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Ahmed MA, Kartha RV, Brundage RC, Cloyd J, Basu C, Carlin BP, Jones RO, Moser AB, Fatemi A, Raymond GV. A model-based approach to assess the exposure-response relationship of Lorenzo's oil in adrenoleukodystrophy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:1058-66. [PMID: 26836218 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder, most commonly affecting boys, associated with increased very long chain fatty acids (C26:0) in all tissues, causing cerebral demyelination and adrenocortical insufficiency. Certain monounsaturated long chain fatty acids including oleic and erucic acids, known as Lorenzo's oil (LO), lower plasma C26:0 levels. The aims of this study were to characterize the effect of LO administration on plasma C26:0 concentrations and to determine whether there is an association between plasma concentrations of erucic acid or C26:0 and the likelihood of developing brain MRI abnormalities in asymptomatic boys. METHODS Non-linear mixed effects modelling was performed on 2384 samples collected during an open label single arm trial. The subjects (n = 104) were administered LO daily at ~2-3 mg kg(-1) with a mean follow-up of 4.88 ± 2.76 years. The effect of erucic acid exposure on plasma C26:0 concentrations was characterized by an inhibitory fractional Emax model. A Weibull model was used to characterize the time-to-developing MRI abnormality. RESULTS The population estimate for the fractional maximum reduction of C26:0 plasma concentrations was 0.76 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.73, 0.793). Our time-to-event analyses showed that every mg l(-1) increase in time-weighted average of erucic acid and C26:0 plasma concentrations was, respectively, associated with a 3.7% reduction and a 753% increase in the hazard of developing MRI abnormality. However, the results were not significant (P = 0.5344, 0.1509, respectively). CONCLUSIONS LO administration significantly reduces the abnormally high plasma C26:0 concentrations in X-ALD patients. Further studies to evaluate the effect of LO on the likelihood of developing brain MRI abnormality are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam A Ahmed
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Richard C Brundage
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cynthia Basu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bradley P Carlin
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Richard O Jones
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ann B Moser
- Peroxisomal Diseases Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Genetics Laboratories, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerald V Raymond
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Inoue H, Sakata Y, Nishio H, Tokumo K, Kojima E, Date Y, Tamura Y, Tsuruta Y. A Simple and Highly Sensitive HPLC Method with Fluorescent Detection for Determination of Pipecolic Acid in Mouse Brain Areas. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:287-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Inoue
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Hiroaki Nishio
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Kohji Tokumo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Eijiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Yuuko Date
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Yasuto Tsuruta
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
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3
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Filipits M, Simon MM, Rapatz W, Hamilton B, Ruis H. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae upstream activating sequence mediates induction of peroxisome proliferation by fatty acids. Gene X 1993; 132:49-55. [PMID: 8406042 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by fatty acids via as yet unknown mechanisms. We have initiated a study of these mechanisms by identifying control sequences sufficient for fatty acid control of the CTA1 gene (encoding the peroxisomal catalase A). Promoter regions previously shown to be necessary for control were tested for their potential to mediate induction by oleic acid to a CYC1::lacZ fusion gene. A region previously demonstrated to control CTA1 via the ADR1 transcription activator (bp -156 to -184) does not mediate induction by oleic acid. In contrast, an adjacent sequence (-184 to -198) is sufficient for oleic acid induction, and a neighbouring element (-197 to -215) has marginal inducing activity. These two elements are characterized by a consensus sequence, 5'-CGGNNNTNA ('peroxisome box'), which is found in a number of S. cerevisiae peroxisomal protein-encoding genes. Mutation of either the CGG or the TNA block in the box has a dramatic down-regulating effect on the gene expression in oleic acid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filipits
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Universität Wien, Austria
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4
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Rao VV, Chang YF. Assay for L-pipecolate oxidase activity in human liver: detection of enzyme deficiency in hyperpipecolic acidaemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1139:189-95. [PMID: 1627656 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A direct assay method is described for L-pipecolate oxidase. The assay uses NaHSO3 to trap the L-alpha-amino [3H]adipate delta-semialdehyde (AAS) formed as a direct reaction product of L-pipecolate oxidase from L-[3H]pipecolic acid. The adduct so formed was separated from the substrate on Dowex 50 (H+) column. The product was identified as [3H]AAS by amino acid analysis after breaking down the adduct by boiling under acidic conditions. The assay is simpler and more specific than fluorometric methods; it is also more sensitive, requiring at most 16 micrograms of liver peroxisome-enriched protein per assay. We have used this assay procedure to detect L-pipecolate oxidase in skin fibroblasts obtained from a control subject and from patients of hyperpipecolic acidaemia and Zellweger syndrome and found that this enzyme activity is present in the control, but absent or decreased in the patients with the peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Dental School, Baltimore 21201
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5
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Gulati S, Singh AK, Irazu C, Orak J, Rajagopalan PR, Fitts CT, Singh I. Ischemia-reperfusion injury: biochemical alterations in peroxisomes of rat kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 295:90-100. [PMID: 1575521 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90492-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exogenously supplied catalase, a peroxisomal enzyme, has been found to be of therapeutic value in ischemic injury. Therefore, we examined the effect of ischemic-reperfusion injury on the structure and function of kidney peroxisomes. Ischemic injury changed the density of peroxisomes from 1.21 g/cm3 (peak I) to a lighter density of 1.14 g/cm3 (peak II). The number of peroxisomes moving from the normal density population (peak I) to a lower density population (peak II) increased with an increase in ischemic injury. Latency experiments indicated both populations of peroxisomes to be of intact peroxisomes. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies against peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins demonstrated that after 90 min of ischemia a significant number of matrix proteins were lost in the peak II population, suggesting that functions of these peroxisomes may be severally affected. Reperfusion following ischemic injury resulted in loss of peroxisomal matrix proteins in both peaks I and II, suggesting that peroxisomal functions may be drastically compromised. This change in peroxisomal functions is reflected by a significant decrease in peroxisomal catalase activity (35%) and beta-oxidation of lignoceric acid (43%) observed following 90 min of ischemia. The decrease in catalase activity was more pronounced in reperfused kidneys even after a shorter term of ischemic injury. Reperfusion restored the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation in kidneys exposed up to 60 min of ischemia. However, 90 min of ischemia was irreversible as there was a further decrease in beta-oxidation upon reperfusion. The decrease in catalase activity during ischemia alone was due to the formation of an inactive complex, whereas during reperfusion, following 90 min of ischemia, inactivation and proteolysis or decreased synthesis of catalase contributed equally toward the injury. The observed changes in the structure and function of peroxisomes as a result of ischemic-reperfusion injury and the ubiquitous distribution of peroxisomes underlines the importance of this organelle in the pathophysiology of vascular injury in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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6
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Biondi PA, Guidotti L, Negri A, Secchi C. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of D-amino acid oxidase activity. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 566:377-82. [PMID: 1682335 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80254-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure for the assay of D-amino acid oxidase activity has been developed. alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid, derived from D-valine, was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography after reaction with o-phenylenediamine to give the corresponding quinoxalinol derivative. alpha-Ketovaleric acid was used as an internal standard to ensure the reproducibility of the method. As an example of application, kidney cortex homogenates were analyzed for their D-amino acid oxidase activity. The advantages of the presented procedure for the determination of the enzymatic activity in biological samples compared with previously reported procedures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Biondi
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Milan, Italy
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7
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Stellaard F, ten Brink HJ, Kok RM, van den Heuvel L, Jakobs C. Stable isotope dilution analysis of very long chain fatty acids in plasma, urine and amniotic fluid by electron capture negative ion mass fragmentography. Clin Chim Acta 1990; 192:133-44. [PMID: 1705871 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(90)90077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective stable isotope dilution electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass fragmentography method applying pentafluorobenzyl derivatives was developed for the accurate quantitation of very long chain fatty acids. This technique allowed detection of 1-5 pg of each compound and was applied to plasma (100 microliters), amniotic fluid (1 ml) and urine (1 ml). Normal concentrations were established and the concentrations in samples of selected patients with classified peroxisomal disorders were determined. In plasma samples of all patients the C26:0/C22:0 ratios were elevated (range 0.03-0.43), compared to the control ratios (range 0.003-0.021). The ratio C26:0/C22:0 was elevated in four of five amniotic fluid samples from fetuses with peroxisomal disorders (range 0.18-0.54) when compared with controls (range 0.05-0.25). An elevation of the ratio C26:1/C22:0 was observed in all five amniotic fluid samples (range 0.22-0.60 vs. 0-0.08 in controls). Urinary C26:0 concentrations were lower than in plasma and amniotic fluid and diagnostic ratios were not elevated in patients with peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stellaard
- Department of Pediatrics, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Govaerts LC, van den Berg GA, Theeuwes A, Muskiet FA, Monnens LA. Urinary polyamine and metabolite excretion by children with Zellweger's syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 1990; 192:61-7. [PMID: 2261698 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(90)90272-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether, due to a lack of peroxisomes, polyamine degradation is altered in patients with the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger, we determined total, free and acetylated polyamines and some of their catabolites in urines of six patients and age-matched healthy children. The normal polyamine excretion patterns of the patients, compared to the control group, suggest that either the intracellular localisation of the polyamine degrading enzyme, polyamine oxidase, is not exclusively limited to peroxisomes or that the enzyme is located in the peroxisomal matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Govaerts
- Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Nijmegen, St. Radboud Hospital, The Netherlands
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9
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Hughes JL, Poulos A, Robertson E, Chow CW, Sheffield LJ, Christodoulou J, Carter RF. Pathology of hepatic peroxisomes and mitochondria in patients with peroxisomal disorders. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1990; 416:255-64. [PMID: 1689088 DOI: 10.1007/bf01678985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of hepatic peroxisomes in five patients with metabolic disorders believed to be due to inherited defects of peroxisomal function or biogenesis is described. Electron microscopy and cytochemical staining for catalase were used to identify peroxisomes in two boys with infantile Refsum's disease (IRD), a girl with autopsy confirmed neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and two boys with pseudo-Zellweger syndrome (PZS). In the patients with IRD and NALD hepatic peroxisomes were significantly reduced in size and number and contained electron dense centres. In the liver of the patients with PZS the peroxisomes were enlarged. Morphologically abnormal peroxisomes were also detected in autopsy tissue from one boy with PZS using electron microscopy. Lamellar-lipid inclusions and mitochondria with crystalline inclusions and/or abnormal cristae are also described in two patients, one with IRD, the other with NALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hughes
- Department of Histopathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, South Australia
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10
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Van Bocxlaer JF, Verhaeghe BJ, Wauters AE, De Marez WD, Thienpont LM, De Leenheer AP. Determination of pipecolic acid in serum or plasma by solid-phase extraction and isotope dilution mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1989; 18:566-71. [PMID: 2679920 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The determination of pipecolic acid in serum or plasma by positive chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is assessed. This quantitative method involves stable isotope dilution and cation-exchange solid-phase extraction. Several derivatives of pipecolic acid and its octadeuterated analogue were investigated for their mass spectrometric characteristics. The heptafluorobutyric methyl ester derivatives afford optimal resolution on gas chromatography of biological extracts. Moreover, the derivatizing reagent (methanolic HCl) allows a combined elution and derivatization. Selected ion monitoring is performed on the [M + H]+ ions of both analyte and internal standard, at m/z 340 and 348, respectively. Serum or plasma samples from healthy subjects and patients suspected of peroxisomal diseases have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie en Klinische Analyse, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium
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11
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12
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Abstracts. Clin Chem Lab Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1989.27.5.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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SHORT COMMUNICATION. Clin Chem Lab Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1989.27.5.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Hoving EB, Prins J, Rutgers HM, Muskiet FA. Behaviour of plasmalogens during high-performance liquid chromatography on a silica column with a mobile phase containing phosphoric acid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 434:411-6. [PMID: 3246530 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(88)80007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Silica high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of phospho- and sphingolipids of biological origin using a mobile phase containing phosphoric acid leads to gradual hydrolysis of plasmalogens during their passage through the column. The resulting 2-acyl lyso analogues give rise to peaks that tail in the direction of the parent intact plasmalogen. Tailing can be prevented by previous complete acid hydrolysis of plasmalogens. Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic profiling of phospholipids, their plasmalogens (as 2-acyl lyso analogues) and sphingolipids is probably the method of choice for the diagnosis of patients with deficient plasmalogen biosynthesis caused by peroxisomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Hoving
- Central Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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