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Affiliation(s)
- M Whitaker
- Department of Physiology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Kudo S, Teshima C. Enzyme activities and antifungal action of fertilization envelope extract from fish eggs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402590315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Vater CA, Jackson RC. Purification and characterization of a cortical secretory vesicle membrane fraction. Dev Biol 1989; 135:111-23. [PMID: 2767332 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A membrane fraction has been prepared by sucrose density gradient fractionation of purified cortical secretory vesicles from the eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The purified cortical vesicle membrane fraction has a phospholipid to protein ratio of 1.76 and exhibits a morphology typical of biological membranes as seen by electron microscopy. The protein composition of the purified membranes was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and shown to be distinct from that of eggs, cell surface complex, cortical vesicles, fertilization product, and yolk platelets. Alkaline extraction (pH 11.0) of peripheral membrane proteins increased the phospholipid to protein ratio to 2.55 and removed several polypeptides. Immunoblot analysis of the isolated cortical vesicle membrane fraction revealed low levels of contamination with two major cortical vesicle content proteins. Fractions enriched in egg plasma membranes and yolk platelet membranes also have been isolated and compared with the cortical vesicle membranes by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein compositions of the three membrane fractions were found to contain very little overlap, indicating that the cortical vesicle membrane preparation is relatively free of contamination from these likely noncortical vesicle sources of membrane. Both the plasma membrane and cortical vesicle membrane samples were found by immunoblotting to contain actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Vater
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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4
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DiCarlantonio G, Talbot P. Evidence for sequential deployment of secretory enzymes during the normal acrosome reaction of guinea pig sperm in vitro. GAMETE RESEARCH 1988; 21:425-38. [PMID: 3220433 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120210410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine if acrosomal enzymes are released simultaneously or in sequence during the normal acrosome reaction. Epididymal guinea pig sperm were incubated in a chemically defined, calcium-containing medium which supports normal acrosome reactions within 4-5 hours at 37 degrees C. The sperm suspensions were monitored for motility, normal acrosome reactions, and false acrosome reactions during in vitro incubation. At specified time intervals, the sperm were separated from the incubation medium by centrifugation, and the distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP II) and acrosin activity was determined by biochemically assaying the hydrolysis of trialanine and N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE), respectively. When calcium was present, there was a significant increase in DPP II activity in the supernatants by 1 hour of incubation and a slight decline at later time points. This release was not correlated with false or normal acrosome reactions (loss of the acrosomal cap) monitored by phase-contrast microscopy but probably represents a very early stage in the normal acrosome reaction. This early stage is difficult to detect at the light microscope level because sperm are still in rouleaux and because membrane fusion is not directly observable. In contrast, acrosin activity, which was assayed in the same supernatants, increased at later times when sperm were observed to have completed normal acrosome reactions. The ultrastructural distribution of DPP II was determined in sperm pellets collected during in vitro incubation by using the DPP II substrate lysyl-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthyamide. In freshly isolated cauda epidiymal sperm, reaction product is confined to the light-staining area in the dorsal bulge of the acrosome. However, by 1 hour of incubation, the light-staining area of many sperm was partially or completely dispersed, while other regions of the acrosome were unchanged. Our data are consistent with the conclusions that DPP II is a highly soluble component of the guinea pig sperm acrosome and that its release occurs during the initial phase of the acrosome reaction while sperm are still in rouleaux. Structural changes in the acrosome associated with DPP II release were detectable by electron microscopy but not by light microscopy. Acrosin, which is less soluble than DPP II, is released at a later time during the acrosome reaction. Both DPP II and acrosin appear to be partially inhibited following their release from sperm. A complete understanding of the sequential release and extracellular activities of the acrosomal enzymes will be necessary to fully define their functions in fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G DiCarlantonio
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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Sorimachi H, Emori Y, Kawasaki H, Kitajima K, Inoue S, Suzuki K, Inoue Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNAs coding for apo-polysialoglycoprotein of rainbow trout eggs. Multiple mRNA species transcribed from multiple genes contain diverged numbers of exact 39-base (13-amino acid) repeats. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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6
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Wessel GM, Truschel MR, Chambers SA, McClay DR. A cortical granule-specific enzyme, B-1,3-glucanase, in sea urchin eggs. GAMETE RESEARCH 1987; 18:339-48. [PMID: 3148543 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120180408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructural localization of B-1,3-glucanase in three species of sea urchin eggs was determined using a monospecific antibody in an electronmicroscopic immunogold procedure. In all three species, Lytechinus variegatus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and Arbacia punctulata, B-1,3-glucanase was localized specifically to the cortical granules. No other organelle within the egg contained significant label. During the fertilization reaction, B-1,3-glucanase was released from cortical granules into the perivitelline space and became associated with the hyaline layer. No significant label was found in association with the fertilization envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Wessel
- Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Inoue S, Kitajima K, Inoue Y, Kudo S. Localization of polysialoglycoprotein as a major glycoprotein component in cortical alveoli of the unfertilized eggs of Salmo gairdneri. Dev Biol 1987; 123:442-54. [PMID: 3653518 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polysialoglycoprotein (PSGP, 200 kDa), first isolated by S. Inoue and M. Iwasaki in 1978 (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 83, 1018-1023) from unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout, has been shown to comprise a unique class of glycoproteins associated with the exocytosis of cortical alveoli. In 1986, 200-kDa PSGP was shown to undergo proteolytic depolymerization to 9-kDa PSGP on egg fertilization (activation) and there was an indication that 200-kDa PSGP may possibly be a component of cortical alveoli (J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5256-5261). In this paper we present evidence demonstrating that PSGP is actually a component of cortical alveolus. First, a cortical alveolus-rich fraction (CA fraction) was obtained by low-speed centrifugation of the homogenate of unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout. The 200-kDa PSGP was found to be a major component extractable with buffered saline from the CA fraction by chemical analysis of isolated materials. Treatment of the eggs to induce parthenogenetic activation resulted in all cases in the loss of both cortical alveoli and PSGP in the CA fraction. Second, perivitelline space fluid was isolated from the activated eggs of rainbow trout and analyzed, and 9-kDa PSGP was confirmed to be present as a major proteinaceous component. Third, following incubation of the eggs in water for activation, the time course of the appearance of 9-kDa PSGP and the breakdown of 200-kDa PSGP was observed. The formation of 9-kDa PSGP was detected in the eggs after 1 min of incubation and its level rose rapidly, attaining a maximum at 7 min after incubation. During this period, there was a concomitant fall in the level of 200-kDa PSGP. This formation and rapid increase in 9-kDa PSGP correspond directly to the time course of cortical alveolus exocytosis in activated chum salmon eggs recently studied by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inoue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential role of cortical vesicle exocytosis in modifying the egg surface at fertilization, we have begun characterization of the cortical secretory vesicle. Earlier reports (N. K. Detering, G. L. Decker, E. D. Schmell, and W. Lennarz, 1977, J. Cell Biol. 75, 899-914) have described the isolation of an egg cell surface complex which consists of the egg plasma membrane and cortical secretory vesicles. We have now developed a method of dissassembling the cell surface complex and isolating the cortical vesicles. The very low levels of contaminating plasma membrane in this preparation allow the meaningful comparison of plasma membrane and cortical vesicle proteins and lipids. The cortical vesicles were found to be rich in high-molecular-weight PAS-positive proteins. The majority of these glycoconjugates were solubilized by hypotonic lysis of the cortical vesicles and probably represent proteins sequestered inside the intact vesicles. The fatty acid composition of the cortical vesicles was found to be unusually high in arachidonic acid. The fatty acid composition of the cortical vesicles was closely similar to that of the plasma membrane; however, the cortical vesicles were substantially higher in cholesterol content.
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Haggerty JG, Jackson RC. Release of granule contents from sea urchin egg cortices. New assay procedures and inhibition by sulfhydryl-modifying reagents. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
A method has been developed to isolate cortical granules (CG) free in suspension. It involves the mechanical disruption of the CG from CG lawns (CGL; Dev. Biol. 43:62-74, 1975) and concentration of the CG by low speed centrifugation. The isolated CG are intact and are a relatively pure population as judged by electron microscopy. Granule integrity is confirmed by the fact that isolated intact CG are radioiodinated to only 0.05% of the specific activity of hypotonically lysed CG. Purity of the CG preparation is assessed by the enrichment (four- to sevenfold) of CG marker enzymes and the absence or low activity of plasma membrane, mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and yolk platelet marker enzyme activities. CG isolated from 125I-surface-labeled eggs have a very low specific radioactivity, demonstrating that CG contamination by the plasma membrane-vitelline layer (PM-VL) is minimal. CG yield is approximately 1% of the starting egg protein. The CG isolation method is simple and rapid, 4 mg of CG protein being obtained in 1 h. Isolated CG and PM-VL display distinct electrophoretic patterns on SDS gels. Actin is localized to the PM-VL, and all bands present in the CGL are accounted for in the CG and PM-VL. Calmodulin is associated with the CGL, CG, and PM-VL fractions, but is not specifically enriched in these fractions as compared with whole egg homogenates. This method of isolating intact CG from unfertilized sea urchin eggs may be useful for exploring the mechanism of Ca2+-mediated CG exocytosis.
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Villacorta-Moeller MN, Carroll EJ. Sea urchin embryo fertilization envelope: immunological evidence that soluble envelope proteins are derived from cortical granule secretions. Dev Biol 1982; 94:415-24. [PMID: 6891347 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Guraya SS. Recent progress in the structure, origin, composition, and function of cortical granules in animal egg. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1982; 78:257-360. [PMID: 6216222 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Baginski RM, McBlaine PJ, Carroll EJ. Novel procedures for collection of sea urchin egg cortical granule exudate: Partial characterization and evidence for postsecretion processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Hylander BL, Summers RG. The effect of local anesthetics and ammonia on cortical granule-plasma membrane attachment in the sea urchin egg. Dev Biol 1981; 86:1-11. [PMID: 7197237 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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GREEN JEFFREYD, SUMMERS ROBERTG. FORMATION OF THE CORTICAL CONCAVITY AT FERTILIZATION IN THE SEA URCHIN EGG. Dev Growth Differ 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1980.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shapiro BM, Eddy EM. When sperm meets egg: biochemical mechanisms of gamete interaction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1980; 66:257-302. [PMID: 6993410 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Schuel H. Secretory functions of egg cortical granules in fertilization and development: A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Detering NK, Decker GL, Schmell ED, Lennarz WJ. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane-associated cortical granules from sea urchin eggs. J Cell Biol 1977; 75:899-914. [PMID: 562888 PMCID: PMC2111596 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.75.3.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical granules, which are specialized secretory organelles found in ova of many organisms, have been isolated from the eggs of the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrtus pupuratus by a simple, rapid procedure. Electron micropscope examination of cortical granules prepared by this procedure reveals that they are tightly attached to large segments of the plasma membrane and its associated vitelline layer. Further evidence that he cortical granules were associated with these cell surface layers was obtained by (125)I-labeling techniques. The cortical granule preparations were found to be rich in proteoesterase, which was purified 32-fold over that detected in a crude homogenate. Similarly, the specific radioactivity of a (125)I-labeled, surface glycoprotein was increased 40-fold. These facts, coupled with electron microscope observations, indicate the isolation procedure yields a preparation in which both the cortical granules and the plasma membrane-vitelline layer are purified to the same extent. Gel electrophoresis of the membrane-associated cortical granule preparation reveals the presence of at least eight polypeptides. The major polypeptide, which is a glycotprotein of apparent mol wt of 100,000, contains most of the radioactivity introduced by (125)I-labeling of the intact eggs. Lysis of the cortical granules is observed under hypotonic conditions, or under isotonic conditions if Ca(2+) ion is present. When lysis is under isotonic conditions is induced by addition of Ca(2+) ion, the electron-dense contents of the granules remain insoluble. In contrast, hypotonic lysis results in release of the contents of the granule in a soluble form. However, in both cases the (125)I-labeled glycoprotein remains insoluble, presumably because it is a component of either the plasma membrane or the vitelline layer. All these findings indicate that, using this purified preparation, it should be possible to carry out in vitro studies to better define some of the initial, surface-related events observed in vivo upon fertilization.
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Nicosia SV, Wolf DP, Inoue M. Cortical granule distribution and cell surface characteristics in mouse eggs. Dev Biol 1977; 57:56-74. [PMID: 863112 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Schuel H, Troll W, Lorand L. Physiological responses of sea urchin eggs to stimulation by calcium ionophore A23187 analysed with protease inhibitors. Exp Cell Res 1976; 103:442-7. [PMID: 793855 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schuel H, Wilson WL, Wilson JR, Bressler RS. Heterogeneous distribution of "lysosomal" hydrolases in yolk platelets isolated from unfertilized sea urchin eggs by zonal centrifugation. Dev Biol 1975; 46:404-12. [PMID: 1237434 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Carroll EJ, Epel D. Isolation and biological activity of the proteases released by sea urchin eggs following fertilization. Dev Biol 1975; 44:22-32. [PMID: 1169178 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vacquier VD. The isolation of intact cortical granules from sea urchin eggs: calcium lons trigger granule discharge. Dev Biol 1975; 43:62-74. [PMID: 1171035 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Longo FJ, Schuel H, Wilson W. Mechanism of soybean trypsin inhibitor induced polyspermy as determined by an analysis of refertilized sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) eggs. Dev Biol 1974; 41:193-201. [PMID: 4474099 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Katsura S, Tominaga A. Peroxidatic activity of catalase in the cortical granules of sea urchin eggs. Dev Biol 1974; 40:292-7. [PMID: 4473390 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Schuel H, Kelly JW, Berger ER, Wilson WL. Sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides in the cortical granules of eggs. Effects of quaternary ammonium salts on fertilization. Exp Cell Res 1974; 88:24-30. [PMID: 4138141 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Grey RD, Wolf DP, Hedrick JL. Formation and structure of the fertilization envelope in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 1974; 36:44-61. [PMID: 4822839 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Longo FJ, Schuel H. An ultrastructural examination of polyspermy induced by soybean trypsin inhibitor in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Dev Biol 1973; 34:187-99. [PMID: 4799476 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Schuel H, Wilson WL, Chen K, Lorand L. A trypsin-like proteinase localized in cortical granules isolated from unfertilized sea urchin eggs by zonal centrifugation. Role of the enzyme in fertilization. Dev Biol 1973; 34:175-86. [PMID: 4789438 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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