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King MM, Kayastha BB, Franklin MJ, Patrauchan MA. Calcium Regulation of Bacterial Virulence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:827-855. [PMID: 31646536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal signaling ion, whose major informational role shaped the evolution of signaling pathways, enabling cellular communications and responsiveness to both the intracellular and extracellular environments. Elaborate Ca2+ regulatory networks have been well characterized in eukaryotic cells, where Ca2+ regulates a number of essential cellular processes, ranging from cell division, transport and motility, to apoptosis and pathogenesis. However, in bacteria, the knowledge on Ca2+ signaling is still fragmentary. This is complicated by the large variability of environments that bacteria inhabit with diverse levels of Ca2+. Yet another complication arises when bacterial pathogens invade a host and become exposed to different levels of Ca2+ that (1) are tightly regulated by the host, (2) control host defenses including immune responses to bacterial infections, and (3) become impaired during diseases. The invading pathogens evolved to recognize and respond to the host Ca2+, triggering the molecular mechanisms of adhesion, biofilm formation, host cellular damage, and host-defense resistance, processes enabling the development of persistent infections. In this review, we discuss: (1) Ca2+ as a determinant of a host environment for invading bacterial pathogens, (2) the role of Ca2+ in regulating main events of host colonization and bacterial virulence, and (3) the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling in bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M King
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Biraj B Kayastha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Michael J Franklin
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Marianna A Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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Abstract
A simple, precise, and sensitive method is described for the determination of ionised calcium in plasma at normal body temperature and pH, using an ultrafiltrate of the plasma. This technique is based on a two-wave-length (480 nm, 550 nm) spectrophotometric method, using pH independent dye ammonium tetramethylmurexide (ATM). By this method, the normal (mean + 2 S.D.) plasma ionised calcium in 19 normal subjects is 1.04 + 0.14 mmol/l which is similar to some of those reported for ion-selective electrode measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Varghese
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Lawn Road, London NW3 2XJ
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Abstract
The development and assessment of methods for measurement of total, ultrafilterable and ionised serum calcium is given. An existing fluorimetric technique for total calcium has been automated and modified for routine use. A device for rapidly preparing serum ultrafiltrates has been developed and an electrometric method for ionised calcium measurement assessed. Values in normal subjects are given for all three fractions and compared with the findings of other workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Bold
- Department of Chemical Pathology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, S.E.1
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Deng B, Zhu P, Wang Y, Feng J, Li X, Xu X, Lu H, Xu Q. Determination of Free Calcium and Calcium-Containing Species in Human Plasma by Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5721-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Pingchuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yingzi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jinrong Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiangshu Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hua Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiumei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China, and Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Dwyer SD, Meyers KM. Anesthetics and anticoagulants used in the preparation of rat platelet-rich-plasma alter rat platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1986; 42:139-51. [PMID: 3087006 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(86)90290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of platelets in heparin- and citrate-anticoagulated platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) from rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane (M), diethyl ether (E), acepromazine/ketamine (A/K), or sodium pentobarbital (P) is described, as are platelet counts. Platelet counts were highest in heparin- or citrate-PRP from E and A/K anesthetized rats. Collagen and arachidonic acid (AA) induced aggregation in heparin-PRP only, and ADP induced greater aggregation in heparin-PRP than in citrate-PRP. Differences between citrate-PRP and heparin-PRP are probably due to citrate inhibition of platelet aggregation, since addition of citrate to heparin-PRP decreased aggregation, while addition of heparin to citrate-PRP did not alter aggregation. Aggregation of hirudin-PRP was slightly less than heparin-PRP. Anesthetics affected rat platelet aggregation: the rank order of the maximal extent of ADP-induced aggregation in citrate-PRP was M greater than E = A/K greater than P, and that for AA and collagen in heparin-PRP was E = A/K greater than M = P. The correlation between the effect of the anesthetics and activation of the sympathoadrenal system is discussed. It appeared that of the commonly used anticoagulants and anesthetics, heparin and methoxyflurane had the least influence on rat platelet aggregation.
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Robertson WG, Marshall RW. Calcium measurements in serum and plasma--total and ionized. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1979; 11:271-304. [PMID: 116800 DOI: 10.3109/10408367909105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article will review the methods currently employed for measuring the concentrations of total and ionized calcium in serum or plasma. As far as total calcium is concerned, various techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, complexometric titration, and flame photometry will be described and compared. Particular emphasis will be given to the accuracy and precision of each technique. Possible sources of error and interfering agents will be identified and the various procedures for the taking and handling of blood samples evaluated. Inter-laboratory variation in the measurement of calcium will be studied. An assessment will be made of a new reference method for measuring total calcium in serum using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. The usefulness of the total calcium measurement in clinical medicine will be briefly discussed. Within the last decade the refinement of spectrophotometric techniques and the improvements in ion-selective electrode technology have revolutionized the measurement of ionized calcium in serum, such that it may now be possible to replace total calcium measurements with ionized calcium measurements on a routine basis. The various techniques currently in use for measuring ionized calcium will be described and evaluated. Particular attention will be paid to the preparation of standards, the procedures for taking blood samples, and the handling of the samples prior to and during measurement. An assessment of the relative value of measuring total and ionized calcium will be presented.
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Maier H, Röckel A, Schmid G, Heidland A. A simplified method for measurement of Ca++-activity in serum, using serum-monovettes and a Ca++-selective disk-electrode. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1978; 173:297-9. [PMID: 725330 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simplified method for the anaerobic measurement of ionized calcium in serum of venous blood by use of ion-selective electrodes--the monovette-technique--is described. For estimation of Ca++ a new electrode type--the disk-electrode (11, 12, 13, 14)--charged with a synthetic, electrically neutral Ca++-carrier of the octandioic acid-type (1), is tested.
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Conceicao SC, Ward MK, Alvarez-Ude F, Aljama P, Smith P, Kerr DN. Determination of serum ionised calcium by ion-exchange electrode in normal subjects. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 86:143-51. [PMID: 657537 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum ionised calcium concentration [Ca2+] was measured with a calcium selective electrode in 65 normal people. A mean value of 1.06 mmol/l (+/- 0.04 S.D.) with an actual range of 0.97 to 1.13 mmol/l was obtained. Serum samples refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 24 h were satisfactory for analysis. Storage of whole blood samples for 6 h at room temperature before separation caused a very small error (+0.04 mmol/l). Mean results and ranges were similar in males and females and there was no significant correlation with age. No significant change in serum [Ca2+] was found following a normal meal. Serum [Ca2+] and total serum calcium showed a very slight correlation (r = 0.35). The method is reproducible and sensitive.
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Maier H, Röckel A, Heidland A, Schneider D, Steffen C, Aziz O, Dennhardt R, Lindt HO, Schindler JG. [Investigations on the performance of calcium selective disc-electrodes with electrically charged and neutral ligands in anaerobic serum measurements (author's transl)]. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1978; 172:75-81. [PMID: 644135 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobically prepared serum samples from healthy subjects were simultaneously analysed for Ca++ in a flow-through-system of three ion selective disc-electrodes (electrochemical multimeasurementsystem). Two of the sensors contained electrically charged ligands, the third contained a neutral carrier. With neutral carriers an improvement of performance was noted in that there was a large increase in selectivity toward H+- and NH+4-ions and a distinct enhancement of reproducibility.
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Moody GJ, Thomas JD. The bio-medical and related roles of ion-selective membrane electrodes. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1977; 14:51-104. [PMID: 345358 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fuchs C, Paschen K, Spieckermann PG, von Westberg C. [Determination of ionized calcium in serum with an ion-selective flow-thru-electrode. Method and normal values]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:824-32. [PMID: 5076407 DOI: 10.1007/bf01496340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Goebell H, Steffen C, Bode C. Stimulatory effect of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin on calcium secretion in pancreatic juice of dogs. Gut 1972; 13:477-82. [PMID: 5040835 PMCID: PMC1412204 DOI: 10.1136/gut.13.6.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In four dogs with a permanent duodenal Thomas fistula the secretion of calcium, sodium, potassium, protein, and two pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic juice was studied. Infusion of secretin led to a decrease in concentration of calcium and of protein with increasing rates of fluid production. Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin was given in single injections superimposed on the secretin-stimulated flow of juice. This hormone stimulated the secretion of both calcium and enzyme protein in a parallel and closely correlated fashion. The secretion of this protein-bound calcium fraction I is assumed to occur in the acinar cell. A calcium fraction II, which was independent of protein secretion and pancreozymin stimulation, was demonstrated in concentrations of about 0.4 to 0.6 m-equiv/l. This fraction is thought to originate in the interstitial fluid. The secretion of two calcium-containing fluids is in accordance with the two-component theory of secretion proposed by Hollander and Birnbaum (1952).
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Cham BE. A semiautomated method for the estimation of ionic calcium activity and concentration in biological solutions. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 37:5-14. [PMID: 5022124 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Putman JM. A routine method for determining plasma ionised calcium and its application to the study of congenital heart disease in children. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 37:33-41. [PMID: 5022099 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Perkins HA, Snyder M, Thacher C, Rolfs MR. Calcium ion activity during rapid exchange transfusion with citrated blood. Transfusion 1971; 11:204-12. [PMID: 5569033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1971.tb04402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Hansen SO, Theodorsen L. The usefulness of an improved calcium electrode in the measurement of ionized calcium in serum. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 31:119-22. [PMID: 5101379 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(71)90368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Schwartz HD, McConville BC, Christopherson EF. Serum ionized calcium by specific ion electrode. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 31:97-107. [PMID: 5544066 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(71)90366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Simon W, Wuhrmann HR, Va?�k M, Pioda LAR, Dohner R, ?tefanac Z. Ion-Selective Sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.197004451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Simon W, Wuhrmann HR, Vašák M, Pioda LAR, Dohner R, Štefanac Z. Ionenselektive Sensoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1970. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19700821105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Pedersen KO. Determination of calcium fractions of serum. 3. Ionized calcium in ultrafiltrates of normal serum and examination of pertinent variables. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1970; 25:223-30. [PMID: 5450676 DOI: 10.3109/00365517009046199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Raman A. Determination of ionized calcium in serum with a calcium electrode. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1970; 3:369-75. [PMID: 5523413 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(70)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Pedersen KO. Determination of calcium fractions of serum. II. Investigation of calcium ion activity and stability of important calcium complexes by an improved semimicro method. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1970; 25:199-208. [PMID: 5457112 DOI: 10.3109/00365517009049204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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