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Regio- and Stereospecific Analysis of Triacylglycerols—A Brief Overview of the Challenges and the Achievements. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efforts to reveal, in detail, the molecular and intramolecular structures of one of the main lipid classes, namely, triacyl-sn-glycerols, which are now known to affect their specific and important role in all living organisms, are briefly overviewed. Some milestones of significance in the gradual but continuous development and improvement of the analytical methodology to identify the triacylglycerol regio- and stereoisomers in complex lipid samples are traced throughout the years: the use of chromatography based on different separation principles; the improvements in the chromatographic technique; the development and use of different detection techniques; the attempts to simplify and automatize the analysis without losing the accuracy of identification. The spectacular recent achievements of two- and multidimensional methods used as tools in lipidomics are presented.
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Wu WJ, Chen HJ, You J, Wu Y, Liu B. Synthesis, Optical Rotation, and Absolute Configurations of Santinols. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ruiz-López N, Segura J, Menoyo D, Cambero MI, López-Bote CJ. Comparison of analytical techniques for the determination of the positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols. Relationship with pig fat melting point and hardness. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2015. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.1073142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wu WJ, Chen HJ, Wu Y, Liu B. Synthesis and absolute configuration of hylodiglyceride isolated from Hylodendron gabunensis. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Řezanka T, Kolouchová I, Čejková A, Cajthaml T, Sigler K. Identification of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols in different yeasts using reversed- and chiral-phase LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3310-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kolouchová
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alena Čejková
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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Chen CY, Han WB, Chen HJ, Wu Y, Gao P. Optically Active Monoacylglycerols: Synthesis and Assessment of Purity. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Kolouchová I, Sigler K. Effect of starvation on the distribution of positional isomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerol in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 80:17-27. [PMID: 22704815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultivated in a standard medium and under sulfur, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus starvation and its triacylglycerols (TAGs) were analyzed by RP-HPLC/MS-APCI. Nearly 100 molecular species of polyunsaturated TAGs were identified. RP-HPLC was used to isolate positional isomers of TAGs, which were further separated by chiral HPLC. First eluted were those TAGs that have an eicosapentaenoic acid moiety in the sn-1 position. The ratios of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs in P. tricornutum were affected under sulfur-, nitrogen-, phosphorus- and silica-starvation, i.e. in cultivations involving cells in nutrient stress. The ratios of positional TAGs and also the proportions of enantiomers were changed. The ratios of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs in the control and under N- and P-starvation were very close. In the control, the ratio of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-eicosapentaenoyl-rac-glycerol to 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-rac-glycerol was 3:1 and the ratio of 1,2-dieicosapentaenoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol to 1,3-dieicosapentaenoyl-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol was 9:1. Under N-starvation the ratios were reversed irrespective of the presence or absence of silicate in the medium. A similar pattern was found in P- and S-starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 0 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Fuchs B, Süss R, Teuber K, Eibisch M, Schiller J. Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography--a review of the current state. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:2754-74. [PMID: 21167493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a widely used, fast and relatively inexpensive method of separating complex mixtures. It is particularly useful for smaller, apolar compounds and offers some advantages over HPLC. This review gives an overview about the special features as well as the problems that have to be considered upon the HPTLC analysis of lipids. The term "lipids" is used here in a broad sense and comprises fatty acids and their derivatives as well as substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. After a short introduction regarding the stationary phases and the methods how lipids can be visualized on an HPTLC plate, the individual lipid classes will be discussed and the most suitable solvent systems for their separation indicated. The focus will be on lipids that are most abundant in biological systems, i.e. cholesterol and its derivates, glycerides, sphingo- and glycolipids as well as phospholipids. Finally, a nowadays very important topic, the combination between HPTLC and mass spectrometric (MS) detection methods will be discussed. It will be shown that this is a very powerful method to investigate the identities of the HPTLC spots in more detail than by the use of common staining methods. Future aspects of HPTLC in the lipid field will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Malpuech-Brugère C, Mensink RP, Loreau O, Maret A, Fernie CE, Lassel TS, Chardigny JM, Scrimgeour CM, Sébédio JL, Beaufrère B. Comparison of postprandial oleic acid, 9c,11t CLA and 10t,12c CLA oxidation in healthy moderately overweight subjects. Lipids 2010; 45:1047-51. [PMID: 20936369 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies report the individual effect of 9c,11t- and 10t,12c-CLA on human energy metabolism. We compared the postprandial oxidative metabolism of 9c,11t- and 10t,12c-CLA and oleic acid (9c-18:1) in 22 healthy moderately overweight volunteers. After 24 weeks supplementation with 9c,11t-, 10t,12c-CLA or 9c-18:1 (3 g/day), subjects consumed a single oral bolus of the appropriate [1-(13)C]-labeled fatty acid. 8 h post-dose, cumulative oxidation was similar for 9c-18:1 and 10t,12c (P = 0.66), but significantly higher for 9c,11t (P < 0.01).
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13C-NMR Regioisomeric Analysis of EPA and DHA in Fish Oil Derived Triacylglycerol Concentrates. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Janssen HG, Hrncirík K, Szórádi A, Leijten M. An improved method for sn-2 position analysis of triacylglycerols in edible oils and fats based on immobilised lipase D (Rhizopus delemar). J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:141-7. [PMID: 16368101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of lipase D (Rhizopus delemar) immobilised on microporous polypropylene as a replacement for the standard pancreatic lipases used in the stereospecific sn-2 position analysis of triacylglycerols from edible oils and fats is studied. Excellent hydrolysis characteristics are obtained in hexane/methanol solvents at reaction temperatures up to 60 degrees C with hydrolysis times of only 10-20 min. The favourable conditions for the hydrolysis reaction allow fats with higher melting points to be analysed and facilitate coupling of the hydrolysis reaction to the later steps in the analytical protocol. The performance of the new method is compared to that of the standard method using pancreatic lipase. The novel procedure is faster, manual sample handling is reduced, while the results obtained with both methods are comparable. The influence of alkyl-chain length on hydrolysis rates seems to be negligible for the most common vegetable fatty acids. Acyl migration was found to be absent. The short-term repeatability of the method ranges from 10% for fatty acids present at levels close to the detection limits to less than 1% for the major fatty acids. The detection limit is approximately 0.05%. Although the application of the immobilised enzyme in fully automated sn-2 position analysis seems to be promising, the attempts to do this using a packed bed reactor were not successful due to a rapid loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Unilever Research and Development, P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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Chardigny JM, Masson E, Sergiel JP, Darbois M, Loreau O, Noël JP, Sébédio JL. The Position of Rumenic Acid on Triacylglycerols Alters Its Bioavailability in Rats. J Nutr 2003; 133:4212-4. [PMID: 14652374 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.12.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic fate of rumenic acid (9cis,11trans-octadecenoic acid) related to its position on the glycerol moiety has not yet been studied. In the present work, synthetic triacylglycerols (TAG) esterified with oleic and rumenic acids were prepared. Rats were force-fed synthetic dioleyl monorumenyl glycerol with (14)C labeled rumenic acid in the internal (sn-2) or in the external position (sn-1 or sn-3). Rats were then placed in metabolic cages for 16 h. At the end of the experiment, the radioactivity in tissues, carcass and expired CO(2) was measured. Rumenic acid that was esterified at the external positions on the TAG was better absorbed and oxidized to a greater extent than when esterified at the internal position. The fatty acid from the 2-TAG form was also better incorporated into the rat carcass. In the liver, rumenic acid appeared mainly in TAG (50%) and to a lesser extent in phospholipids (33%) whatever its dietary form. Moreover, analyses of lipids from Camembert cheese and butter revealed that rumenic acid was located mainly on the sn-1 or sn-3 positions (74%). Taken together, these data suggest that rumenic acid from dairy fat may be well absorbed and used extensively for energy production.
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Wilson R, Fernie CE, Scrimgeour CM, Lyall K, Smyth L, Riemersma RA. Dietary epoxy fatty acids are absorbed in healthy women. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32:79-83. [PMID: 11895453 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epoxy fats in the diet may adversely affect human health. There are no data on the absorption of these fats in humans. METHODS Triglycerides were synthesized containing two U-13C-labelled monoepoxy or diepoxy stearic acid molecules. Apparently healthy women consumed a standardized fatty meal (30 g fat) containing either 20 mg monoepoxy or 25 mg diepoxy fat (n = 6 and n = 7, respectively). Plasma lipid [U-13C]monoepoxy and diepoxy stearate concentrations were determined (0-24 h) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma triglycerides increased from 1.05 +/- 0.12 to 1.83 +/- 0.13 mmol L-1 (n = 6) and from 1.10 +/- 0.19 to 1.41 +/- 0.27 mmol L-1 (n = 7) (both P < 0.001). Plasma [U-13C]monoepoxy and diepoxy stearate levels increased to 0.18 +/- 0.07 micromol L-1 (n = 6) and to 0.08 +/- 0.03 micromol L-1 (n = 7), respectively. Monoepoxy triglyceride was better absorbed than diepoxy triglyceride: 17 +/- 4 vs. 8 +/- 1% of dose (determined from area under curve (plasma 13C) normalized to that of absorbed triglycerides (plasma 12C); P < 0.02 after log transformation). The absorption of monoepoxy- and diepoxy-labelled triglycerides was related to that of normal triglycerides (r = 0.80, P < 0.05 and r = 0.91, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Monoepoxy fats are better absorbed than diepoxy fats in women (17 +/- 4 vs. 8 +/- 1% of dose, P = 0.02). This difference in absorption is important when considering the relative toxicity of epoxidized material in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wilson
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Wilson R, Lyall K, Smyth L, Fernie CE, Riemersma RA. Dietary hydroxy fatty acids are absorbed in humans: implications for the measurement of 'oxidative stress' in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:162-8. [PMID: 11796205 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation products formed in vivo or originating from the diet may lead to atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the absorption of these products in man. We studied the absorption of fat (30 g) containing 14-15 mg [U-13C]-labeled hydroxy or dihydroxy triglycerides in two groups of six apparently healthy women aged 40 +/- 2 years. Post-prandial 13C-labeled hydroxy fatty acid concentration increased in a pattern somewhat different from that of plasma triglycerides, with peak levels being reached between 4 and 6 h. However, the amount of 13C-labeled oxidized fat absorbed (area under the curve of plasma concentrations from 0 to 8 h) was related to that of plasma triglycerides: 13C hydroxy vs TG (r = 0.88, p <.02), and 13C dihydroxy vs TG (r = 0.85, p <.05). 13C monohydroxy triglycerides appeared to be absorbed to a greater extent than those of 13C dihydroxy triglycerides. Although low levels of 13C hydroxy lipids could be detected in fasting plasma after 24 h, concentrations were very low. Dietary lipid oxidation products are absorbed. The measurement of hydroxy fatty acids in plasma total lipids may not be a valid marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo when subjects are not fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Bretillon L, Chardigny J, Sébédio J, Noël J, Scrimgeour C, Fernie C, Loreau O, Gachon P, Beaufrère B. Isomerization increases the postprandial oxidation of linoleic acid but not α-linolenic acid in men. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Scrimgeour CM, Macvean A, Fernie CE, Sébédio JL, Riemersma RA. Dietarytrans α-linolenic acid does not inhibit Δ5- and Δ6-desaturation of linoleic acid in man. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200106)103:6<341::aid-ejlt341>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jie MS, Mustafa J. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy--applications to fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Lipids 1997; 32:1019-34. [PMID: 9358427 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has played an ever-increasing role in the structural determination of fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives and analogues, and in the analysis of the structures of triacylglycerols including the quantitative analysis of lipid mixtures. This article discusses some of the results obtained through the application of the NMR technique to lipid molecules and reviews the literature. To maintain brevity, this article does not cover the underlying theory of NMR spectroscopy as numerous books devoted to modern NMR spectroscopy have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong.
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