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Rahman IMM, Ye Y, Alam MF, Sawai H, Begum ZA, Furusho Y, Ohta A, Hasegawa H. Selective Separation of Radiocesium from Complex Aqueous Matrices Using Dual Solid-Phase Extraction Systems. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462476. [PMID: 34438301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The release of radiocesium (r-Cs) into natural aqueous systems is of concern because of its extended solubility as an alkaline metal ion and its facile incorporation into living beings. A technique for the selective separation of Cs from an aqueous matrix using dual solid-phase extraction (SPE) systems in a series is proposed in this paper. The SPEs equipped with chelates (Nobias Chelate-PA1 and Nobias Chelate-PB1), an ion-exchange resin (Nobias Ion SC-1), or macrocycles (MetaSEP AnaLig Cs-01 and MetaSEP AnaLig Cs-02) were evaluated in terms of selectivity and retention/recovery behavior toward Cs and other potentially competing ions (Li, Na, K, Rb, Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr). The simulated solution of 133Cs, a chemical analog of r-Cs, was used to optimize the separation process. Operating parameters such as pH (3-13), flow rate (0.2-5.0 mL min-1), and elution behavior (HCl, 0.1-5.0 mol L-1) were optimized to ensure maximum removal of Cs from the aqueous matrices. The dual SPE system comprised Nobias Chelate-PB1 that minimized the competing impact of ions, while selective Cs retention was attained with MetaSEP AnaLig Cs-02. The proposed process was verified using real r-Cs-contaminated water from Fukushima, Japan, to observe the quantitative separation and preconcentration of r-Cs from the complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M M Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Yan Ye
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - M Ferdous Alam
- Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan; Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Hikaru Sawai
- Department of Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, 866 Nakane, Hitachinaka City, Ibaraki 312-8508, Japan
| | - Zinnat A Begum
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan; Department of Civil Engineering, Southern University Bangladesh, Arefin Nagar, Bayezid Bostami, Chattogram 4210, Bangladesh
| | - Yoshiaki Furusho
- GL Sciences Inc., 6-22-1 Nishi Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-1130, Japan
| | - Akio Ohta
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Zhuang S, Zhang Q, Wang J. Adsorption of Co2+ and Sr2+ from aqueous solution by chitosan grafted with EDTA. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jin K, Lee B, Park J. Metal-organic frameworks as a versatile platform for radionuclide management. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Futagami F, Soliman M, Takamiya K, Sekimoto S, Oki Y, Kubota T, Konno M, Mizuno S, Ohtsuki T. Isolation, characterization and source analysis of radiocaesium micro-particles in soil sample collected from vicinity of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 223-224:106388. [PMID: 32868095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive caesium was released during the accident of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) into the surrounding environment. In the current work, radiocaesium micro-particles (CsMPs) and radiocaesium-rich soil particles were selectively separated from soil particles as well as from each other using autoradiography-based procedure. The applied separation scheme is based on water dilution followed by drying of the soil sample prior to imaging plate autoradiography. The SEM/EDS investigation of the individual CsMPs showed that these particles have a silicate glass structure and vary in shape with a diameter less than 10 μm. For the first time, a two-stage formation mechanism was suggested for a CsMP based on shape and structure heterogeneity of its two parts. Perfect spherical core might be formed in the first stage with a remarkable lower content of Al, and relatively higher concentrations of Si and K than an outer angulated structure, which might be attached to the core sphere during a late stage. The radiocaesium-rich soil particles have bigger size than CsMPs and have a plate-like structure with cleavages inside the grains, which suggest that these particles might be a weathered biotite. The average radioactivity ratio of 134Cs/137Cs (dated March 11, 2011) in the investigated particles was found to be 1.05 ± 0.01, which confirmed that the radiocaesium in CsMPs and in the contaminated soil particles has the same source of origin, which could be unite 3 of FDNPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Futagami
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mohamed Soliman
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan; Egypt Second Research Reactor, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Koichi Takamiya
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shun Sekimoto
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Kubota
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyuki Konno
- Citizens and Environmental Affairs Department, Ken-poku Development Bureau, Fukushima Prefecture Government, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuno
- Nuclear Power Safety Division, Fukushima Prefecture Government, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohtsuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
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Cesium separation from radioactive waste by extraction and adsorption based on crown ethers and calixarenes. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Does Salinity Affect the Distribution of the Artificial Radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in Water of the Saline Lakes? A Case of the Crimean Peninsula. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of radioecological monitoring, the features of the distribution of the post-Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident artificial radionuclides of 137Cs and 90Sr in the Crimean saline lakes were studied. Samples were collected from 12 Crimean lakes with a salinity range from 2 to 400 g/L in 2014–2017. Concentration of 90Sr varied from 5.9 to 313.6 Bq/m3, and 137Cs from 0.8 to 106.7 Bq/m3. Closing of the North Crimean Canal resulted in a decrease in radionuclide concentration in the lakes. About 61% of the total variability of 90Sr and 33% of 137Cs in lake water can be explained by salinity changes. The salinity affects the behavior of radionuclides in water, mainly influencing their solubility, on isotope exchange between the solution and bottom sediments, and also, probably, through its influence on accumulation of isotopes by aquatic organisms. Salinity is not the alone factor determining the behavior of radionuclides in the lakes, it only acts by interacting with other factors.
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Bengiat R, Bogoslavsky B, Mandler D, Almog J. Selective Binding and Precipitation of Cesium Ions from Aqueous Solutions: A Size-Driven Supramolecular Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:3161-3164. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravell Bengiat
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Benny Bogoslavsky
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Joseph Almog
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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Asano Y, Asanuma N, Ito T, Kataoka M, Fujino S, Yamamura T, Sugiyama W, Tomiyasu H, Mizumachi K, Ikeda Y, Wada Y, Asou M. Study on a Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing System Based on the Precipitation Method in Mild Aqueous Solutions. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt97-a35411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Asano
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Noriko Asanuma
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ito
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujino
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Tomoo Yamamura
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Wataru Sugiyama
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomiyasu
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Mizumachi
- Meiji University, School of Science and Technology Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ikeda
- Institute of Research and Innovation Nuclear Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Center, Kashiwa, Chita 277, Japan
| | - Yukio Wada
- Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Company Nuclear Fuel Development Division, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-11, Japan
| | - Masami Asou
- Tokyo Electronic Power Company, Nuclear Fuel Cycle Department 4-1 Egasaki-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan
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Kim KW, Chung DY, Yang HB, Lim JK, Lee EH, Song KC, Song K. A Conceptual Process Study for Recovery of Uranium Alone from Spent Nuclear Fuel by Using High-Alkaline Carbonate Media. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt09-a7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Wook Kim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yong Chung
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Bum Yang
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea-Kwan Lim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Eil-Hee Lee
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Chan Song
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Song
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin, Yuseong Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Wahab A, Kaleta J, Wen J, Valášek M, Polášek M, Michl J, Ludvík J. Electrochemical Oxidation of [1-X-12-I-CB 11Me 10-] Anions: Formation of Borenium Ylides [12-Dehydro-1-X-CB 11Me 10] and Iodonium Ylide Anions [{12-(1-X-CB 11Me 10-)} 2I +]. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12815-12821. [PMID: 27989211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms of 12-iodinated icosahedral carborane anions [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] (X = H, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9, C6H13, and COOCH3) show two one-electron anodic oxidation peaks at the Pt electrode in liquid SO2. Oddly, the first is irreversible and the second partially reversible. Mass spectrometry of the principal anionic product of preparative anodic oxidation of [1-H-12-I-CB11Me11-], identical with the anionic product of its reaction with [Et3Si-H-SiEt3]+ and/or Et3Si+, allows it to be identified as the iodonium ylide anion [{12-(1-H-CB11Me10-)}2I+]. Its reversible oxidation to a neutral ylide radical [{12-(1-H-CB11Me10•)}{12-(1-H-CB11Me10-)}I+] is responsible for the second peak. A DFT geometry optimization suggests that both the ylide anion and the ylide radical are very crowded and have an unusually large C-I-C valence angle of ∼132°; they are the first compounds with two bulky highly methylated CB11 cages attached to the same atom. Molecular iodine is another product of the electrolysis. We propose an electrode mechanism in which initial one-electron oxidation of [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] is followed by a transfer of an iodine atom from the B-I bond to SO2 to yield a weakly bound radical ISO2• which disproportionates into SO2 and I2. The other product is the borenium ylide [12-dehydro-1-X-CB11Me10], which has a strongly Lewis acidic naked vertex in position 12 that rapidly adds to another [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] anion to form the observed stable ylide anion [{12-(1-X-CB11Me10-)}2I+]. In acetonitrile, where it presumably exists as a solvent adduct, [12-dehydro-1-X-CB11Me10] has been trapped with H2O and, to a small extent, with MeOH, but not with several other potential trapping agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jin Wen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Jagasia P, Mohapatra PK, Dhami PS, Patil AB, Adya VC, Sengupta A, Gandhi PM, Wattal PK. Studies on the radiolytic stability of newly developed solvent systems containing four calix-crown-6 ligands for radio-cesium recovery. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Isoflurane as a solvent for electrochemistry. Electrooxidation study of icosahedral carborane anions in four different solvents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rogers H, Bowers J, Gates-Anderson D. An isotope dilution-precipitation process for removing radioactive cesium from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 243:124-129. [PMID: 23116720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel isotope dilution-precipitation method has been developed to remove cesium-137 from radioactive wastewater. The process involves adding stable cesium chloride to wastewater in order to raise the total cesium concentration, which then allows both the stable and radioactive cesium ions to be precipitated together using sodium tetraphenylborate. This process was investigated utilizing laboratory solutions to determine stable cesium dose rates, mixing times, effects of pH, and filtration requirements. Once optimized, the process was then tested on synthetic wastewater and aqueous low-level waste. Experiments showed the reaction to be very quick and stable in the pH range tested, 2.5-11.5. The wastewater may need to be filtered using a 0.45-μm filter, though ferric sulfate has been shown to promote coagulation and settling, thereby eliminating the necessity for filtration. This investigation showed that this isotope dilution-precipitation process can remove Cs-37 levels below the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Derived Concentration Standard (DCS) of 3.0 × 10(-6) μCi/mL using a single dosage, potentially allowing the wastewater to be discharged directly to sanitary sewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Rogers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Wahab A, Stepp B, Douvris C, Valášek M, Štursa J, Klı́ma J, Piqueras MC, Crespo R, Ludvı́k J, Michl J. Measured and Calculated Oxidation Potentials of 1-X-12-Y-CB11Me10– Anions. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5128-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2026939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Stepp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Christos Douvris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štursa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřı́ Klı́ma
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mari-Carmen Piqueras
- Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universitat de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Raül Crespo
- Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universitat de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jiřı́ Ludvı́k
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
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ASANUMA N, HARADA M, IKEDA Y, TOMIYASU H. New Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing in Non-acidic Aqueous Solutions. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2001.9715107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Environmentally acceptable nuclear fuel cycle development of a new reprocessing system. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-1970(97)00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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