomino JC, Simon B, Speer O, Leist M, Schmidt RR. Synthesis of ganglioside GD3 and its comparison with bovine GD3 with regard to oligodendrocyte apoptosis mitochondrial damage. Chemistry 2001; 7:2178-84. [PMID: 11411990 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010518)7:10<2178::aid-chem2178>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Dehydroneuraminic acid derivative 5 was transformed in five efficient steps into sialyl donor 2, which has a phenylthio group on the beta-side of the 3-position for anchimeric assistance and a diethyl phosphite residue as leaving group at the anomeric carbon. The known GM3 intermediate 10 was transformed into the 4b,4c,8c-O-unprotected acceptor 3, which was then allowed to react with 2 by using TMSOTf as catalyst and acetonitrile as solvent to afford the desired tetrasaccharide 12, which has an alpha(2-8)-linkage between two neuraminic acid residues. Removal of the phenylthio group gave intermediate 13, which was transformed into O-tetraosyl trichloroacetimidate 16 as glycosyl donor. Application of the azidosphingosine glycosylation procedure furnished GD3 (1) in high overall yield. Comparison of synthetic GD3 with bovine-brain-derived GD3 showed that there were similar effects in GD3-triggered uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration and in induction of apoptosis in oligodendrocytes.
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11
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Danino D, Kaplun A, Lindblom G, Rilfors L, Orädd G, Hauksson JB, Talmon Y. Cryo-TEM and NMR studies of a micelle-forming phosphoglucolipid from membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii A and B. Chem Phys Lipids 1997; 85:75-89. [PMID: 9032946 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(96)02640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure of a phosphoglucolipid from the membrane of the bacterium Acholeplasma laidlawii strain B-PG9 has been determined by high resolution NMR to be 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[glycerophosphoryl-6-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -->2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]-sn-glycerol (GPDGlcDAG). It was concluded that this lipid has exactly the same structure as one of the phosphoglucolipids from A. laidlawii strain A-EF22. By cryo transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and NMR diffusion techniques it was shown that, in highly diluted aqueous solutions, this membrane lipid forms long thread-like micelles in equilibrium with lipid vesicles. The cause of the occurrence of these different aggregates is discussed in terms of the varying molecular shapes of the lipid because of a heterogeneous composition of the acyl chains. A second membrane phosphoglucolipid from the bacterium, namely 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[glycerophosphoryl-6-O-(alpha-D- glucopyranosyl-(1 -->2)-monoacylglycerophosphoryl-6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]-sn-gl ycerol (MABGPDGlcDAG), was found to form only a lamellar liquid crystalline phase coexisting with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Danino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Kondo T, Tomoo T, Abe H, Isobe M, Goto T. Simple Construction of Neu5Ac(α2-8)Neu5Ac and Total Synthesis of Ganglioside GD3. J Carbohydr Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309608005696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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14
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Rodriguez PE, Maggio B, Cumar FA. Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of the internal sialic acid residue in native and chemically modified ganglioside GM1. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
In this review an updated overview of current improvements on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of gangliosides over the past decade is provided. Basic general techniques and special advice is given for successful separation of glycosphingolipids. New approaches concerning continuous and multiple development, and several preparative TLC methods are also included. Emphasis is placed on TLC immunostaining and related techniques, i.e. practical applications of carbohydrate-specific antibodies, toxins and bacteria, viruses, lectins and eukaryotic cells. Thus, this review on ganglioside TLC summarizes its power as an analytical tool for a wide range of purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Müthing
- Institute of Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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Hauksson JB, Rilfors L, Lindblom G, Arvidson G. Structures of glucolipids from the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii strain A-EF22. III. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosyldiacylglycerol, and monoacyldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1258:1-9. [PMID: 7654774 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00074-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The structures of three glucolipids from the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii, strain A-EF22, were determined by high resolution 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The two most abundant glucolipids in this organism were shown to be 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (MGlcDAG) and 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol (DGlcDAG). These structures agree with those determined previously by chemical analyses of the two most abundant glucolipids synthesized by the B strain of A. laidlawii. The structure of a newly discovered glucolipid in A. laidlawii strain A-EF22 was also determined. This lipid is an acylated derivative of DGlcDAG with the structure 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)]-sn-glycerol. The existence of this lipid was detected by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in preparations of MGlcDAG which had been judged by thin-layer chromatography to be pure. The biosynthesis of the glucolipids and their role in the metabolic lipid regulation are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hauksson
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
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17
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Poupot R, Martinez-Romero E, Gautier N, Promé JC. Wild type Rhizobium etli, a bean symbiont, produces acetyl-fucosylated, N-methylated, and carbamoylated nodulation factors. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:6050-5. [PMID: 7890737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.11.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) can be nodulated by different Rhizobium species. A new species has been recently proposed: Rhizobium etli. Following transcriptional activation of the bacterial nodulation genes using naringenin or bean seed exudate, we have isolated, purified, and characterized R. etli extracellular nodulation factors. They are chitopentameric compounds that are N-methyl-N-vaccenoylated at their non-reducing end. At position 6 of the reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, they are 4-O-acetyl-L-fucosylated. Minor compounds bear a carbamate group on the terminal non-reducing saccharidic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poupot
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Fondamentales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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18
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Yu R, Ariga T, Yoshino H, Katoh-Semba R, Ren S. Differential Effects of Glycosphingolipids n Protein Kinase C Activity in PC12D Pheochromocytoma Cells. J Biomed Sci 1994; 1:229-236. [PMID: 11725031 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that certain glycosphingolipids may function as modulators of protein kinase C (PKC) activity. To study the structure-activity relationship, we examined the effects of 17 gangliosides, 10 neutral glycolipids, as well as sulfatide, psychosine and ceramide on PKC activity in PC12D cells. Using an in vitro assay system, we found that all but one (GQ1b) ganglioside inhibited PKC activity at concentrations between 25 and 100 &mgr;M, and the potency was proportional to the number of sialic acid residues. However, at lower concentrations several gangliosides, including GM1 and LM1 behaved as mild activators of PKC activity. GQ1b had no effect within the range 0.1-10 &mgr;M, but acted as a mild activator of PKC activity at 25 &mgr;M. On the other hand, fucosyl-GM1 and GM1 containing blood group B determinant, which are abundant in PC12 cells, were potent inhibitors of PKC activity. Among the neutral glycosphingolipids tested, LacCer, Gb3, GalGb3, and GA1, all of which have a terminal galactose residue, were found to be ineffective or acted as mild activators of PKC activity. In contrast, GA2, Gb4 and Gb5 which have a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue, were potent inhibitors of the PKC activity. Thus, the terminal sugar residue may play a pivotal role in determining the effect of glycosphingolipids in modulating PKC activity. In addition, we also found that GalCer containing normal fatty acids acted as potent activators of PKC activity. Ceramide and GlcCer appeared to be ineffective in modulating PKC activity, wheras psychosine and sulfatides appeared to be inhibitory. We conclude that the carbohydrate head groups and the hydrophobic groups of gangliosides and neutral glycolipids may modulate the PKC system in unique manners, which may in turn affect various biological processes in the cell. Copyright 1994 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Affiliation(s)
- R.K. Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va., USA
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19
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Hauksson JB, Lindblom G, Rilfors L. Structures of glucolipids from the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii strain A-EF22. I. Glycerophosphoryldiglucosyldiacylglycerol and monoacylbisglycerophosphoryldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1214:124-30. [PMID: 7918591 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structures of two phosphoglucolipids from the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii, strain A-EF22 were determined by high resolution 13C-, 31P- and 1H-NMR. The lipids in question are 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[glycerophosphoryl-6-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]-sn-glycerol (1) and 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[glycerophosphoryl-6-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-- >2)- monoacyl-glycerophosphoryl-6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]-sn-glycero l (2). Both lipids are thus derivatives of diglucosyldiacylglycerol. Previous reports on these lipids, based on insufficient chemical analyses, showed contradictory structures. A phosphoglycolipid having the structure of 2 has not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hauksson
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
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20
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Ariga T, Tao R, Lee B, Yamawaki M, Yoshino H, Scarsdale N, Kasama T, Kushi Y, Yu R. Glycolipid composition of human cataractous lenses. Characterization of Lewisx glycolipids. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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van Halbeek H. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins. Methods Enzymol 1994; 230:132-68. [PMID: 8139493 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)30011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H van Halbeek
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athen 30602
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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23
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Perillo MA, Polo A, Guidotti A, Costa E, Maggio B. Molecular parameters of semisynthetic derivatives of gangliosides and sphingosine in monolayers at the air-water interface. Chem Phys Lipids 1993; 65:225-38. [PMID: 8269552 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(93)90020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular parameters (molecular area, surface potential, collapse pressure, dipole moment contributions) of semisynthetic derivatives of ganglioside GM1 and of sphingosine were studied in lipid monolayers at the air-NaCl (145 mM, pH 5.6) interface at 22 +/- 0.3 degrees C. The chemical modifications included alterations of the fatty acyl chain moiety linked to the 2-amino position of the sphingosine (Sph) base. The compounds studied were PKS-1 (N-acetyl Sph), PKS-2 (N-chloroacetyl Sph), PKS-3 (N-dichloroacetyl Sph), PKS-4 (N-trichloroacetyl Sph), Lyso-GM1 (ganglioside GM1 lacking the N-linked fatty acyl chain and the N-acetyl group on the sialic acid), Liga-4 (N-acetyl, lyso[NeuAc]GM1) and Liga-20 (N-dichloroacetyl, lyso[NeuAc]GM1). Relatively small modifications of the chemical structure of sphingolipids introduce dramatic consequences on their surface molecular properties. The absence of the long chain fatty acyl moiety and of the N-acetyl group on the neuraminic acid in Lyso-GM1 leads to a more condensed behavior and to an increase of the collapse pressure compared with GM1. The acetylation or chloroacetylation at the 2-amino position in Liga-4 and Liga-20 induce an expansion of the surface pressure-area isotherm and a decrease of the collapse pressure. The limiting molecular areas of GM1 derivatives, taken at the collapse pressure point, are consistent with the oligosaccharide chain being oriented approximately perpendicularly to the interface. Sphingosine shows a liquid expanded isotherm. The acetylation and successive chlorination of the acetyl residue at the 2-amino position of Sph cause a progressive increase in the limiting molecular area. The variation of the resultant dipole moment under compression, calculated from the surface potential values, suggests the reorientation of selective groups within these molecules that depend on the degree of intermolecular packing. Thermodynamic-geometric correlations on the basis of the molecular parameters of these derivatives suggest that small alterations of the substituent group at the 2-amino position of Sph could have large and amplified consequences on the type, curvature and stability of the possible self-aggregated structure that these lipids may form in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Perillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0614
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24
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Characterization of a hamster melanoma-associated ganglioside antigen as 7-O-acetylated disialoganglioside GD3. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Ishida H, Ohta Y, Tsukada Y, Kiso M, Hasegawa A. A synthetic approach to polysialogangliosides containing alpha-sialyl-(2-->8)-sialic acid: total synthesis of ganglioside GD3. Carbohydr Res 1993; 246:75-88. [PMID: 8370046 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled, facile total synthesis of ganglioside GD3 is described as an example of a proposed systematic approach to the preparation of gangliosides containing an alpha-sialyl-(2-->8)-sialic acid unit alpha-glycosidically linked to O-3 of a D-galactose residue in their oligosaccharide chains. Glycosylation of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 6-O-benzoyl-, 3-O-benzoyl-, or 3-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyrano-sides, or 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,3,6,2',6'-penta-O-benzyl-beta-lactoside (7), with methyl [phenyl 5- acetamido-8-O-(5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D- glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylono-1',9 lactone)- 4,7-di-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyrano sid] onate (3), using N-iodosuccinimide-trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as a promoter, gave the corresponding alpha glycosides 8 (32%), 13 (33%), 14 (48%), and 17 (31%), respectively. The glycosyl donor 3 was prepared from O-(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosy lonic acid)-(2-->8)-5-acetamido-3,5- dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonic acid by treatment with Amberlite IR-120 (H+) in methanol, O-acetylation, and subsequent replacement of the anomeric acetoxy group with phenylthio. Compound 8 was converted into the methyl beta-thioglycoside via O-benzoylation, replacement of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl group by acetyl, and introduction of the methylthio group by reaction with methylthiotrimethylsilane. Compound 17 was converted, via O-acetylation, selective removal of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl group, and reaction with trichloroacetonitrile, into the alpha-trichloroacetimidate, which was coupled with (2S,3R,4E)-2-azido-3-O-benzoyl-4-octadecene-1,3-diol to give the beta-glycoside. This glycoside was easily transformed, via selective reduction of the azido group, condensation with octadecanoic acid, O-deacylation, and hydrolysis of the methyl ester and lactone functions, into ganglioside GD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Japan
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26
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Hasegawa A, Ishida H, Kiso M. Synthetic Studies on Sialoglycoconjugates 46: A Facile Total Synthesis of Ganglioside GD3. J Carbohydr Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309308018997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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O-acetylated gangliosides in bovine buttermilk. Characterization of 7-O-acetyl, 9-O-acetyl, and 7,9-di-O-acetyl GD3. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Kauppinen RA, Kokko H, Williams SR. Detection of mobile proteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the guinea pig brain ex vivo and their partial purification. J Neurochem 1992; 58:967-74. [PMID: 1738003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was used to study metabolites of the brain cortex ex vivo. The superfused brain cortex preparation was judged to be metabolically viable on the basis of the 31P NMR spectrum (intracellular pH of 7.23 +/- 0.03 and phosphocreatine/ATP ratio of 1.21 +/- 0.09). Using 1H NMR a group of previously unidentified signals was detectable at 0.94, 1.22, and 1.40 ppm with a water-suppressed spin-echo sequence. These signals had shorter spin-spin relaxation times (51-54 ms) than N-acetylaspartate and lactate (84-93 ms) and also smaller saturation factors, an indication of shorter spin-lattice relaxation times than the latter two low-molecular-weight metabolites. The unidentified signals also displayed homonuclear coupling to other spins in the methine region of the spectrum. Acid extraction of the brain slices or cortex from animals that were killed yielded a mixture of proteins that exhibited NMR properties matching the 1H NMR signals in the brain cortex. The molecular mass of these thermoresistant, "mobile" proteins, which contained proline plus hydroxyproline (9-16% of all amino acids), ranged between 8 and 40 kDa. These "new" assignments of 1H NMR-detectable compounds may influence interpretation of NMR data of some metabolites, as their signals are in the vicinity of the -CH3 1H NMR peaks of lactate and alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kauppinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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29
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Abstract
Recent advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry afford the opportunity to develop bioactive complex carbohydrates, per se , as drugs or as lead compounds in drug development. Complex carbohydrates are unique among biopolymers in their inherent potential to generate diverse molecular structures. While proteins vary only in the linear sequence of their monomer constituents, individual monosaccharides can combine at any of several sites on each carbohydrate ring, in linear or branched arrays, and with varied stereochemistry at each linkage bond. This chapter addresses some salient features of mammalian glycoconjugate structure and biosynthesis, and presents examples of the biological activities of complex carbohydrates. The chapter presents selected examples that will provide an accurate introduction to their pharmacological potential. In addition to their independent functions, oligosaccharides can modify the activities of proteins to which they are covalently attached. Many glycoprotein enzymes and hormones require glycosylation for expression and function. The chapter discusses the ancillary role of carbohydrates that is of great importance to the use of engineered glycoproteins as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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30
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Gilleron M, Venisse A, Rivière M, Servin P, Puzo G. Carbohydrate epitope structural elucidation by 1H-NMR spectroscopy of a new Mycobacterium kansasii phenolic glycolipid antigen. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:449-57. [PMID: 1699759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete primary structure of the carbohydrate moiety of a new phenolic glycolipid antigen namely PheGl K-IV from Mycobacterium kansasii was successfully established from only one- and two-dimensional 1H-NMR data. Among the scalar two-dimensional techniques, correlated spectroscopy with a 45 degree mixing pulse and phase-sensitive double-quantum-filtered correlated spectroscopy were selected, combined with two-dimensional dipolar techniques (nuclear Overhauser effect). These techniques using milligram of quantities native PheGl K-IV allowed the following monoacetylated tetrasaccharide to be proposed for its carbohydrate part: 4-O-Me-alpha-Manp-(1----3)-4-O-Ac-2-O-Me-alpha-Fucp-(1----3) -2-O-Me-alpha-Rhap- (1----3)-2,4-di-O-Me-alpha-Rhap. The PheGl K-IV shares, with the other phenolic glycolipids isolated from M. kansasii (K-I, K-II), a common core assigned to the lipid aglycone glycosylated by the monoacetylated trisaccharide part. It differs in the structure of the distal monosaccharide residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilleron
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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31
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Puzo G. The carbohydrate- and lipid-containing cell wall of mycobacteria, phenolic glycolipids: structure and immunological properties. Crit Rev Microbiol 1990; 17:305-27. [PMID: 2206395 DOI: 10.3109/10408419009105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic glycolipids were first discovered as cell-wall constituents of M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. Recently, such compounds were also isolated from M. leprae and have been shown to be specific-species serological markers. Moreover, they seem to be involved, in the case of lepromatous leprosy, in the stimulation of the suppressor T-cells. The functional activities of these phenolic glycolipids over the immune cells stimulation emphasized the role played by these molecules in the mycobacteria pathogenicity. Phenolic glycolipids have also been found in M. gastri and M. tuberculosis strain Canetti. From a structural point of view, these glycolipids contain the same aglycon moiety mainly assigned to phenolphthiocerol diester while the sugar part structure confers to some of these glycolipids their antigenic specificity. The search of immunoreactive glycolipids and their function analysis remain a challenge for chemists and immunologists for the understanding of the mycobacteria pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Puzo
- Center of Biochemical and Genetic Research, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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32
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Daffé M, Servin P. Scalar, dipolar-correlated and J-resolved 2D-NMR spectroscopy of the specific phenolic mycoside of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 185:157-62. [PMID: 2509203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional chemical shift correlated (COSY), nuclear Overhauser (NOESY) and J-resolved spectroscopy were used to determine the complete structure of the major triglycosyl dimycocerosyl phenol phthiocerol of the tubercle bacillus (strain Canetti) without any other analytical technique. The COSY spectrum of the native glycolipid allowed the composition of the trisaccharide and the location of one methoxyl group to be determined through the assignment of the resonances of the non-anomeric methine protons. Information with respect to the configuration of the sugar residues, the pyranose structure and the linkage sites of the trisaccharide were obtained by the analysis of the COSY spectrum of the peracetylated glycolipid. The NOESY spectrum confirmed the linkage sites through the inter-residue connectivity across glycosidic linkages and allowed the determination of the sequence of the oligosaccharide and the configuration of its sugar residues from the through-space connectivities. The J-resolved spectroscopy was used to elucidate the structure of the glycolipid and gave additional data showing the presence of 11 non-equivalent methyl groups and allowing the recognition of two other analogues of the phenol phthiocerol derivative in the mixture. Thus, the non-destructive 2D-NMR spectroscopy was found to be satisfactory for the analysis of mycobacterial mycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daffé
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires du CNRS, Toulouse, France
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33
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Carrier D, Giziewicz JB, Moir D, Smith IC, Jarrell HC. Dynamics and orientation of glycolipid headgroups by 2H-NMR: gentiobiose. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 983:100-8. [PMID: 2758044 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to investigate the dynamics and determine the orientation of the headgroup of the glycolipid 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-3-O-(6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl )-sn- glycerol (beta-DTDGL), in aqueous multilamellar dispersions. In addition, its anomeric analog, having an alpha glucose-glycerol linkage, was prepared and examined. The lipids were labelled with deuterium at specific positions in the disaccharide moiety. Analysis of the deuterium quadrupolar splittings for the first glucose ring (glycerol-linked) gave segmental order parameters of 0.43 and 0.35 for the beta and alpha isomers, respectively. Both isomers had similar orientations of the sugar ring relative to the bilayer surface, as determined for lipid in the liquid-crystalline phase. 2H-NMR results for the lipid labelled at C-6' are consistent with a single conformation about the C-5'-C-6' bond of the first glucose residue, with a dihedral angle (O-5'-C-5'-C-6'-O-6') of -17 degrees. The results obtained for the second sugar ring suggest that two conformers may be present, which are in slow exchange on the 2H-NMR timescale. Measurements of longitudinal relaxation times, T1z, gave similar values for both sugar moieties in the headgroup, suggesting that the disaccharide does not exhibit the flexibility expected about the 1----6 linkage. Since T1z for 2H in these compounds decreases with increasing temperature and increases with magnetic field strength, the motion(s) dominating relaxation is in the long-correlation-time regime [omega 0 tau c)2 greater than 1). Thus, the gentiobiosyl headgroup undergoes the slowest motion of the glycolipid headgroups studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carrier
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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34
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Ando S, Yu RK, Scarsdale JN, Kusunoki S, Prestegard JH. High Resolution Proton NMR Studies of Gangliosides. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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35
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Petroff OA, Ogino T, Alger JR. High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rabbit brain: regional metabolite levels and postmortem changes. J Neurochem 1988; 51:163-71. [PMID: 3379399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb04850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The changes in 16 cerebral metabolites produced by cardiac arrest and subsequent room temperature autolysis were studied using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biopsies of rabbit cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, and cerebellum were quantitatively analyzed for acetate, alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, creatine, glutamate, glycine, inositol, lactate, N-acetylaspartate, phosphocreatine, succinate, taurine, and threonine. Of these, N-acetylaspartate and the total creatine pool are the best candidates for use as concentration reference standards linking in vitro to in vivo 1H nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Both changed little immediately after death, and they varied in a distinctive way among cortex, white matter, and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Petroff
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Crowe JH, Crowe LM, Carpenter JF, Rudolph AS, Wistrom CA, Spargo BJ, Anchordoguy TJ. Interactions of sugars with membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 947:367-84. [PMID: 3285894 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(88)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Water profoundly affects the stability of biological membranes, and its removal leads to destructive events including fusion and liquid crystalline to gel phase transitions. In heterogeneous mixtures such as those found in biological membranes the phase transitions can lead to increases in permeability and lateral phase separations that often are irreparable. Certain sugars are capable of preventing these deleterious events by inhibiting fusion during drying and by maintaining the lipid in a fluid state in the absence of water. As a result, the increased permeability and lateral phase separations that accompany dehydration are absent. The weight of the evidence suggests strongly that there is a direct interaction between the sugars and lipids in the dry state. Although the evidence is less clear about whether these sugars can interact directly with hydrated bilayers, there are strong suggestions in the literature that sugars free in solution or covalently linked to membrane constituents can also affect the physical properties and presumably the stability of bilayers. Finally, we have far less evidence concerning the mechanism by which they do so, but the same sugars are also capable of preserving the structure and function of both membrane-bound and soluble proteins in the absence of water. We believe these effects may be important in the survival of intact cells and organisms such as seeds in the absence of water. Furthermore, in view of the practical importance of preserving biological structures we suspect that the results described here will ultimately have important applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Crowe
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis 95616
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Petroff OA. Biological 1H NMR spectroscopy. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 90:249-60. [PMID: 3044689 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) is a powerful analytical method used to identify and quantitate chemical compounds. In recent years, it has been used to study rates of metabolism in microbes, isolated perfused tissues, intact animals, and human beings. This review highlights some of the more recent biological applications of 1H NMR in the study of metabolic pathophysiology in animals and man. 1H NMR can rapidly analyze complex mixtures of metabolites found in body fluid and biopsy specimens. In vivo 1H NMR methods can measure intracellular pH, a wide variety of metabolites, tissue perfusion, and rates of metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Using 13C labeled compounds or magnetization transfer techniques metabolic fluxes may be measured in vivo during virtually all normal and abnormal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Petroff
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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