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Dwivedy I, Ray S, Grover A. Present status of luteolytic agents in fertility regulation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1993; 40:239-67. [PMID: 8356213 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7147-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Dwivedy
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Iyer KS, Upadhye S, Kadam LR, Mahale SD, Dhanasekharan S, Natraj U, Nandedkar TD. Search for peptide immunogens of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) capable of eliciting hormone specific and neutralizing antisera. Identification of an undecapeptide eliciting hCG-specific antisera. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1992; 39:137-44. [PMID: 1517013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The work reported herein describes our attempts to identify peptide immunogens of the beta-subunit of the pregnancy-specific placental hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), capable of eliciting hormone specific and neutralizing antisera. Hydrophilicity profiles of the beta-subunits of hCG and the homologous pituitary hormone, human luteinizing hormone (hLH) were compared and two sequences which are hydrophilic but unique to hCG-beta were identified. They are 6-12 and 109-119 of hCG-beta. Results of the studies with the undecapeptide 109-119 of hCG-beta are reported in this paper. The undecapeptide amide was synthesized using the p-(acyloxy) benzhydrylamine resin and antisera to the peptide were elicited in rabbits using the peptide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate. The peptide is highly immunogenic as both the rabbits responded with high titers of antibodies to the peptide. The antipeptide antibodies bound to hCG but not to hLH showing thereby that the region 109-119 of hCG-beta is a unique determinant of hCG. However, the antibodies were found not to neutralize the biological activity of hCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Iyer
- Institute for Research in Reproduction (ICMR), Parel, Bombay, India
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Pal R, Singh O, Rao LV, Talwar GP. Bioneutralization capacity of the antibodies generated in women by the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta hCG) and beta hCG associated with the alpha subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone linked to carriers. Am J Reprod Immunol 1990; 22:124-6. [PMID: 1695850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data is presented on the bioneutralization capacity per unit immunoactivity of 30 serum samples of women immunized with the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) or beta hCG associated noncovalently with the alpha-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (alpha-oLH), to form a heterospecies dimer (HSD), which were linked to carriers. The bioassays utilized were inhibition of radioiodinated hCG binding to rat testicular receptors in vitro and the inhibition of hCG induced testosterone production in mice. In both assays, antisera of women immunized with the HSD had a bioactivity to immunoactivity ratio that was about 25% higher, on an average, than antisera of women immunized with beta-hCG, suggesting a better bioneutralization capacity of sera raised by the HSD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pal
- Immuno-Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Immunology, Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Vaccines are under development for the control of fertility in males and females. This review discusses developments in anti-fertility vaccines at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India. A single injection procedure for the sterilization or castration of male animals depending on the site at which the injection is given, has passed through field testing and is expected to be on the market in the near future. Vaccines inducing antibodies against the human chorionic gonadotropin have gone through phase I trials with satisfactory results. A vaccine producing a consistently bioeffective antibody response against gonadotropin-releasing hormone is ready for phase I/II clinical trials in patients of carcinoma of prostate after due experimentation in animals and toxicology studies. Research to identify sperm antigens for incorporation into second generation vaccines is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Talwar
- National Institute of Immunology, Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi, India
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Schutze MP, LeClerc C, Jolivet M, Deriaud E, Audibert F, Chang CC, Chedid L. A potential anti-pregnancy vaccine built by conjugation of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin to adjuvant-active muramyl peptide. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1987; 14:84-90. [PMID: 2445212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1987.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) conjugated to tetanus toxoid is being investigated as a vaccine for human fertility control. Initial clinical trials indicated that the level of antibody response induced by such an immunogen was not always sufficient to prevent pregnancy. Therefore, efforts are being made to evaluate new carriers for the beta-subunit and to select adjuvants to yield a more efficient vaccine. In the present report, we demonstrate that conjugates of the beta-subunit of hCG with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), or its nonpyrogenic derivative murabutide, may have potential as an effective antipregnancy vaccine. The copolymer of beta hCG and MDP administered with Al(OH)3 to mice induced a high anti-beta hCG response, better than that induced by the conjugate of beta hCG to tetanus toxoid given with Al(OH)3. Moreover, the antibodies induced by such an immunogen were competent for neutralizing the biological activity of hCG in vivo. Even more interesting, a copolymer of beta hCG and of murabutide induced high levels of biologically active antibodies. This immunogen may represent a promising candidate for the development of an efficient vaccine for human fertility control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Schutze
- Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Covey DC, Moore DE, Chang CC, Laurence KA. A candidate carrier protein for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin: 54,000-molecular-weight fragment of tetanus toxin. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1985; 8:43-7. [PMID: 2411156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1985.tb00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative to intact tetanus toxoid as a carrier for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), a fragment of tetanus toxin was sought that had a relatively low molecular weight, yet was highly immunogenic. Purified culture filtrate tetanus toxin was subjected to limited enzymatic digestion with papain, and the resulting fragments separated by column chromatography on Sephadex G-150. Four fractions were thus identified. Fraction II was found to have a molecular weight of 54,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This fragment was covalently linked to the beta-subunit of hCG (beta-hCG-TTII) using carbodiimide hydrochloride. The ability of beta-hCG-TTII to stimulate production of anti-hCG sera in rabbits was measured by 125I-hCG radioimmunoassay. At sera dilutions of 1:40,000, an average 125I-hCG binding capacity of 34.7 +/- 5.86% (mean +/- SD) was observed 8 weeks after the final immunization. Tetanus toxin Fragment II has the potential for future application in active immunization studies involving hormone-carrier conjugates.
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Moudgal NR. Corpus luteum of the nonhuman primate. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1984; 28:343-66. [PMID: 6395675 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039228-5.50016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yamamoto Y, Thau RB. Characterizations of anti-oLH beta antibodies acting as contraceptives in rhesus monkeys. II. In vivo neutralizing ability for gonadotropic hormones. J Reprod Immunol 1983; 5:195-202. [PMID: 6620250 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(83)90235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
63 female rhesus monkeys were actively immunized against the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH beta). 75% of these monkeys developed antibodies which were sufficiently high to induce infertility. We report here the in vivo neutralizing potencies of anti-oLH beta antisera from 14 monkeys and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo properties of the antibodies. Anti-oLH beta sera neutralized the biological activity (stimulation of testosterone production in male mice) of both hCG and rhCG. The correlation between antibody titers and neutralizing potency of hCG action of the antisera was significant. rhCG-induced testosterone production was inhibited more effectively than that induced by hCG. There was no correlation between binding affinity to hCG in vitro and neutralizing activity. Neutralizing activities correlated well with binding capacities, suggesting that the number of binding sites of the antibody population may play an important role in the mechanism of neutralization. In rhesus monkeys that were effectively immunized against pregnancy circulating oLH beta antisera did induce shortened luteal phases and impaired luteal function. Successful application of oLH beta as an antigen for contraception in humans may depend on relative cross-reactions of hLH and hCG with anti-oLH beta sera and on a neutralizing capability very similar to the one found in rhesus monkeys.
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Covey DC, Laurence KA. Effect of carrier preimmunization on neutralizing antibody response of rabbits immunized with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin coupled to tetanus toxoid. Contraception 1982; 26:595-606. [PMID: 6820338 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(82)90134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antisera to the conjugate of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and tetanus toxoid (beta hCG-TT) generated in rabbits receiving TT carrier preimmunization were characterized and compared with antisera from rabbits receiving the conjugate without preimmunization. Double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis were used to identify individual antisera components to the conjugate and its substructures. 125IhCG radioimmunoassay indicated similar antibody titers (P = 0.447) regardless of whether the rabbits were preimmunized with TT. However, bioneutralization of native hCG as measured by inhibition of prepubertal rat uterine weight increase was significantly more effective (P = 0.025) with antisera from rabbits which received carrier presensitization. These results demonstrate that carrier preimmunization provides a method for increasing the efficacy of neutralizing antibody produced against haptenic beta hCG.
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Sahal D, Ramakrishnan S, Iyer KS, Das C, Talwar GP. Immunobiological properties of a carboxy-terminal 53-amino acid peptide of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Reprod Immunol 1982; 4:145-50. [PMID: 6181254 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(82)90032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lengthening of the carboxy terminus unique region of beta-hCG from 30 to 45 amino acids was found in previous studies to improve immunogenicity and hormone neutralization capacity. The present study was carried out to determine whether further elongation of the peptide to 53 amino acids enhances to hormone neutralization capacity without loss of specificity characteristics. The peptide 93--145 of beta-hCG with substitution of cysteines at 93, 100 and 110 by alpha-aminobutyric acid was synthesized by solid phase and conjugated to tetanus toxoid by an active ester method. Rabbit antibodies against this conjugate reacted with CTP-53 and CTP-45 with a parallel slope in anti-CTP-53-[125I]Tyr-CTP--53 radioimmunoassay system. Other CTPs, e.g. CTP-26, CTP-31 and CTP-35 competed with lower efficiency; 50% inhibition of binding was obtained with 10-100 pmol/tube with these peptides instead of 0.5 pmol/tube for the homologous CTP-53. Anti-CTP-53 reacted with both beta-hCG and hCG but around twenty times greater amount of hCG was required to give 50% inhibition of binding as compared to CTP-53. The antigen binding capacity of anti-CTP-53 was around 4000 ng/ml for CTP-53 and 25 ng/ml for hCG. The anti-CTP-53 sera retained non-cross-reactivity with hLH as determined by direct binding with [125I]hLH and by competitive inhibition of CTP-53 binding with anti-CTP-53. Anti-CTP-53 neutralized the bioactivity of hCG in the Leydig cell bioassay and in the mouse uterine weight gain assay. Anti-CTP-53 antibodies were about three times more effective than anti-CTP-45 in their capacity to neutralize the bioactivity of hCG, though still substantially poorer than anti-beta-hCG sera in this respect.
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Tandon A, Das C, Jailkhani BL, Talwar GP. Efficacy of antibodies generated by Pr-beta-hCG-TT to terminate pregnancy in baboons: its reversibility and rescue by medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 1981; 24:83-95. [PMID: 6456132 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(81)90071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies produced by the vaccine Pr-beta-hCG-TT in monkeys were effective in terminating pregnancy in baboons on passive administration. The animals returned to cyclicity soon after the onset of vaginal bleeding. Fertility was regained. Globulins from non-immunized control monkeys in amounts, volume and injection schedule similar to those employed for passive termination did not intercept pregnancy. The abortifacient action of anti-CG antibodies could be counteracted by administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate.
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Onodera T, Toniolo A, Ray UR, Jenson AB, Knazek RA, Notkins AL. Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. XX. Polyendocrinopathy and autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1981; 153:1457-73. [PMID: 6265585 PMCID: PMC2186192 DOI: 10.1084/jem.153.6.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice infected with reovirus type 1 developed transient diabetes and a runting syndrome. The diabetes was characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal glucose tolerance tests, and hypoinsulinemia. Inflammatory cells and viral antigens were found in the islets of Langerhans, and virus particles were seen in alpha, beta, and delta cells. The runting syndrome consisted of retarded growth, oily hair, alopecia, and steatorrhea. Inflammatory cells and viral antigens were found in the anterior, but not posterior pituitary. Electron microscopy revealed virus particles in growth hormone (GH)-producing cells and radioimmunoassay showed that the concentration of GH in the blood was decreased. Examination of sera from infected mice revealed autoantibodies that, by immunofluorescence, reacted with cytoplasmic antigens in the islets of Langerhans, anterior pituitary, and gastric mucosa of uninfected mice. Absorption studies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays designed to identify the reactive antigens showed that some of the autoantibodies were directed against insulin and others against GH. Reovirus type 3, in contrast to reovirus type 1, did not induce autoantibodies to GH. By use of recombinant viruses, the segment of the reovirus genome responsible for the induction of autoantibodies to GH was identified. Virus containing the S1 gene segment from reovirus type 1, which codes for the sigma 1 polypeptide (i.e., hemagglutinin), infected cells in the anterior pituitary and induced autoantibodies to GH, whereas virus containing the S1 gene segment from reovirus type 3 failed to infect cells in the anterior pituitary and did not induce autoantibodies to GH. We conclude that reovirus type 1 infection can lead to polyendocrinopathy and autoimmunity and that the S1 gene segment is required for the induction of autoantibodies to GH.
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Nash H, Talwar G, Segal S, Luukkainen T, Johansson ED, Vasquez J, Coutinho E, Sundaram K. Observations on the Antigenicity and Clinical Effects of a Candidate Antipregnancy Vaccine: β-subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Linked to Tetanus Toxoid**Supported by the International Research Development Centre of Canada, The Ford Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation, and The George J. Hecht Fund. ††This work was undertaken as part of the contraceptive development program sponsored and coordinated by the International Committee for Contraception Research of The Population Council, Inc., New York. Fertil Steril 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Binz H, Wigzell H. Recognition of antigens by T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1978; 22:93-112. [PMID: 85255 DOI: 10.1007/bf00496237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present review briefly summarizes our knowledge of antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T lymphocyte receptor which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined. However, it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor, and that the receptor is made up of heavy chains of a new immunoglobulin class which has to be further characterized and which we call Tau-chain. The variable region of the T lymphocyte receptors share idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B lymphocyte receptors. The possible linkage between the T cell idiotypes present on the Tau-chains and molecules which are under the control of genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the species are discussed. In the last part of the review two methods for the induction of specific transplantation tolerance in adult animals are described. These methods are based on the concept that T lymphocytes reactive against alloantigens bear idiotypic determinants against which a specific auto-immune response can be initiated.
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Shastri N, Dubey SK, Raghavan SV, Salahuddin M, Talwar GP. Differential affinity of anti-Pr-beta-hCG-TT antibodies for hCG and hLH. Contraception 1978; 18:23-34. [PMID: 679684 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(78)90099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ramakrishnan S, Das C, Talwar GP. Nature of immune complexes formed in rhesus monkeys immunized with Pr-beta-HCG-TT on challenge with hCG. Contraception 1978; 18:71-90. [PMID: 98290 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(78)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Harper MJ. Contraception--retrospect and prospect. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1977; 21:293-407. [PMID: 339271 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7098-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gnanaprakasam MS, Gupta PD, Talwar GP. Ontogenesis, distribution and relative sensitivity of hCG receptors to hCG and LH in goat ovaries. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1976; 6:81-90. [PMID: 187505 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(76)90008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The binding of [125I]hCG to immature and mature follicles and corpora lutea of goat ovaries has been studied. The hormone is bound maximally by corpora lutea although mature follicles also exhibit some binding. Immature follicles are practically devoid of receptors for this hormone. In the corpus luteum, the receptors for the hormone are present in thecal and luteal cells. Autoradiographic studies show the location of the bound radioactivity grains primarily along the plasma membranes of these cells, although some radioactivity grains were also seen in the cytoplasm of luteal but not thecal cells. On a mole to mole basis, hCG was found to displace [125I]hCG from binding to receptors on corpus luteum better than hLH and oLH.
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Talwar GP, Dubey SK, Salahuddin M, Das C. Antibody response to Pr-beta-HCG-TT vaccine in human subjects. Contraception 1976; 13:237-43. [PMID: 1245129 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(76)90037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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