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Xia Q, Wang T, Xian J, Song J, Qiao Y, Mu Z, Liu H, Sun Z. Relation of Chlamydia trachomatis infections to ectopic pregnancy: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18489. [PMID: 31895782 PMCID: PMC6946389 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a multitude of previous studies, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) plays an important role in the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy (EP). However, the predictive value of CT infections in the occurrence of EP has not been estimated worldwide. We thus evaluated, by means of a meta-analysis, the current status of the association between CT infections with EP and the potential predictive value of CT infections in EP. METHODS We evaluated studies performed between the database construction time and August 2018 published in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and the Web of Science (SCI). The relationship between CT and EP was calculated based upon the predetermined entry criteria for control group selection and the original data. The related articles were analyzed using a random-effects model, and the heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the I index. Data were analyzed with the STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS Twenty-five studies that recruited 11960 patients were included in the present meta-analysis, and the relation of CT infections with EP were assessed. The association between CT infections and EP risk showed an odds ratio (OR) of 3.03, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.37 to 3.89. Our results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups. The prevalence of CT infections in EP was then calculated by a subgroup analysis: African (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.14-4.31), European (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.10-4.47), North American (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.78-5.31), and Asian (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.95-5.90). CONCLUSIONS From the results of numerous studies conducted on different continents, this meta-analysis showed a clear association between EP and prior CT infections, that is, CT infections increase the risk of EP occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchang Xia
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Medical history of Chinese medicine, Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jin Xian
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jingyan Song
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan Qiao
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine
| | - Zhenni Mu
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Honggen Liu
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhengao Sun
- Reproductive Medicine Center of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Elkind MSV. Infectious burden: a new risk factor and treatment target for atherosclerosis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2011; 10:84-90. [PMID: 20166973 DOI: 10.2174/187152610790963519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process, and several common bacterial and viral infections have been hypothesized to contribute to the inflammation of the vascular wall that leads to atherosclerosis. More recently, investigators have found preliminary evidence that the aggregate burden of these chronic infections, rather than any single organism, may contribute to atherosclerosis and risk of clinical vascular events, including ischemic stroke. This aggregate burden of infections, which has been variably labeled "infectious burden" or "pathogen burden," may be associated with stroke through mechanisms independent of atherosclerosis, as well, including platelet aggregation and endothelial dysfunction. Host factors, moreover, may interact with infectious burden to modify the risk of disease associated with these infections. Currently there is no commonly accepted group of organisms or method of assessing infectious burden, and not all studies confirm an association of infection and stroke risk. Nonetheless, if infectious burden does play a role in atherosclerosis or stroke, it is plausible that preventive anti-infective treatment, such as vaccination, or antibiotics, would reduce the risk of incident or recurrent stroke. While influenza vaccination has been recommended to prevent recurrence among those with coronary disease, similar recommendations for stroke patients have not yet been made. Large scale randomized clinical trials of macrolide antibiotics for coronary patients, moreover, have been negative. Further studies are needed, however, to determine whether an association between infectious burden and stroke exists, and whether infectious burden may be a target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S V Elkind
- Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, Box 182, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Quinolones for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2010; 1:108-13. [PMID: 18475328 PMCID: PMC2364295 DOI: 10.1155/s1064744993000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/1993] [Accepted: 08/19/1993] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly sexually transmitted bacteria are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and
Chlamydia trachomatis. The quinolones ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin have been
shown to have activity against both of these bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Ofloxacin is
particularly well suited for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis cervical
infection, which can be considered the earliest manifestation of pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID). Not only can ofloxacin be effectively used as a single agent, it is also useful
in treating urinary tract infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. Although it has
moderate activity against anaerobes in general, ofloxacin does have activity against the
anaerobes commonly isolated from female patients with soft tissue pelvic infections.
Thus, ofloxacin has the potential for being utilized to treat early salpingitis.
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Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in various subtypes of ischemic stroke in Indian patients. J Neurol Sci 2008; 272:115-22. [PMID: 18571201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As infections occur more frequently in developing countries, we carried out this prospective case-control study, to establish the association, if any, between C. pneumoniae antibodies and ischemic stroke particularly in relation to its subtypes. DESIGN Antibodies (IgG and IgA) to C. pneumoniae in serum were measured by microimmunofluorescence test in 200 consecutive ischemic stroke patients and 200 age and sex matched controls. RESULTS Seventy two out of 200 ischemic stroke patients (36%) had positive C. pneumoniae antibodies (IgG or IgA), compared to 35 out of 200 controls (17.5%) (p<0.0001). IgG antibody was positive in 64/200 (32%) ischemic stroke patients, compared to 34/200(17%) controls (p<0.0001) and IgA was positive in 20/200(10%) ischemic stroke patients compared to 1/200(0.5%) controls (p<0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant association between C. pneumoniae antibody positivity and ischemic stroke, thereby establishing it as an independent risk factor. Prevalence of C. pneumoniae antibodies was significantly higher in all stroke subtypes (except the stroke of undetermined etiology) compared to controls. CONCLUSION Significant and independent association was found between C. pneumoniae antibodies and ischemic stroke in this sample of south Indian population. The association was found in all ischemic stroke subtypes, except stroke of undetermined etiology.
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Elkind MSV, Tondella MLC, Feikin DR, Fields BS, Homma S, Di Tullio MR. Seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with risk of first ischemic stroke. Stroke 2006; 37:790-5. [PMID: 16424371 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000202624.89869.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Serologic evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with cardiovascular disease, but its relationship with stroke risk remains uncertain. The objective of this study is to determine whether serological evidence of C pneumoniae infection is associated with risk of ischemic stroke. METHODS A population-based case-control study was performed in an urban, multiethnic population. Cases (n=246) had first ischemic stroke, and controls (n=474) matched for age, sex, and race-ethnicity were derived through random-digit dialing. Titers of C pneumoniae-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were measured using microimmunofluorescence, and positive titers were prospectively defined. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs adjusting for medical, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS Mean age among cases was 72.3+/-9.7 years; 50.8% were women. Elevated C pneumoniae IgA titers were associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke after adjusting for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, current cigarette use, atrial fibrillation, and levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.2). Elevated IgG titers were not associated with stroke risk (adjusted OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.8). There was a trend toward an association of elevated IgA titers with atherosclerotic and lacunar stroke but less so cardioembolic or cryptogenic subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Serologic evidence of C pneumoniae infection is associated with ischemic stroke risk. IgA titers may be a better marker of risk than IgG. This association is independent of other stroke risk factors and is present for atherosclerotic, lacunar, and cardioembolic subtypes. Further studies of the effect of C pneumoniae on stroke risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Andersen B, Østergaard L, Puho E, Skriver MV, Schønheyder HC. Ectopic Pregnancies and Reproductive Capacity After Chlamydia trachomatis Positive and Negative Test Results: A Historical Follow-Up Study. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:377-81. [PMID: 15912085 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000154512.86651.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that women with Chlamydia trachomatis-positive test results worry about their future fertility. GOAL The goal of this study was to give women infected with C. trachomatis a fertility prognosis by analyzing ectopic pregnancies and birth rates STUDY DESIGN An historical follow-up study in a cohort of 22,264 women tested for the infection was conducted. RESULTS Cox regression analysis with time-dependent covariates showed that women with at least 1 C. trachomatis-positive test result had a lower incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy than women with negative test results only (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.96). We found comparable birth rates in the 2 groups (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Counseling of women with a C. trachomatis-positive test result should emphasize the benefit of detection and treatment of the infection in terms of future morbidity.
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Tsai CT, Kao JH, Hsu KL, Chiang FT, Tseng CD, Liau CS, Tseng YZ, Hwang JJ. Relation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Taiwan to angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease and to the presence of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:960-3. [PMID: 11703989 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Reports of the association of Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) infection with coronary artery disease (CAD) are scarce in the Oriental population. We therefore conducted a case-control study to explore this issue in Taiwan. There were 242 consecutive subjects (166 men and 76 women) who underwent cardiac catheterization at the National Taiwan University Hospital Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory. Patients with CAD (n = 156) had > or = 1 coronary artery lesion of > 50% diameter stenosis on angiography. Controls (n = 86) had no demonstrable CAD angiographically. Antibodies to C. pneumoniae were tested by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prevalence of antibodies to C. pneumoniae was as follows: immunoglobulin-G (IgG), 50% (122 of 242 patients); immunoglobulin-A (IgA), 72% (176 of 242 patients); and either IgG or IgA, 79% (192 of 242 patients ). The odds ratio (OR) for CAD with either IgG or IgA was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7 to 2.7, p = 0.31). After adjusting for the known CAD risk factors, the OR decreased to 0.8 (95% CI 0.3 to 2.1, p = 0.60). The OR for unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction with the presence of either IgG or IgA was 0.5 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.1, p = 0.08) and 0.4 ( 95% CI 0.1 to 1.0, p = 0.049) after adjusting for other risk factors. These results suggest a high prevalence of C. pneumoniae infection in Taiwan. However, C. pneumoniae infection is not associated with angiographically documented CAD, and, in contrast, is a negative predictor for the development of acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Tsai
- Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Elkind MS, Lin IF, Grayston JT, Sacco RL. Chlamydia pneumoniae and the risk of first ischemic stroke : The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 2000; 31:1521-5. [PMID: 10884447 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.31.7.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1999] [Accepted: 04/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Serological evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with cardiovascular disease in multiple epidemiological studies. The data on its association with ischemic stroke are limited. We sought to determine whether chronic C pneumoniae infection is associated with ischemic stroke in a multi-ethnic population. METHODS The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study contains a population-based, case-control study component. Cases had first ischemic stroke and matched control subjects were derived through random digit dialing. Titers of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies specific for C pneumoniae were measured with the use of microimmunofluorescence, and titers >/=1:16 were considered positive. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after adjustment for medical, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS Eighty-nine cases and 89 control subjects were selected. Mean age among cases was 68.5+/-12.8 years; 53% were women and 15% of the subjects were white, 28% were black, and 54% were Hispanic. Elevated C pneumoniae IgA titers were significantly associated with risk of ischemic stroke after adjusting for other stroke risk factors (adjusted OR 4. 51, 95% CI 1.44 to 14.06). IgG titers were less strongly associated with stroke risk (adjusted OR 2.59, 95% CI 0.87 to 7.75). The association of IgA with stroke risk was detected in both younger and older groups, in men and women, and in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. There was also a significant continuous increase in risk associated with the log-transformation of the titer for IgA (adjusted OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.66) but not IgG. CONCLUSIONS Serological evidence of chronic infection with C pneumoniae is associated with risk of ischemic stroke in an urban, multi-ethnic population. IgA titers may be a better marker of this risk than are IgG titers. This association is independent of other vascular disease risk factors. Further prospective epidemiological studies of the effect of this infection on stroke risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Elkind
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center of New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the potential association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) infection and coronary artery disease (CAD), and to describe possible therapeutic interventions. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search of literature (January 1966-January 1998) pertaining to CP infection associated with heart disease was performed. Additional literature was obtained from review of journals and reference lists of pertinent articles identified through the search. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All articles involving CP and CAD were considered for possible inclusion in this review. Other selected articles involved possible links between infection and the atherosclerotic process, inflammation and inflammatory mediators in the atherosclerotic process, and isolation of CP from human tissue. DATA SYNTHESIS Numerous reports have suggested an association between chronic CP and CAD. CP has been seroepidemiologically linked to CAD. The organism has also been isolated from atherosclerotic lesions. Two reports in humans and one report in animals have shown that macrolide therapy (azithromycin or roxithromycin) may decrease the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS Evidence seems to support an association between CP infection and an increased incidence of CAD. Additional and larger seroepidemiologic studies of this association need to be performed to establish a causal relationship between infection and CAD. Determination of the actual role of CP in CAD may decide the role of specific antichlamydial therapy in the management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Carlisle
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
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Mehanna MT, Rizk MA, Ramadan M, Schachter J. Chlamydial serologic characteristics among intrauterine contraceptive device users: does copper inhibit chlamydial infection in the female genital tract? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171:691-3. [PMID: 8092216 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the association between copper intrauterine contraceptive device use and the level of antichlamydial antibodies. STUDY DESIGN Fifty-four women (29 with history of ectopic pregnancy, 2 with non-tubal factor infertility, 1 with tubal factor infertility, and 22 with intact intrauterine pregnancies) with current or prior intrauterine contraceptive device use were compared with 60 prenatal control subjects with respect to antichlamydial antibodies. RESULTS When the intrauterine contraceptive device user group was subdivided into copper users and Lippes Loop device users, a significantly lower geometric mean serum antibody titer among copper intrauterine contraceptive device users was detected. The odds ratio estimates for past chlamydial exposure (> or = 1:64 immunoglobulin G, > or = 1:128 immunoglobulin G) in users of noncopper versus copper intrauterine contraceptive devices were 9.1 (95% confidence interval 1.9 to 43.0) and 10.5 (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 71.8), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The lower geometric mean serum antibody titer of antichlamydial antibody among copper versus Lippes Loop device users and the large association measured between past chlamydial infection and noncopper intrauterine contraceptive device use suggest that copper may have a protective effect against Chlamydia trachomatis infection or a suppressive effect on development of antichlamydial antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Mehanna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Jauhiainen T, Tuomi T, Leinonen M, Kark JD, Saikku P. Interference of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in IgA antibody determinations of Chlamydia pneumoniae by microimmunofluorescence test. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:839-40. [PMID: 8195403 PMCID: PMC263136 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.3.839-840.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the microimmunofluorescence test for measuring immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae, removal of interfering IgG antibodies made IgA antibody reactivity patterns in 952 serum samples easier to interpret, prozone effects disappeared, and titers increased, especially in the sera with high IgG titers. IgA rheumatoid factors did not interfere in the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauhiainen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Safrin S, Schachter J, Dahrouge D, Sweet RL. Long-term sequelae of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. A retrospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:1300-5. [PMID: 1566789 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to prospectively assess the frequency and predictors of long-term sequelae of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective cohort study of 140 women admitted for treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease to San Francisco General Hospital in 1985, locating and interviewing 51 women by telephone a median of 37 months later. RESULTS Twelve (24%) women had pelvic pain for 6 months or more after hospitalization, 22 (43%) had subsequent episode(s) of pelvic inflammatory disease, and 40% were involuntarily infertile. A history of pelvic inflammatory disease prior to admission was associated with infertility (p = 0.05), chronic pelvic pain (p = 0.03), and pelvic inflammatory disease subsequent to hospitalization (p = 0.06). Longer duration of abdominopelvic pain before admission and younger age at the time of first sexual intercourse were associated with both infertility (p = 0.02, p = 0.04) and subsequent pelvic inflammatory disease (p = 0.04, p = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to more accurately assess the incidence and predictors of long-term sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease. A reduction in adverse outcome will require more stringent efforts at education and reduction of risk-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Safrin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Cates W, Wasserheit JN. Genital chlamydial infections: epidemiology and reproductive sequelae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164:1771-81. [PMID: 2039031 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90559-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genital chlamydial infection is increasing and is now more common than gonorrhea. A sizable percentage of chlamydial infections of the lower genital tract in women progress to endometritis and salpingitis. Tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy are important sequelae. Failure to control chlamydial infections reflects the following four factors: (1) Many cases are mild or asymptomatic; (2) diagnostic tests are expensive and technically demanding; (3) at least 7 days of multiple-dose therapy are currently required; and (4) partner notification is not routinely performed. Thus early identification of infected persons and compliance with curative therapy are less likely than with other sexually transmitted bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cates
- Division of STD/HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333
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