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Kawasaki H, Shahin R, Fujimoto S. Proliferative and preparative cell divisions in wing discs of the last larval instar are regulated by different hormones and determine the size and differentiation of the wing of Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 145:104476. [PMID: 36623750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Through investigating the two different enhanced cell division stages, we tried to clarify the switch from the growth to differentiation in the wing disc of the last larval instar of Bombyx mori. The response to insulin and 20E in vitro was stage specific. Bmmyc expression in V1 wing discs showed differences after being cultured with and without insulin. Bmmyc expression in V5 wing discs also showed differences after being cultured with and without 20E. Cell cycle-related genes, BmE2F1 and BmcycE, were upregulated with insulin or 20E in cultured wing discs of V1 or V5, respectively. Bmwnt1 and Bmras1 showed upregulation with 20E in cultured wing discs. Bmwnt1 showed upregulation with insulin in cultured wing discs, but Bmras1 did not show clear upregulation with insulin treatment. In contrast, Bmdpp showed upregulation with insulin, but did not show clear upregulation with 20E. The addition of PI3K or TOR inhibitors inhibited the upregulation of Bmmyc expression that was upregulated with insulin or 20E. The upregulation of Bmmyc and Bmwnt1 with insulin or 20E was inhibited with the addition of Myc or Wnt inhibitors, respectively. Genes related to matrix metalloprotease showed upregulation with 20E, and the upregulation was inhibited by the addition of Myc or Wnt inhibitors. From the present results, we concluded that cell division during the feeding stage occurred through PI3K/TOR cascade, and that at the wandering stage occurred through ecdysone and PI3K/TOR cascade; the former is for growth and the latter for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kawasaki
- Department of Bioproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan; Facultyof Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350, Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Rima Shahin
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Shota Fujimoto
- Department of Bioproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
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Shimizu Y, Mukai A, Goto SG. Cell cycle arrest in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis in larval diapause. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 106:147-152. [PMID: 27894937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insects enter diapause to synchronise their life cycle with biotic and abiotic environmental conditions favourable for their development, reproduction, and survival. One of the most noticeable characteristics of diapause is the blockage of ontogeny. Although this blockage should occur with the cessation of cellular proliferation, i.e. cell cycle arrest, it was confirmed only in a few insect species and information on the molecular pathways involved in cell cycle arrest is limited. In the present study, we investigated developmental and cell cycle arrest in diapause larvae of the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Developmental and cell cycle arrest occur in the early fourth instar larval stage of N. vitripennis under short days. By entering diapause, the S fraction of the cell cycle disappears and approximately 80% and 20% of cells arrest their cell cycle in the G0/G1 and G2 phases, respectively. We further investigated expression of cell cycle regulatory genes and some housekeeping genes to dissect molecular mechanisms underlying the cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shimizu
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayumu Mukai
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin G Goto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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Hiroyoshi S, Reddy GVP, Mitsuhashi J. Effects of juvenile hormone analogue (methoprene) and 20-hydroxyecdysone on reproduction in Polygonia c-aureum (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in relation to adult diapause. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:635-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Moriyama M, Osanai K, Ohyoshi T, Wang HB, Iwanaga M, Kawasaki H. Ecdysteroid promotes cell cycle progression in the Bombyx wing disc through activation of c-Myc. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 70:1-9. [PMID: 26696544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental switching from growth to metamorphosis in imaginal primordia is an essential process of adult body planning in holometabolous insects. Although it is disciplined by a sequential action of the ecdysteroid, molecular mechanisms linking to cell proliferation are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the expression control of cell cycle-related genes by the ecdysteroid using the wing disc of the final-instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. We found that the expression level of c-myc was remarkably elevated in the post-feeding cell proliferation phase, which coincided with a small increase in ecdysteroid titer. An in vitro wing disc culture showed that supplementation of the moderate level of the ecdysteroid upregulated c-myc expression within an hour and subsequently increased the expression of cell cycle core regulators, including A-, B-, D-, and E-type cyclin genes, Cdc25 and E2F1. We demonstrated that c-myc upregulation by the ecdysteroid was not inhibited in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, suggesting a possibility that the ecdysteroid directly stimulates c-myc expression. Finally, results from the administration of a c-Myc inhibitor demonstrated that c-Myc plays an essential role in 20E-inducible cell proliferation. These findings suggested a novel pathway for ecdysteroid-inducible cell proliferation in insects, and it is likely to be conserved between insects and mammals in terms of steroid hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Moriyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kohji Osanai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohyoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hua-Bing Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwanaga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
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Kubo-Irie M, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki I, Irie M, Mohri H, Shimoda M. Identification of the starting point for spermatogenesis resumption in the post-diapause development of the sweet potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli L. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:784-790. [PMID: 21414319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The resumption of spermatogenesis in post-diapause development was examined in the sweet potato hornworm (Agrius convolvuli) with in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation experiments used to determine the starting point. Diapausing pupae were "overwintered" by chilling at 10 °C for over 4 months, after which they initiated post-diapause development by transferring the pupae to 25 °C with a 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod. The testes of living, post-diapause pupae were injected with BrdU, which is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA strands. During the first 2 days after diapause termination, the nuclei of spermatogonia and spermatocytes failed to label with BrdU. However, on day 3 of post-diapause pupae (PDP3), labeling studies showed that cell proliferation was initiated by spermatogonia, but not by spermatocytes. In both hemolymph and testes, ecdysteroid concentrations rose gradually, reaching 0.3 μg/ml hemolymph at PDP3. These results led to the following three conclusions. The spermatogonial cell division is highly suppressed during diapause. After a long-term diapause, spermatogenesis resumes in the spermatogonia but not in the spermatocytes of diapause-terminated pupae. Cell division begins in advance of peak ecdysteroid concentrations. The latter result indicates that in post-diapause development, high concentrations of the hormone are not required to initiate spermatogonial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kubo-Irie
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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KAWASAKI HIDEKI, NISHIDA SHIROH, KANKE EIJI. Fluctuation of the ploidy level in the epidermis ofBombyx moriduring the penultimate and ultimate larval instars. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2001.9652711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Champlin DT, Truman JW. Ecdysteroid control of cell proliferation during optic lobe neurogenesis in the moth Manduca sexta. Development 1998; 125:269-77. [PMID: 9486800 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation within the optic lobe anlagen is dependent on ecdysteroids during metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta. We use cultured tissues to show that ecdysteroids must be maintained above a sharp threshold concentration to sustain proliferation. Proliferation can be turned on and off repeatedly simply by shifting the ecdysteroid concentration to above or below this threshold. In subthreshold hormone, cells arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Ecdysteroid control of proliferation is distinguished from differentiative and maturational responses to ecdysteroids by requiring tonic exposure to the hormone and lower levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone, and by being sensitive to either 20-hydroxyecdysone or its precursor, ecdysone. These characteristics allow optic lobe development to be divided into two ecdysteroid-dependent phases. Initially, moderate levels of ecdysteroid stimulate proliferation. Later, high levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone trigger a wave of apoptosis within the anlage that marks completion of its proliferative phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Champlin
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1800, USA.
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Development of the male scent organ ofCreatonotos transiens (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) during metamorphosis. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01632903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nakagaki M, Takei R, Nagashima E, Yaginuma T. Cell cycles in embryos of the silkworm, Bombyx mori: G 2-arrest at diapause stage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991; 200:223-229. [PMID: 28305970 DOI: 10.1007/bf00361341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/1991] [Accepted: 05/10/1991] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, diapause occurs at a specific embryonic stage, i.e. after formation of the germ band with cephalic lobes and telson and sequential mesoderm segmentation. As long as the eggs are incubated at 25° C, cell divisions and morphological development of the embryos cease. To examine changes in percentage of embryonic cells in the G1, S and G2 phases during embryogenesis, nuclear fractions were isolated from embryos, stained with propidium iodide and then subjected to flow cytometric analysis. The percentages of embryonic cells in G1, S and G2 were 10, 35 and 55%, respectively, at the stage of formation of cephalic lobes, whilst 98% of cells were in G2 at diapause stage. After termination of diapause by acclimation at 5° C or by a combination of chilling and HCl, cell division resumed in the embryos. During this period, the cells rapidly entered S phase through G1 from G2, suggesting that their G1 phase was short. In eggs in which diapause was averted by HCl-treatment after incubation at 25° C for 20 h after oviposition, embryonic development proceeded continuously for 9.5 days at 25° C until hatching. Along with this development, the G1 fraction increased to levels of about 90%. These results indicate that embryonic cells are arrested in G2 at diapause and suggest that, concomitant with further embryonic development, cell cycles become slower in proportion to an increasing length of G1. Finally, most of the cells may be arrested in G1, while there is only a small fraction of cells continuously cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakagaki
- Laboratory of Silkworm Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 386, Tokida, Ueda, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Takei
- Laboratory of Silkworm Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 386, Tokida, Ueda, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Silkworm Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 386, Tokida, Ueda, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Yaginuma
- Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, 464-01, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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Ecdysone and a dietary alkaloid interact in the development of the pheromone gland of a male moth (Creatonotos, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989; 198:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00376363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1988] [Accepted: 12/23/1988] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yaginuma T, Happ GM. 20-Hydroxyecdysone acts in the male pupa to commit accessory glands toward trehalase production in the adult mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 73:173-85. [PMID: 2707579 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During postecdysial adult maturation, the bean-shaped accessory reproductive glands (BAGs) of adult male mealworm beetles produce increasing amounts of trehalase. In order to determine when the BAGs become competent to produce trehalase, we transplanted pupal BAGs into 0-day female adults. After 8 days, trehalase activity had increased in BAGs from 4- and 5-day pupae (at the time of the pupal ecdysteroid peak) but not in those from 1- and 2-day pupae (before the ecdysteroid peak). BAGs from 0- and 2-day pupae were exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro before implantation into 0-day female adults. Increase in trehalase activity was dose dependent. Both dose (ED50, 5 x 10(-6) M) and exposure time (greater than 6 hr) of hormone required are greater for commitment than for acceleration of pupal cell cycling (T. Yaginuma, H. Kai, and G.M. Happ, 1988, Dev. Biol. 126, 173-181). Since trehalase activity increased markedly in isolated adult male abdomens, factors from the cephalic and thoracic centers are not required to sustain trehalase production in the adult BAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yaginuma
- Department of Zoology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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