1
|
Seghatoleslami MR, Lichtler AC, Upholt WB, Kosher RA, Clark SH, Mack K, Rowe DW. Differential regulation of COL2A1 expression in developing and mature chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 1995; 14:753-64. [PMID: 8785590 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(05)80018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regulation of type II collagen gene expression in cells undergoing chondrogenic differentiation, we have employed a 5-kbp genomic fragment of the human type II collagen gene which contains 1.8kbp of upstream sequences, the transcription start site, the first exon and 3 kbp of intronic sequences, fused to either lac Z or chloramphenicol acetyl transferase-reporter gene. Transient expression studies revealed a parallel increase in transgene activity and endogenous type II collagen mRNA levels during the onset of the cartilage differentiation of limb mesenchymal cells in high-density micromass cultures. At later periods in culture, however, the transgene activity declines, although steady-state levels of type II collagen mRNA are reported to continue to increase (Kosher et al.: J. Cell. Biol. 102: 1151-1156, 1986; Kravis and Upholt. Dev. Biol. 108: 164-172, 1985). In addition, the activity of the transgene is seven-fold higher at the onset of chondrogenic differentiation in micromass cultures that in well differentiated sternal chondrocytes, although similar levels of type II collagen transcripts are found in these cells. Furthermore, deletions of intronic segments resulted in greater drop in activity of the constructs in differentiating chondrocytes in micromass cultures than in mature sternal chondrocytes. The expression of the construct in transgenic mice is higher at the onset of chondrogenic differentiation and in newly differentiated chondrocytes than in more mature differentiated chondrocytes. Based on these observations, it appears that the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the type II collagen gene at the onset of chondrocyte differentiation are different from those resulting in the maintenance of its expression in fully differentiated chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Seghatoleslami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Royce PM, Barnes MJ. Interaction of embryonic chick calvarial bone cells with collagen substrata; attachment characteristics and growth behaviour. Connect Tissue Res 1988; 17:55-70. [PMID: 3383571 DOI: 10.3109/03008208808992794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Freshly isolated bone cells from embryonic chick calvariae were found to attach to films of native monomeric type I or II collagen, to gels of native type I collagen and, to a lesser extent, to air-dried films of these collagens, in a fibronectin-independent manner, and with no requirement for collagen synthesis. Adhesion to type III collagen was relatively poor. Films of native monomeric type I or II collagen were preferred to the corresponding air-dried films as substrata for proliferation. Cis-hydroxyproline inhibited growth upon both plastic and type I and type II collagenous substrata, but this effect could largely be overcome by providing bone cell-conditioned medium, suggesting the possibility of a requirement in the growth process for synthesis of a collagen other than type I, the major form in bone matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Royce
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leonard CM, Newman SA. Nuclear events during early chondrogenesis: phosphorylation of the precartilage 35.5-kDa domain-specific chromatin protein and its regulation by cyclic AMP. Dev Biol 1987; 120:92-100. [PMID: 3028888 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During chondrogenesis in vivo and in vitro, a family of nonhistone proteins (Mr 35,500), designated PCP 35.5, is lost from the nuclei of precartilage mesenchyme cells. A basic subcomponent of this family, designated PCP 35.5b, is phosphorylated during the first few hours of chondrogenesis in vitro by a phosphorylating system whose activity is enhanced 12- to 15-fold by exposure of differentiating precartilage cells to dibutyryl cyclic AMP. This phosphorylating system is present in isolated precartilage cell nuclei, where it retains its dependence on cyclic AMP and its specificity for PCP 35.5b. Assays for nuclear cyclic AMP inhibitable protein phosphatase activity capable of dephosphorylating PCP 35.5b were negative, indicating that the system responsible for phosphorylating this protein is a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Chromatin fractionation studies indicate that PCP 35.5b is localized at sites previously shown to be closely associated with DNase I-sensitive domains of precartilage cell chromatin. These studies define PCP 35.5b as a strategically located component of precartilage cell chromatin which is the major or sole chromatin target of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation during chondrogenesis. This chromatin modification occurs prior to overt cartilage differentiation and may therefore play a regulatory role in the acquisition of the cartilage cell phenotype.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
As limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, they initiate the synthesis of type II collagen and cease synthesizing type I collagen. Changes in the cytoplasmic levels of type I and type II collagen mRNAs during the course of limb chondrogenesis in vivo and in vitro were examined using cloned cDNA probes. A striking increase in cytoplasmic type II collagen mRNA occurs coincident with the crucial condensation stage of chondrogenesis in vitro, in which prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells become closely juxtaposed before depositing a cartilage matrix. Thereafter, a continuous and progressive increase in the accumulation of cytoplasmic type II collagen mRNA occurs which parallels the progressive accumulation of cartilage matrix by cells. The onset of overt chondrogenesis, however, does not involve activation of the transcription of the type II collagen gene. Low levels of type II collagen mRNA are present in the cytoplasm of prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells at the earliest stages of limb development, well before the accumulation of detectable levels of type II collagen. Type I collagen gene expression during chondrogenesis is regulated, at least in part, at the translational level. Type I collagen mRNAs are present in the cytoplasm of differentiated chondrocytes, which have ceased synthesizing detectable amounts of type I collagen.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kravis D, Upholt WB. Quantitation of type II procollagen mRNA levels during chick limb cartilage differentiation. Dev Biol 1985; 108:164-72. [PMID: 3838285 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A single-stranded DNA probe complementary to chicken type II procollagen mRNA has been used to quantitate levels of that mRNA present in chicken limb mesenchyme during cartilage differentiation. Excess labeled probe prepared from a cDNA template cloned in M13mp9 was hybridized to completion to increasing amounts of total RNA and assayed by protection from S1 nuclease digestion. Estimates of the absolute levels of type II procollagen RNA were determined using the M13mp9 template containing the coding strand as a standard. RNA complementary to the probe increased from 20 copies per diploid genome in stage 24 limb to approximately 2000 copies per diploid genome in stage 24 limb mesenchyme which had differentiated to cartilage in culture. Similar levels were found in cartilage from stage 31 limb. Sternal cartilage from 17-day embryos contained approximately 10,000 copies per diploid genome suggesting that the level of expression of this gene is different in limb growth cartilage compared with sternal cartilage. Low but detectable levels of RNA complementary to the probe were observed in limb at stages 20-24. Since a large fraction of the type II procollagen RNA in these early limbs is associated with polysomes, the type II procollagen gene appears to be expressed at a low level prior to phenotypic differentiation and prior to the accumulation of immunologically detectable levels of type II collagen.
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmid TM, Linsenmayer TF. Immunohistochemical localization of short chain cartilage collagen (type X) in avian tissues. J Cell Biol 1985; 100:598-605. [PMID: 2578471 PMCID: PMC2113448 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.100.2.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the recently described short chain cartilage collagen (type X collagen), and one (AC9) was extensively characterized and used for immunohistochemical localization studies on chick tissues. By competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibody AC9 was observed to bind to an epitope within the helical domain of type X collagen and did not react with the other collagen types tested, including the minor cartilage collagens 1 alpha, 2 alpha, 3 alpha, and HMW-LMW. Indirect immunofluorescence analyses with this antibody were performed on unfixed cryostat sections from various skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. Only those of skeletal origin showed detectable reactivity. Within the cartilage portion of the 13-d-old embryonic tibiotarsus (a developing long bone) fluorescence was observed only in that region of the diaphysis containing hypertrophic chondrocytes. None was detectable in adjacent regions or in the epiphysis. Slight fluorescence was also present within the surrounding sleeve of periosteal bone. Consistent with these results, the antibody did not react with the cartilages of the trachea and sclera, which do not undergo hypertrophy during the stages examined. It did, however, lightly react with the parietal bones of the head, which form by intramembranous ossification. These results are consistent with our earlier biochemical analyses, which showed type X collagen to be a product of that subpopulation of chondrocytes that have undergone hypertrophy. In addition, either it or an immunologically cross-reactive molecule is also present in bone, and exhibits a diminished fluorescent intensity as compared with hypertrophic cartilage.
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Ayad S, Abedin MZ, Grundy SM, Weiss JB. Isolation and characterisation of an unusual collagen from hyaline cartilage and intervertebral disc. FEBS Lett 1981; 123:195-9. [PMID: 7227511 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
9
|
Bissell MJ. The differentiated state of normal and malignant cells or how to define a "normal" cell in culture. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 70:27-100. [PMID: 7228573 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
10
|
Perle MA, Newman SA. Talpid2 mutant of the chicken with perturbed cartilage development has an altered precartilage-specific chromatin protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:4828-30. [PMID: 6933534 PMCID: PMC349940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An abundant nonhistone protein (Mr, 125,000) is lost from the chromatin embryonic chicken precartilage mesenchyme cells as they differentiate into cartilage [Newman, SA., Birnbaum, J & Yeoh, G.C.T.(1976) Nature (London) 259, 417-418]. We have now examined the chromatin proteins of precartilage and cartilage cells of chicken embryos carrying the talpid2 gene which causes a perturbed patern of cartilage differentiation in the homozygous state. We find that homozygous talpid2 precartilage chromatin differs from that of the normal cell type in having its abundant precartilage chromatin protein decreased to a Mr of approximately 120,000 and in having a "precocious" cartilage-like pattern of proteins in the Mr 35,500-36,500 region. The precartilage chromatin of talpid2 heterozygotes is completely normal within the resolution of our techniques, as is the cartilage chromatin of the homozygote and heterozygote talpid2 embryos. The correlation of an aberration in a developmentally significant chromatin protein with the perturbed development of its tissue of origin is discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possible regulatory role of collagen in collagenase production by cultured human skin fibroblasts and human and rabbit synovial cells. Addition of types I, II or III collagen in solution to the culture media markedly stimulated trypsin-activable collagenase activity in these cultures. In the human cell cultures the stimulatory effect of collagen was further enhanced by a soluble factor isolated from human monocyte culture media (Dayer, Russell and Krane, 1977). Both native and denatured forms of collagen stimulated enzyme production; their relative efficacy varied among the different types. The native form of both types I and II collagen showed a greater effect on collagenase production than the corresponding denatured form, whereas with type III collagen the denatured form was more effective.
Collapse
|
12
|
Burgeson RE, Hollister DW. Collagen heterogeneity in human cartilage: identification of several new collagen chains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 87:1124-31. [PMID: 465027 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(79)80024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Linsenmayer TF, Kochhar DM. In vitro cartilage formation: effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) on glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis. Dev Biol 1979; 69:517-28. [PMID: 437352 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
14
|
Harwood R. Collagen polymorphism and messenger RNA. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1979; 8:159-226. [PMID: 389858 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363708-6.50011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
15
|
Norby DP, Malemud CJ, Sokoloff L. Differences in the collagen types synthesized by lapine articular chondrocytes in spinner and monolayer culture. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1977; 20:709-16. [PMID: 849365 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In five different secondary monolayer cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes, 72-89% of the the collagen synthesized was Type 1, as determined by alpha chain separation and CNBr-cleavage peptide analysis. When sister cells were transferred to spinner bottles after primary monolayer culture growth, 88% of the collagen formed in four separate experiments was Type II. A reversion to Type I collagen synthesis occurred when the spinner-cultured cells were returned to monolayer flasks. The change in the species of collagen depended on the suspension condition and not on the low Ca2+ content (0.33 mM) of the spinner medium. These findings parallel the switch to phenotypic glycosaminoglycan synthesis that also occurs when monolayer-cultured cells are transferred to spinner bottles. Whether this phenomenon arises through a genetic control mechanism rather than environmental selection for particular cohorts of cells has not yet been determined.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ho PL, Levitt D, Dorfman A. A radioimmune study of the effect of bromodeoxyuridine on the synthesis of proteoglycan by differentiating limb bud cultures. Dev Biol 1977; 55:233-43. [PMID: 65302 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Smith GN, Linsenmayer TF, Newsome DA. Synthesis of type II collagen in vitro by embryonic chick neural retina tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:4420-3. [PMID: 1069994 PMCID: PMC431481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.12.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen produced by chick neural retina tissue in vitro has the properties of type II collagen. Isolated neural retina tissue from stage 29-32 chick embryos incorporated [14C]glycine and [3H]proline into collagen consisting of alpha1 chains and a higher molecular weight species. The peptides produced by cyanogen bromide digestion of the collagen are identical to those from authentic type II collagen from cartilage in charge properties, as determined by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography, and size distribution, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Linsenmayer TF, Smith GN. The biosynthesis of cartilage type collagen during limb regeneration in the larval salamander. Dev Biol 1976; 52:19-30. [PMID: 964453 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
19
|
Burgeson RE, El Adli FA, Kaitila II, Hollister DW. Fetal membrane collagens: identification of two new collagen alpha chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2579-83. [PMID: 1066666 PMCID: PMC430691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.8.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fetal membranes contain two new genetically distinct collagen polypeptide chains which are subunits of one (or two) new molecular species of collagen. These new polypeptide chains, which we have tentatively named alphaA and alphaB, have been directly compared with the polypeptide chain subunits of Types I, II, and III human collagen and Type IV collagen from bovine lens capsule. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit characteristic profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of methionine residues along both new chains is different from known collagen chains as manifest by distinctly different cyanogen bromide peptide profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit contents of amino acids and glycine typical of collagens, and comparison with the observed and reported compositions of collagen chains of Types I-IV collagens reveals notable differences, particularly in the content of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and the basic amino acids, lysine, hydroxylysine, and arginine. The new collagen species containing both alphaA and alphaB may be separated in the native (triple-helical) state from other native collagen species by differential salt precipitation. The observations that both chains coprecipitate in the same narrow NaCl range, and that the ratio of alphaA:alphaB is constant, suggest the possibility of a single new species of collagen with a subunit structure alphaA [alphaB]2.
Collapse
|
20
|
von der Mark H, von der Mark K, Gay S. Study of differential collagen synthesis during development of the chick embryo by immunofluorescence. I. Preparation of collagen type I and type II specific antibodies and their application to early stages of the chick embryo. Dev Biol 1976; 48:237-49. [PMID: 1254083 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
21
|
Rhodes RK, Elmer WA. Aberrant metabolism of matrix components in neonatal fibular cartilage of brachypod (bpH) mice. Dev Biol 1975; 46:14-27. [PMID: 125666 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|