1
|
Percipalle P. New insights into co-transcriptional sorting of mRNA for cytoplasmic transport during development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
2
|
Abstract
mRNA localization is a crucial mechanism for post-transcriptional control of gene expression used in numerous cellular contexts to generate asymmetric enrichment of an encoded protein. This process has emerged as a fundamental regulatory mechanism that operates in a wide range of organisms to control an array of cellular processes. Recently, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate several steps in the mRNA localization pathway. Here we discuss the progress made in understanding localization element recognition, paying particular attention to the role of RNA structure. We also consider the function of mRNP granules in mRNA transport, as well as new results pointing to roles for the endocytic pathway in mRNA localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pratt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Analysis of two-dimensional protein patterns from developmental stages of the potato cyst-nematode,Globodera rostochiensis. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000074643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYTwo-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to examine the differences in total protein composition between two motile stages and two sedentary stages of the potato cyst-nematode,Globodera rostochiensis. Using a sensitive silver stain, 542 reproducible protein spots were distinguished. A list of these spots is presented, showing their apparent molecular weights, estimated isoelectric points, and occurrences in the different developmental stages. When the protein patterns were compared, 401 spots were found to change their presence or size in one or more of the four developmental stages. It is therefore estimated that during the post-embryonic development ofG. rostochiensis, 74% of the polypeptides undergo modulation of their synthesis, or are affected by protein degradation or modification. In the motile stages several abundant proteins were present, which disappeared or decreased in concentration in the sedentary stages. Some of these proteins are presumably muscle proteins, and their modulation may illustrate the degeneration of body-wall musculature in the sedentary stages. It is concluded that the potato cyst-nematode has a very dynamic protein metabolism.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This is the first of a projected series of canonic reviews covering all invertebrate muscle literature prior to 2005 and covers muscle genes and proteins except those involved in excitation-contraction coupling (e.g., the ryanodine receptor) and those forming ligand- and voltage-dependent channels. Two themes are of primary importance. The first is the evolutionary antiquity of muscle proteins. Actin, myosin, and tropomyosin (at least, the presence of other muscle proteins in these organisms has not been examined) exist in muscle-like cells in Radiata, and almost all muscle proteins are present across Bilateria, implying that the first Bilaterian had a complete, or near-complete, complement of present-day muscle proteins. The second is the extraordinary diversity of protein isoforms and genetic mechanisms for producing them. This rich diversity suggests that studying invertebrate muscle proteins and genes can be usefully applied to resolve phylogenetic relationships and to understand protein assembly coevolution. Fully achieving these goals, however, will require examination of a much broader range of species than has been heretofore performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Hooper
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
One mechanism for the specification of cell types during embryonic development is the cytoplasmic localization of determinants in the egg into certain blastomeres. Primordial germ cell (PGC) development in many organisms is characterized by the inheritance of germ plasm, a cytologically distinct assembly of mitochondria and electron-dense germinal granules. This chapter reviews the structure of germ plasm and the experimental evidence for its importance in PGC specification in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and Xenopus. It then compares and contrasts recent data on the identification of germ plasm components in these organisms. Many components are potentially RNA-binding proteins, implicating the regulation of RNA metabolism, transport, and translation as critical processes in PGC development. Germ plasm components also mediate transcriptional repression, regulate migration, and control mitotic divisions in PGCs. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the general roles of germ plasm components and how they might act to specify PGC fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Houston
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Araki I, Tagawa K, Kusakabe T, Satoh N. Predominant expression of a cytoskeletal actin gene in mesenchyme cells during embryogenesis of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Dev Growth Differ 1996. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1996.t01-3-00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Lyn-Cook LE, Aidoo A, Feuers RJ, Anson JF, Casciano DA. Comparison of the cell cycle regulated synthesis and phosphorylation of stress proteins, actin isoforms and a novel actin-like protein following drug administration in cultured rat lymphocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 113:549-59. [PMID: 8829805 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Administration of phytohemagglutinin initiated cycling of rat lymphocytes in vitro, and following treatment with this drug and other drugs in combination, lymphocytes were pulse labeled with [3H] leucine of [32P] phosphate. The nuclei were isolated from lymphocytes and collected from partitions of the cell cycle, and the proteins analyzed from fluorographs following gel electrophoresis for protein biomarkers after drug exposure. Stress proteins (sps) were dependent on a specific drug or drugs in combination (i.e., interleukin-2, bleomycin) for their synthesis that occurred only during the G1-phase of the cell cycle. An "actin-like" protein (A4) with electrophoretic mobilities similar to the actin complex, was synthesized in S and G2 phases and phosphorylated in all phases of the cell cycle only following the administration of drugs in combination. A4 exhibited a binding affinity for sp 24 that was cell cycle regulated (i.e., A4 from S phase did not bind with sp 24, but A4 from G2 phase did bind with the sp. Protein A4 appeared similar in some structural aspects to the nonmuscular actin isoform family but differed in epitope, suggesting a unique relationship and represented a stable protein, perhaps a product from the mutation of an actin gene. The dependence of certain sps and protein A4 for their induction by drugs in combination may serve as biomarkers of chemical interaction and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Actin as a Tissue-Specific Marker in Studies of Ascidian Development and Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3116(08)60009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
10
|
Jeffery WR. Role of cell interactions in ascidian muscle and pigment cell specification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993; 202:103-111. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00636535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/1992] [Accepted: 09/14/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Marsden M, Nickells RW, Kapoor M, Browder LW. The induction of pyruvate kinase synthesis by heat shock in Xenopus laevis embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1993; 14:51-7. [PMID: 8482011 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shocked Xenopus embryos have an unusually complex heat shock response. The dominant heat shock protein (Hsp) has a relative molecular mass (M(r)) of 62,000 D (Hsp62). Affinity-purified IgGs against the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK; EC 2.7.1.40) specifically immunoprecipitated Hsp62 from extracts of embryos that had been heat-shocked at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Thus, Hsp62 and pyruvate kinase are immunologically cross-reacting. Electrophoretic separation of PK isoforms suggests that heat-shocked Xenopus embryos increase synthesis of an isoform of PK. Thermal denaturation studies suggest that this isoform has enhanced thermal stability. The identification of PK as an Hsp is discussed within the context of a physiological requirement for elevated levels of anaerobic glycolysis in heat-stressed cells as a vital component of the acquisition of thermotolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marsden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kusakabe T, Makabe KW, Satoh N. Tunicate muscle actin genes. Structure and organization as a gene cluster. J Mol Biol 1992; 227:955-60. [PMID: 1404400 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90237-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and determined the complete nucleotide sequences of two genes, HrMA4a and HrMA2, which encode the same muscle actin protein of the tunicate Halocynthia roretzi. HrMA4a and HrMA2 contain three exons, and the genes have intron-exon splice junctions at the same positions. The 5' flanking region of HrMA4a gene contains several potential regulatory elements. A TATA box is located at -30 and a CArG box found in regulatory region of vertebrate muscle-specific genes is located at -116. Seven E-box consensus sequences (CANNTG) known as binding sites for vertebrate myogenic determination factors are found within a 500 base-pair portion of the 5' flanking region of HrMA4a gene. HrMA4a and HrMA2 are separated by 1600 bases in genomic DNA and transcribed in the same direction. In addition to these genes, we have identified three other actin genes encoding muscle-type actins. All five actin genes are located in a 30 x 10(3) base-pair region of the genome and aligned in the same direction. This is the first report of a cluster of "vertebrate-type" muscle actin genes. The consensus sequences of 5' flanking region are conserved among these five genes, suggesting that the expression of the genes is controlled coordinately. This may be advantageous for the accumulation of considerable amounts of actin proteins in rapidly developing embryos of this animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kusakabe
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beach RL, Jeffery WR. Multiple actin genes encoding the same alpha-muscle isoform are expressed during ascidian development. Dev Biol 1992; 151:55-66. [PMID: 1577198 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ascidian embryos develop rapidly into tadpole larvae containing striated tail muscle cells. We have isolated and characterized five actin cDNA clones from a Styela clava tailbud-stage library. The nucleotide sequences of these clones and genomic Southern blot analysis indicate that they represent at least four different muscle actin genes, which are designated ScTb1, ScTb24, ScTb30, and ScTb12/34. The derived protein sequences of these genes indicate that they encode the same alpha-muscle actin which has features related to each of the three different classes of vertebrate alpha-muscle actins. Northern and in situ hybridization with probes prepared from the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of several of the ScTb clones showed that these muscle actin genes are expressed in different temporal and spatial patterns during development. ScTb1 was detected in eggs, embryos, and adults, ScTb24 and ScTb12/34 were detected in embryos and adults, and ScTb30 was detected only in embryos. The maternal transcripts disappeared shortly after fertilization and zygotic mRNAs were first detected during gastrulation and continued to accumulate during subsequent tail muscle differentiation. ScTb30 mRNA, which is expressed in the embryo, peaks during the tailbud stage and is present at low levels in the tadpole larva. In contrast, ScTb1, ScTb24, and ScTb12/34 mRNAs, which are expressed in embryos and adults, peak during the late tailbud stage and are present in substantial quantities in the larva. The ScTb24 gene was detected only in tail muscle cells, whereas the ScTb30 gene was detected in embryonic tail muscle, mesenchyme, epidermal, and neural cells. The ScTb24 mRNA also accumulates primarily in vascular tissue in the branchial sac and mantle of adults. The existence of a gene family encoding the same alpha-muscle actin isoform is unique among the chordates and may function to maximize muscle actin production during the rapid differentiation phase of ascidian larval muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Beach
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Swalla BJ, Jeffery WR. Interspecific hybridization between an anural and urodele ascidian: differential expression of urodele features suggests multiple mechanisms control anural development. Dev Biol 1990; 142:319-34. [PMID: 2124192 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90353-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anural development in the ascidian Molgula occulta was examined using tissue-specific markers and interspecific hybridization. Unlike most ascidians, which develop into a swimming tadpole larva (urodele development), M. occulta eggs develop into a tailless slug-like larva (anural development) which metamorphoses into an adult. M. occulta embryos show conventional early cleavage patterns, gastrulation, and neurulation, but then diverge from the urodele developmental mode during larval morphogenesis. M. occulta larvae do not contain a pigmented sensory cell in their brain or form a tail with differentiated notochord and muscle cells. As shown by in situ hybridization with cloned probes and analysis of in vitro translation products, M. occulta embryos do not accumulate high levels of alpha actin or myosin heavy chain mRNA. In contrast, acetylcholinesterase is expressed in muscle lineage cells, indicating that various muscle cell features are differentially suppressed. M. occulta embryos also lack tyrosinase activity, suggesting that suppression of brain pigment cell differentiation occurs at an early step in development. M. occulta eggs fertilized with sperm from Molgula oculata (a closely related urodele species) develop into hybrid larvae exhibiting some of the missing urodele features. Some hybrid embryos develop tyrosinase activity and differentiate a brain pigment cell and a short row of notochord cells, and form a short tail. These urodele features appeared together or separately in different hybrid embryos suggesting that they develop by independent mechanisms. In contrast, alpha actin and myosin heavy chain mRNA accumulation was not enhanced in hybrid embryos. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms control anural development.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeffery WR. An ultraviolet-sensitive maternal mRNA encoding a cytoskeletal protein may be involved in axis formation in the ascidian embryo. Dev Biol 1990; 141:141-8. [PMID: 2390998 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90109-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (uv) irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of fertilized eggs during ooplasmic segregation inhibits subsequent gastrulation and axis formation in ascidian embryos. The molecular basis of this phenomenon was investigated in by comparing in vivo protein synthesis and in vitro mRNA translation in normal and uv-irradiated embryos of the ascidian Styela clava. Analysis of protein synthesis by [35S]methionine incorporation, two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography showed that only 21 (or about 5%) of 433 labeled polypeptides were missing or decreased in labeling intensity in uv-irradiated embryos. The most prominent of these was a 30,000 molecular weight (pI 6.0) polypeptide (p30). Extraction of gastrulae with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 showed that p30 is retained in the detergent insoluble residue, suggesting that it is associated with the cytoskeleton. Several lines of evidence suggest that p30 may be involved in axis formation. First, p30 labeling peaks during gastrulation, when the embryonic axis is being established. Second, axis formation and p30 labeling are abolished by the same threshold uv dose, which is distinct from that required to inactivate muscle cell development. Third, the uv sensitivity period for abolishing p30 labeling and axis formation are both restricted to ooplasmic segregation. In vitro translation of egg RNA followed by 2D gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the protein products showed that p30 is encoded by a maternal mRNA. The translation of p30 mRNA was abolished by uv irradiation of fertilized eggs during ooplasmic segregation suggesting that this message is a uv-sensitive target. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that uv irradiation blocks gastrulation and axis formation by inhibiting the translation of maternal mRNA localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the fertilized egg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W R Jeffery
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In this review, the types of mRNAs found in oocytes and eggs of several animal species, particularly Drosophila, marine invertebrates, frogs, and mice, are described. The roles that proteins derived from these mRNAs play in early development are discussed, and connections between maternally inherited information and embryonic pattern are sought. Comparisons between genetically identified maternally expressed genes in Drosophila and maternal mRNAs biochemically characterized in other species are made when possible. Regulation of the meiotic and early embryonic cell cycles is reviewed, and translational control of maternal mRNA following maturation and/or fertilization is discussed with regard to specific mRNAs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Makabe KW, Fujiwara S, Saiga H, Satoh N. Specific expression of myosin heavy chain gene in muscle lineage cells of the ascidian embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990; 199:307-313. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01709509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1990] [Accepted: 09/07/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Beach RL, Jeffery WR. Temporal and spatial expression of a cytoskeletal actin gene in the ascidian Styela clava. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1990; 11:2-14. [PMID: 2361333 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized the temporal and spatial expression of ScCA15, a cDNA clone encoding an actin gene in the ascidian Styela clava. The partial nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of this singlecopy gene suggest that it is a cytoskeletal actin. Northern analysis shows that ScCA15 corresponds to a 1.8-kb mRNA that is transcribed during oogenesis, during embryonic development, and in the adult. In situ hybridization shows that maternal ScCA15 mRNA is distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm of the oocyte and unfertilized egg. During the period of ooplasmic segregation following fertilization, however, ScCA15 mRNA appears to be translocated into the ectoplasm, a specialized cytoplasmic region of the egg. During the early cleavages, the ectoplasmic transcripts are partitioned to ectodermal cells in the animal hemisphere, which are precursors of the epidermis and nervous system of the larva. Maternal ScCA15 mRNA is degraded just before gastrulation and replaced by zygotic transcripts which begin to accumulate between the neurula and mid-tailbud stages. Zygotic ScCA15 mRNA accumulates primarily in the epidermal and neural cells, although lower levels of these transcripts may also be present in tail muscle cells. These results show that two mechanisms are used to concentrate ScCA15 mRNA in the ectodermal cells during development: 1) localization and differential segregation of maternal transcripts and 2) specific expression of the ScCA15 gene. ScCA15 mRNA is detected by in situ hybridization in the testes, ovaries, alimentary tract, and endostyle of adults. In the testes, ScCA15 mRNA is present in developing sperm, whereas in the ovary, these transcripts are present in the germinal epithelium and developing oocytes. In the alimentary tract, ScCA15 mRNA is confined to the gastric epithelium of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. Since the ScCA15 gene is expressed in embryonic and adult tissues that are undergoing rapid cell division, this actin is likely to function in some aspect of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Beach
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Cell Differentiation in Ascidian Embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
20
|
Whittaker JR, Meedel TH. Two histospecific enzyme expressions in the same cleavage-arrested one-celled ascidian embryos. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1989; 250:168-75. [PMID: 2738555 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402500208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fertilized eggs of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, were prevented from undergoing cytokinesis but not nuclear division by treatment with cytochalasin B. After appropriate times, such cleavage-arrested multinucleate zygotes developed acetylcholinesterase of larval tail muscle and an alkaline phosphatase ordinarily localized in the larval endoderm tissues. Separate histochemical reactions on one of a pair of samples taken from the eggs of single animals provided examples (6/34) in which the numbers of cytochalasin-treated embryos displaying the respective reaction product overlapped sufficiently (15-29%) to indicate that some of the zygotes had developed both enzymes in the same uncleaved single cell. With an actual dual-staining technique that can be applied to single cleavage-arrested zygotes, 62% of those developing a strong alkaline phosphatase reaction also had a strong acetylcholinesterase reaction. In other experiments, quantitative measurements of enzyme activity in homogenates of 114 single cleavage-arrested zygotes confirm directly that 18% of the zygotes produce both enzymes. There was no obligatory mutual exclusion of the potential for simultaneous expression of two tissue-specific characteristics that would ordinarily be segregated into different lineages during early cleavages. The cytoplasmic determinants believed responsible for these histotypic expressions can apparently function independently in the same cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Whittaker
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jeffery WR. The role of cytoplasmic determinants in embryonic development. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1988; 5:3-56. [PMID: 2481474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6817-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W R Jeffery
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712
| |
Collapse
|