Regulation of Dictyostelium early gene expression in cAMP bypass mutants

A novel Ras-interacting protein required for chemotaxis and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal relay in Dictyostelium

We have identified a novel Ras-interacting protein from Dictyostelium, RIP3, whose function is required for both chemotaxis and the synthesis and relay of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) chemoattractant signal. rip3 null cells are unable to aggregate and lack receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase but are able, in response to cAMP, to induce aggregation-stage, postaggregative, and cell-type-specific gene expression in suspension culture. In addition, rip3 null cells are unable to properly polarize in a cAMP gradient and chemotaxis is highly impaired. We demonstrate that cAMP stimulation of guanylyl cyclase, which is required for chemotaxis, is reduced approximately 60% in rip3 null cells. This reduced activation of guanylyl cyclase may account, in part, for the defect in chemotaxis. When cells are pulsed with cAMP for 5 h to mimic the endogenous cAMP oscillations that occur in wild-type strains, the cells will form aggregates, most of which, however, arrest at the mound stage. Unlike the response seen in wild-type strains, the rip3 null cell aggregates that form under these experimental conditions are very small, which is probably due to the rip3 null cell chemotaxis defect. Many of the phenotypes of the rip3 null cell, including the inability to activate adenylyl cyclase in response to cAMP and defects in chemotaxis, are very similar to those of strains carrying a disruption of the gene encoding the putative Ras exchange factor AleA. We demonstrate that aleA null cells also exhibit a defect in cAMP-mediated activation of guanylyl cyclase similar to that of rip3 null cells. A double-knockout mutant (rip3/aleA null cells) exhibits a further reduction in receptor activation of guanylyl cyclase, and these cells display almost no cell polarization or movement in cAMP gradients. As RIP3 preferentially interacts with an activated form of the Dictyostelium Ras protein RasG, which itself is important for cell movement, we propose that RIP3 and AleA are components of a Ras-regulated pathway involved in integrating chemotaxis and signal relay pathways that are essential for aggregation.

A cis-acting element responsible for early gene induction by extracellular cAMP in Dictyostelium discoideum

We have analysed the promoter of the Dictyostelium discoideum alpha-L-fucosidase (ALF) gene, and have identified a 58 bp fragment responsible for transcriptional activation mediated by extracellular cAMP. Replacement of regulatory sequences in the cAMP-independent actin 15 promoter by this fragment confers cAMP regulation to the hybrid promoter. A cAMP analog with high affinity to the cell surface cAMP receptor can induce transcription from the endogenous as well as from the hybrid promoter. Gel-shift experiments show that the 58 bp fragment is a target for nuclear DNA-binding proteins, and that a specific complex is formed in response to cAMP stimulation. The major cAMP-dependent DNA.protein complex is formed with a 22 bp subfragment which we have termed DCRE (Dictyostelium cAMP responsive element).

A pleiotropic defect in cAMP-regulated gene expression in the Dictyostelium agg- mutant synag 7

During differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum, cAMP functions as a diffusible, extracellular signal to direct chemotaxis and regulate developmental gene expression. The availability of signal-transduction mutants of Dictyostelium now makes it feasible to pursue a genetic analysis of cAMP signaling. The synag 7 mutant is defective in receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation and cannot relay a cAMP signal. To further characterize this mutant, mRNA levels of several cAMP-regulated genes were measured during development. cAMP-regulated gene expression was found to be dramatically altered in synag 7:several different genes which require cAMP for expression in wild-type cells were induced in synag 7 in the absence of cAMP. In addition, the gene-encoding discoidin I, which is normally expressed in starved cells and repressed by cAMP, is expressed at very low levels in starved synag 7 cells, possibly due to precocious repression. These results suggest that a pleiotropic regulator of cAMP-regulated gene expression is uncoupled from its normal controls during development in synag 7.

Cytoplasmic pH of Dictyostelium discoideum amebae during early development: identification of two cell subpopulations before the aggregation stage

Development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is initiated by the removal of nutrients, and results in formation of a mature fruiting body composed of two cell types, the stalk and spore cells. A considerable body of evidence supports the hypothesis that cytoplasmic pH may be an essential regulator of the choice to differentiate in either the prestalk or prespore pathway. We have devised methods for measurement and analysis of intracellular pH in developing Dictyostelium amebae in order to assess directly the potential role of cytoplasmic pH in regulating the pathway of differentiation. The intracellular pH of single D. discoideum amebae during development and in intact slugs has been measured using the pH-sensitive indicator pyranine in a low light level microspectrofluorometer. We have used the ATP-mediated loading method to introduce pyranine into these cells. Cells loaded by the ATP method appear healthy, have no detectable defects in development, and exhibit a similar population distribution of intracellular pH to those loaded by sonication. The intracellular pH of populations comprised of single amebae was found to undergo a transient acidification during development resulting in a bimodal distribution of intracellular pH. The subpopulations were characterized by fitting two gaussian distributions to the data. The number of cells in the acidic intracellular pH subpopulation reached a maximum 4 h after initiation of development, and had returned to a low level by 7 h of development. In addition, a random sample of single amebae within a slug had a median intracellular pH of 7.2, nearly identical to the median pH (7.19) of similarly treated vegetative cells. No gradient of intracellular pH along the anterior to posterior axis of the slug was detected. Our data demonstrate the existence of two distinct subpopulations of cells before the aggregation stage of development in Dictyostelium, and offers support for the hypothesis that changes in intracellular pH contribute to development in D. discoideum.

Cell-cell interactions in Dictyostelium development

The development of an organism requires extensive cell-cell communication; however, little is known about the signals transmitted among differentiating cells. Observations of Dictyostelium amoebae reveal that transmembrane signaling systems have been highly conserved in evolution. The signals that cause these cells to differentiate are processed by mechanisms similar to those that process sensory and hormonal stimuli in higher animals.