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Diacylglycerol, PKC and MAPK signaling initiate tubeworm metamorphosis in response to bacteria. Dev Biol 2022; 487:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Tran C, Hadfield MG. Are G-protein-coupled receptors involved in mediating larval settlement and metamorphosis of coral planulae? THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 222:128-136. [PMID: 22589403 DOI: 10.1086/bblv222n2p128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis are induced to settle and metamorphose by the presence of marine bacterial biofilms, and the larvae of Montipora capitata respond to a combination of filamentous and crustose coralline algae. The primary goal of this study was to better understand metamorphosis of cnidarian larvae by determining what types of receptors and signal-transduction pathways are involved during stimulation of metamorphosis of P. damicornis and M. capitata. Evidence from studies on larvae of hydrozoans suggests that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are good candidates. Settlement experiments were conducted in which competent larvae were exposed to neuropharmacological agents that affect GPCRs and their associated signal-transduction pathways, AC/cAMP and PI/DAG/PKC. On the basis of the results of these experiments, we conclude that GPCRs and these pathways do not mediate settlement and metamorphosis in either coral species. Two compounds that had an effect on both species, forskolin and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA), may be acting on other cellular processes not related to GPCRs. This study strengthens our understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms that regulate metamorphosis in coral larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cawa Tran
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Murthy PS, Venugopalan VP, Nair KVK, Subramoniam T. Larval Settlement and Surfaces: Implications in Development of Antifouling Strategies. MARINE AND INDUSTRIAL BIOFOULING 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69796-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Seipp S, Schmich J, Kehrwald T, Leitz T. Metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata--natural versus artificial induction and developmental plasticity. Dev Genes Evol 2007; 217:385-94. [PMID: 17394014 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-007-0151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many marine invertebrates reproduce through a larval stage. The settlement and metamorphosis of most of the species are synchronised and induced by environmental organisms, mainly bacteria. The hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata has become a model organism for metamorphosis of marine invertebrates. In this species, bacteria, e.g. Pseudoalteromonas espejiana, are the natural inducers of metamorphosis. Like in other species of marine invertebrates, metamorphosis can be induced artificially by monovalent cations, e.g. Cs+. In this study, we present systematic data that metamorphosis--with both inducing compounds, the natural one from bacteria and the artificial one Cs+--are indeed similar with respect to (a) the morphological progression, (b) the localisation of the primary induction signal in the larva, (c) the pattern of apoptotic cells occurring during the initial 10 h of metamorphosis and (d) the disappearance of RFamide-dependent immunocytochemical signals in sensory neurons during this process. However, a difference occurs during the development of the anterior end, insofar as apoptotic cells and settlement appear earlier in planulae induced with bacteria. Thus, basically, Cs+ may be used as an artificial inducer, mimicking the natural process. However, differences in the appearance of apoptotic cells and in settlement raise the question of how enormous developmental plasticity in hydrozoans actually can be, and how this is related to the absence of malignant devolution in hydrozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Seipp
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Tiere, Fakultät für Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse, Gebäude 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Kass-Simon G, Pierobon P. Cnidarian chemical neurotransmission, an updated overview. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 146:9-25. [PMID: 17101286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructural, histochemical, immunocytochemical, biochemical, molecular, behavioral and physiological evidence for non-peptidergic and peptidergic chemical neurotransmission in the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Cubozoa is surveyed. With the possible exception of data for the catecholamines and peptides in some animals, the set of cumulative data - the evidence from all methodologies - is incomplete. Taken together, the evidence from all experimental approaches suggests that both classical fast (acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, glycine) and slow (catecholamines and serotonin) transmitters, as well as neuropeptides, are involved in cnidarian neurotransmission. Ultrastructural evidence for peptidergic, serotonergic, and catecholaminergic synaptic localization is available, but the presence of clear and dense-cored synaptic vesicles also suggests both fast and slow classical transmission. Immunocytochemical studies, in general, reveal a continuous, non-localized distribution of neuropeptides, suggesting a neuromodulatory role for them. Immunocytochemical and biochemical studies indicate the presence of glutamate, GABA, serotonin, catecholamines (and/or their receptors), RFamides, nitric oxide and eicosanoids in cnidarian neurons and tissues. Gene sequences for peptidergic preprohormones have been reported; putative gene homologies to receptor proteins for vertebrate transmitters have been found in Hydra. Behavioral and physiological studies implicate classical transmitters, neuropeptides, eicosanoids and nitric oxide in the coordination of the neuroeffector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kass-Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 100 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Dahms HU, Jin T, Qian PY. Adrenoceptor compounds prevent the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae: Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) and Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta). BIOFOULING 2004; 20:313-321. [PMID: 15804715 DOI: 10.1080/08927010400029072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the neurotransmitter blockers idazoxan and phentolamine on the larval settlement of three marine invertebrate species belonging to three different phyla were investigated by using in vitro concentration-response bioassays. Since neurotransmitters are known to influence metamorphic transitions in invertebrate larvae, neurotransmitter blockers were tested to evaluated their sublethal effects on larvae. The alpha-adrenergic antagonists idazoxan and phentolamine inhibited settlement of Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) larvae, and larvae of the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta) in a concentration-and taxon-dependent manner. At concentrations of 10(-3) M of both agents, larvae of all three species became immobile and subsequently died within 24 h. While cumulative settlement rates were observed after 48 h for B. amphitrite and H. elegans, and after 5 h for B. neritina, >90% of the larvae that settled did so within 24 h for the first two species and within 1 h for B. neritina. The tendency of the hydrophobic idazoxan and phentolamine to accumulate at solid surfaces most probably contributes to their successful inhibition of larval settlement. This ability makes them particularly attractive as candidates for the development of slow-release carriers in antifouling paints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Dept Biology - CML/Clearwater Bay Hong Kong University of Science and Technology KLN Hong Kong SAR China
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7
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Yamashita K, Kawaii S, Nakai M, Fusetani N. Larval behavioral, morphological changes, and nematocyte dynamics during settlement of actinulae of Tubularia mesembryanthemum, Allman 1871 (Hydrozoa: Tubulariidae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2003; 204:256-269. [PMID: 12807703 DOI: 10.2307/1543597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The marine colonial hydroid Tubularia mesembryanthemum produces a morphologically unique dispersive stage, the actinula larva. Detailed observations were made on the behaviors and nematocyte dynamics of actinula larvae during attachment and morphogenesis by employing microscopic and time lapse video techniques. These observations produced four primary results. (1) Actinula larvae demonstrated two forms of attachment: temporary attachment by atrichous isorhiza (AI)-nematocysts discharged from the aboral tentacle (AT) tips-and permanent settlement by cement secretion from the columnar gland cells of the basal protrusion. (2) During larval settlement, numerous AIs were discharged from the AT tips with sinuous movement and rubbing of the tentacles onto the substrata, leading to "nematocyte-printing" around the settlement site. (3) Simultaneous with the discharge of the AIs, migration of stenoteles, desmonemes, and microbasic mastigophores occurred, resulting in a dramatic change of nematocyte composition in the ATs after larval settlement. This was in parallel with changes in larval behavior and the tentacle function. (4) Nematocyte-printing behavior during settlement could be recognized as metamorphic behavior responsible for irreversible changes in AT function, from attachment to feeding and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yamashita
- Fusetani Biofouling Project, ERATO, JST (formerly Research & Development Corporation of Japan), Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-0017, Japan.
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Abstract
The free-living stages of sedentary organisms are an adaptation that enables immobile species to exploit scattered or transient ecological niches. In the Cnidaria the task of prospecting for and identifying a congenial habitat is consigned to tiny planula larvae or larva-like buds, stages that actually transform into the sessile polyp. However, the sensory equipment of these larvae does not qualify them to locate an appropriate habitat from a distance. They therefore depend on a hierarchy of key stimuli indicative of an environment that is congenial to them; this is exemplified by genera of the Anthozoa (Nematostella, Acropora), Scyphozoa (Cassiopea), and Hydrozoa (Coryne, Proboscidactyla, Hydractinia). In many instances the final stimulus that triggers settlement and metamorphosis derives from substrate-borne bacteria or other biogenic cues which can be explored by mechanochemical sensory cells. Upon stimulation, the sensory cells release, or cause the release of, internal signals such as neuropeptides that can spread throughout the body, triggering decomposition of the larval tissue and acquisition of an adult cellular inventory. Progenitor cells may be preprogrammed to adopt their new tasks quickly. Gregarious settlement favours the exchange of alleles, but also can be a cause of civil war. A rare and spatially restricted substrate must be defended. Cnidarians are able to discriminate between isogeneic and allogeneic members of a community, and may use particular nematocysts to eliminate allogeneic competitors. Paradigms for most of the issues addressed are provided by the hydroid genus Hydractinia.
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Walther M. Taurine in the marine hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata: stabilizer of the larval state? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 133:179-90. [PMID: 12160884 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Taurine (beta-aminoethane sulfonic acid) is present in high concentrations in tissue of planula larvae of the marine hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. It has been proposed to function as a stabilizer of the larval state mainly because of the previous findings that larvae induced to undergo metamorphosis appeared to lose most of their taurine, and taurine added to the medium antagonizes metamorphosis. Release of taurine was assumed to be a necessary prerequisite for the onset of metamorphosis. The primary aim of the present study was to confirm this by determination of taurine release accompanying metamorphosis induction by inducers other than CsCl. However, a decrease of the larval tissue taurine content was not found, irrespective of schedule of treatment and the inducer applied. The cause for this difference from the preceding study could not be clarified. Taurine in the medium, even at low concentration, causes elevated tissue concentrations high enough to cause general adverse effects on cell physiology. In order to ascribe an alternative function to taurine in H. echinata variations of the free amino acid pool under osmotic stress were examined. The tissue concentration of beta-alanine strongly correlates with the salinity of the medium. Large amounts of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are present in animals adapted to high salinity. Taurine content appears not to depend on osmolarity of the medium. Nevertheless, taurine may constitute the foundation of the cellular organic osmolyte system of the H. echinata larva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walther
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Weyertal 119, Köln, Germany.
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HENNINGI GABRIELE, HOFMANN DIETRICHK, YAHU YEHUDABENA. Metamorphic processes in the soft coralsHeteroxenia fuscescensandXenia umbellata: The effect of protein kinase C activators and inhibitors. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1998.9652351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Walther M, Fleck J. Synthetic peptides inducing metamorphosis in a tropical jellyfish: a quantitative structure-activity relationship study. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berking
- Zoological Institute, University of Cologne, Germany
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McCauley DW. Serotonin plays an early role in the metamorphosis of the hydrozoan Phialidium gregarium. Dev Biol 1997; 190:229-40. [PMID: 9344541 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrozoan larvae normally metamorphose in response to an obligate external environmental cue. Application of certain artificial chemical stimuli will also induce metamorphosis. These chemicals and their inhibitors have been used to define and order some of the signal transduction events involved in this process. Results from this study show that exogenous application of serotonin (5-HT) will induce metamorphosis and that 5-HT immunoreactive cells are present in larvae when they are competent to metamorphose. The 5-HT inhibitors ketanserin, clozapine, and 5,7-DHT prevent metamorphosis from occurring as a response to a natural inducing stimulus. Additionally, 5-HT signaling occurs prior to both an influx of external Ca2+ from seawater and activation of protein kinase C, two other steps in the metamorphic signal transduction pathway. The neuropeptide LWamide, previously shown to induce metamorphosis in a related hydrozoan, Hydractinia echinata, also induced metamorphosis in Phialidium. When larvae were cotreated with LWamide and the 5-HT antagonist ketanserin, settlement occurred but was not followed by polyp morphogenesis. These results are used to present a model for the action of 5-HT during metamorphosis in Phialidium gregarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W McCauley
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Teaxs 78712, USA
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LEITZ THOMAS. Induction of settlement and metamorphosis of Cnidarian larvae: Signals and signal transduction. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yamamoto H, Tachibana A, Kawaii S, Matsumura K, Fusetani N. Serotonin involvement in larval settlement of the barnacle,Balanus amphitrite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19960801)275:5<339::aid-jez2>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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The phorbol ester TPA induces metamorphosis in Red Sea coral planulae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01925586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Clare AS. Signal transduction in barnacle settlement: Calcium re-visited. BIOFOULING 1996; 10:141-159. [PMID: 22115108 DOI: 10.1080/08927019609386276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The search for marine natural product antifoulants is being hampered by problems associated with conventional settlement assays. Yet it has been recognised that the study of how chemical cues are perceived by fouling organisms may offer clues to settlement inhibitors and may identify novel biochemical assays for antifoulants based on signal transduction pathways. Here the role of calcium in barnacle settlement is re-examined. A requirement for calcium in settlement of the cypris larva of Balanus amphitrite has been confirmed; settlement was inibited in low calcium, and calcium-free, seawater. Although 10 mM (19.27 mM) excess calcium had no effect and higher concentrations were inhibitory, a 5 mM excess stimulated settlement. Stimulation is proposed to be effected by an increase in intracellular calcium. The release of calcium from intracellular pools with thapsigargin (but not cyclopiazonic acid) induced settlement and an antagonist of intracellular calcium, TMB-8, generally inhibited settlement. Nevertheless, the calcium ionophore A23187 did not induce settlement at the concentrations tested. Consequently, the relative importance of external calcium and intracellular pools to increased intracellular calcium has yet to be determined. Pharmacological manipulations of calcium channels with organic and inorganic channel blockers strongly indicate calcium channel involvement in barnacle settlement. The data are summarised in an hypothetical scheme for signal transduction at settlement and are compared to those obtained for other marine invertebrate larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Clare
- a Marine Biological Association , Citadel Hill , Plymouth , PL1 2PB , UK
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Effect of mono- and divalent cations on polyp morphogenesis in isolated tentacles of Aurelia aurita(Scyphozoa). Dev Genes Evol 1995; 205:122-127. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00357758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/1995] [Accepted: 05/04/1995] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yamamoto H, Tachibana A, Matsumura K, Fusetani N. Protein Kinase C (PKC) Signal Transduction System Involved in Larval Metamorphosis of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Zoolog Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.12.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Leitz T, Beck H, Stephan M, Lehmann WD, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Possible involvement of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids in metamorphic events in Hydractinia echinata (Coelenterata; Hydrozoa). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1994; 269:422-31. [PMID: 8057074 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402690505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Upon induction of metamorphosis, larvae of the marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata release [14C]-arachidonic acid from previously labeled endogenous sources. The lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited metamorphosis induced by Cs+ and 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol, whereas the inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, indomethacin, and acetylsalicylic acid were ineffective, suggesting a role for lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in induction of metamorphosis. Lipoxygenase products in Hydractinia echinata were isolated and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 8- and 12-HETE were the most abundant metabolites. In cytosolic fractions from larvae activity of an arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme, presumably a lipoxygenase, was found. The metabolic product was identified by 1H-NMR and chiral phase HPLC as 8(R)-HETE. Its production was strongly inhibited by NDGA, but not by indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leitz
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
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Protein kinase C in hydrozoans: involvement in metamorphosis of Hydractinia and in pattern formation of Hydra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994; 203:422-428. [PMID: 28305948 DOI: 10.1007/bf00188691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1993] [Accepted: 02/10/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of information has suggested the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata and in pattern formation of Hydra magnipapillata. We have identified a Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent kinase activity in extracts of both species. The enzyme was characterized as being similar to mammalian PKC by ion exchange chromatography. Gel filtration experiments revealed a molecular weight of about 70 kD. In phosphorylation assays of endogenous Hydractinia proteins, a protein with a molecular weight of 22.5 kD was found to be phoshorylated upon addition of phosphatidylserine. Bacterial induction of metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata caused an increase in endogenous diacylglycerol, the physiological activator of PKC, suggesting that the bacterial inducer acts by activating receptor-regulated phospholipid metabolism. Exogenous diacylglycerol leads to membrane translocation of PKC, indicative of an activation. On the basis of our results and those of Freeman and Ridgway (1990) a model for the biochemical events during metamorphosis is presented.
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Ilan M, Jensen RA, Morse DE. Calcium control of metamorphosis in polychaete larvae. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1993; 267:423-30. [PMID: 8270894 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402670408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The importance of Ca2+ in the control of metamorphosis of a marine invertebrate larva was investigated. An excess of [Ca2+] in the external medium induced metamorphosis of Phragmatopoma californica (polychaete) larvae in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect is specific for calcium, and not simply the result of osmotic changes, as an excess of Mg2+ did not induce metamorphosis. Consistent with this finding, the calcium ionophore, A23187, also induced metamorphosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Paradoxically, however, the aromatic compounds diltiazem, verapamil, D600, and nifedipine, known to block Ca2+ channels in other systems, also induced metamorphosis. When exposed to diltiazem for only 20 h and subsequently washed free of this compound, 95% of the larvae metamorphosed and developed normally. Previous studies have demonstrated that the induction of metamorphosis in Phragmatopoma californica is controlled by chemosensory recognition of an exogenous morphogen and mediated by an excitatory pathway that involves adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP. Because cellular excitation and cyclic AMP-dependent signal transduction generally involve the participation of calcium ion, the most parsimonious explanation for the results reported here include (1) direct control of the morphogenetic pathway by calcium ion, and (2) complexities of the calcium regulation of this process, or a functional similarity between the structurally related aromatic effectors tested and the natural inducer of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ilan
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106
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23
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Kroiher M, Walther M, Berking S. Heat shock as inducer of metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 201:169-172. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00188715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Leitz T, M�ller U. Stimulation of metamorphosis in Hydractinia echinata involves generation of lysophosphatidylcholine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991; 200:249-255. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00241294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/1991] [Accepted: 06/03/1991] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Leitz T, Wirth A. Vanadate, known to interfere with signal transduction, induces metamorphosis in Hydractinia (Coelenterata; Hydrozoa) and causes profound alterations of the larval and postmetamorphic body pattern. Differentiation 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1991.tb00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Tsonis PA, English D, Mescher AL. Increased content of inositol phosphates in amputated limbs of axolotl larvae, and the effect of beryllium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402590215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Berking S. Control of metamorphosis and pattern formation inHydratinia (hydrozoa, cnidaria). Bioessays 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.950130703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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A substance released by metamorphosing larvae and young polyps ofHydractinia echinata induces metamorphosis in conspecific larvae. Dev Genes Evol 1991; 199:370-372. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01705930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/1990] [Accepted: 10/08/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Necessity of protein synthesis for metamorphosis in the marine hydroidHydractinia echinata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991; 200:336-341. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00665529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1991] [Accepted: 09/26/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cellular and intracellular pathways mediating the metamorphic stimulus in hydrozoan planulae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990; 199:63-79. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02029553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1989] [Accepted: 04/23/1990] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Metamorphosis inHydractinia: Studies with activators and inhibitors aiming at protein kinase C and potassium channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990; 199:107-113. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02029558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/1990] [Accepted: 06/21/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Dicapryloylglycerol and ammonium ions induce metamorphosis of ascidian larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990; 198:430-432. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00376162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1989] [Accepted: 01/12/1990] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schwoerer-B�hning B, Kroiher M, M�ller WA. Signal transmission and covert prepattern in the metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990; 198:245-251. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00377390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1989] [Accepted: 10/12/1989] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Berking S. Taurine found to stabilize the larval state is released upon induction of metamorphosis in the hydrozon Hydractinia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988; 197:321-327. [PMID: 28305427 DOI: 10.1007/bf00375951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1988] [Accepted: 07/14/1988] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of Hydractinia echinata, a colonial marine hydroid, can be triggered experimentally to undergo metamorphosis into polyps. The efficiency of induction is density-dependent: a high larval density allows fewer larvae to metamorphose than a low density. Culture medium of metamorphosing larvae was found to contain taurine as the major constituent of its inhibitory activity. The concentration of taurine in larvae is 90 mM which is much higher than that of other free amino acids. Taurine interferes effectively with the onset of metamorphosis if applied externally at a concentration equivalent to 1/1000 of the animal's overall internal concentration. Upon induction of metamorphosis the larva releases three quarters of its taurine into the medium. Taurine may have a function in control of onset of metamorphosis because, applied exogenously in micromolar quantities, it stabilizes the larval state, i.e. the larvae resist metamorphosis-inducing stimuli. The chemically related compounds 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and β-alanine are much less effective. There exist other larval state stabilizing compounds in Hydractinia including homarine, trigonelline, betaine and methionine. These compounds are though to act by delivering methyl groups leading to the production of S-adenosylmethionine. Taurine is not able to supply methyl groups. Furthermore, in contrast to the four other compounds taurine does not interefere with the advance of metamorphosis when applied after induction, and of these five substances, only taurine is released upon induction of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Berking
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-6900, Heidelberg, Germany
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Berking S. Ammonia, tetraethylammonium, barium and amiloride induce metamorphosis in the marine hydroid Hydractinia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988; 197:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00376035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1987] [Accepted: 08/10/1987] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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