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Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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2
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Huang SC, Bao YF, Wu SS, Huang TX, Sartin MM, Wang X, Ren B. Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: An In Situ Nanospectroscopy for Electrochemistry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:213-234. [PMID: 33400554 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-061020-053442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the intrinsic relationships between the structure, properties, and performance of the electrochemical interface is a long-term goal in the electrochemistry and surface science communities because it could facilitate the rational design of electrochemical devices. Achieving this goal requires in situ characterization techniques that provide rich chemical information and high spatial resolution. Electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS), which provides molecular fingerprint information with nanometer-scale spatial resolution, is a promising technique for achieving this goal. Since the first demonstration of this technique in 2015, EC-TERS has been developed for characterizing various electrochemical processes at the nanoscale and molecular level. Here, we review the development of EC-TERS over the past 5 years. We discuss progress in addressing the technical challenges, including optimizing the EC-TERS setup and solving tip-related issues, and provide experimental guidelines. We also survey the important applications of EC-TERS for probing molecular protonation, molecular adsorption, electrochemical reactions, and photoelectrochemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in the future development of this young technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Yi-Fan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Si-Si Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Teng-Xiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Matthew M Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
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D'Alessandro DM, Usov PM. Spectroelectrochemistry: A Powerful Tool for Studying Fundamental Properties and Emerging Applications of Solid-State Materials Including Metal–Organic Frameworks. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) encompasses a broad suite of electroanalytical techniques where electrochemistry is coupled with various spectroscopic methods. This powerful and versatile array of methods is characterised as in situ, where a fundamental property is measured in real time as the redox state is varied through an applied voltage. SEC has a long and rich history and has proved highly valuable for discerning mechanistic aspects of redox reactions that underpin the function of biological, chemical, and physical systems in the solid and solution states, as well as in thin films and even in single molecules. This perspective article highlights the state of the art in solid-state SEC (ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared, infrared, Raman, photoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) relevant to interrogating solid state materials, particularly those in the burgeoning field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Emphasis is on developments in the field over the past 10 years and prospects for application of SEC techniques to probing fundamental aspects of MOFs and MOF-derived materials, along with their emerging applications in next-generation technologies for energy storage and transformation. Along with informing the already expert practitioner of SEC, this article provides some guidance for researchers interested in entering the field.
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Tripathi AM, Su WN, Hwang BJ. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:736-851. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface is a key to high performance and safe lithium-ion batteries or lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok M. Tripathi
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nien Su
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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Sottmann J, Homs-Regojo R, Wragg DS, Fjellvåg H, Margadonna S, Emerich H. Versatile electrochemical cell for Li/Na-ion batteries and high-throughput setup for combinedoperandoX-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s160057671601428x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of de/intercalation processes (single phaseversusmulti-phase), structural stability and voltage–composition profiles is pivotal for optimization of electrode materials for rechargeable non-aqueous batteries. A fully operational setup (electrochemical cells, sample changer and interfacing software) that enables combined quasi-simultaneousoperandoX-ray diffraction (XRD) and absorption (XANES and EXAFS) measurements coupled with electrochemical characterization is presented. Combined XRD, XANES and EXAFS analysis provides a deep insight into the working mechanisms of electrode materials, as shown for the high-voltage Li insertion cathode material LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4and the high-capacity sodium conversion anode material Bi2S3. It is also demonstrated that the cell design can be used for in-house XRD characterization. Long-term cycling experiments on both Li and Na electrode materials prove the hermeticity and chemical stability of the design as a versatileoperandoelectrochemical cell.
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Wu CH, Weatherup RS, Salmeron MB. Probing electrode/electrolyte interfaces in situ by X-ray spectroscopies: old methods, new tricks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:30229-39. [PMID: 26514115 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04058b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrode/electrolyte interfaces play a vital role in various electrochemical systems, but in situ characterization of such buried interfaces remains a major challenge. Several efforts to develop techniques or to modify existing techniques to study such interfaces are showing great promise to overcome this challenge. Successful examples include electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), surface-sensitive vibrational spectroscopies, environmental transmission electron microscopy (E-TEM), and surface X-ray scattering. Other techniques such as X-ray core-level spectroscopies are element-specific and chemical-state-specific, and are being widely applied in materials science research. Herein we showcase four types of newly developed strategies to probe electrode/electrolyte interfaces in situ with X-ray core-level spectroscopies. These include the standing wave approach, the meniscus approach, and two liquid cell approaches based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These examples demonstrate that with proper modifications, many ultra-high-vacuum based techniques can be adapted to study buried electrode/electrolyte interfaces and provide interface-sensitive, element- and chemical-state-specific information, such as solute distribution, hydrogen-bonding network, and molecular reorientation. At present, each method has its own specific limitations, but all of them enable in situ and operando characterization of electrode/electrolyte interfaces that can provide important insights into a variety of electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Miquel B Salmeron
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Herklotz M, Weiß J, Ahrens E, Yavuz M, Mereacre L, Kiziltas-Yavuz N, Dräger C, Ehrenberg H, Eckert J, Fauth F, Giebeler L, Knapp M. A novel high-throughput setup forin situpowder diffraction on coin cell batteries. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715022165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new setup forin situexperiments with up to eight electrochemical cells, especially battery coin cells, and the corresponding custom-madein situcells are presented. The setup is primarily optimized for synchrotron powder diffraction measurements. As a newly constructed experimental setup, thein situcoin cell holder was tested for positional errors of the cells and the reliability of the diffraction as well as electrochemical measurements. The overall performance characteristics of the sample holder are illustrated by measurements on LiMn2O4and LiNi0.35Fe0.3Mn1.35O4spinel-based positive electrode materials.
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Badaut V, Schlegel ML, Descostes M, Moutiers G. In situ time-resolved X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy of selenite reduction by siderite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10820-10826. [PMID: 22954023 DOI: 10.1021/es301611e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The reduction-oxidation reaction between aqueous selenite (SeO(3)(2-)) and siderite (FeCO(3(s))) was monitored by in situ, time-resolved X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the selenium K edge in a controlled electrochemical environment. Spectral evolutions showed that more than 60% of selenite was reduced at the siderite surface after 20 h of experiment, at which time the reaction was still incomplete. Fitting of XANES spectra by linear combination of reference spectra showed that selenite reaction with siderite is essentially a two-step process, selenite ions being immobilized on siderite surface prior to their reduction. A kinetic model of the reduction step is proposed, allowing to identify the specific contribution of surface reduction. These results have strong implications for the retention of selenite by corrosion products in nuclear waste repositories and in a larger extent for the fate of selenium in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Badaut
- CEA, DEN, DPC/SEARS/LISL, CEN de Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
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Veder JP, Nafady A, Clarke G, Williams RP, De Marco R, Bond AM. A flow cell for transient voltammetry and in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction characterization of electrocrystallized cadmium(II) tetracyanoquinodimethane. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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In situ structural characterization of electrochemical systems using synchrotron-radiation techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Diffraction and Other X-Ray Methods. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Medway S, Lucas C, Kowal A, Nichols R, Johnson D. In situ studies of the oxidation of nickel electrodes in alkaline solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Leyssens K, Adriaens A, Dowsett M, Schotte B, Oloff I, Pantos E, Bell A, Thompson S. Simultaneous in situ time resolved SR-XRD and corrosion potential analyses to monitor the corrosion on copper. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Kelly MT, Arbuckle-Keil GA, Johnson LA, Su EY, Amos LJ, Chun JK, Bocarsly AB. Nickel ferrocyanide modified electrodes as active cation-exchange matrices: real time XRD evaluation of overlayer structure and electrochemical behavior. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Kautek W, Geu� M, Sahre M, Zhao P, Mirwald S. Multi-method Analysis of the Metal/Electrolyte Interface: Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM), Quartz Microbalance Measurements (QMB), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffractometry (GIXD) at a Polycrystalline Copper Electrode. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199706)25:7/8<548::aid-sia269>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Redox behavior of the nickel oxide electrode system: quartz crystal microbalance studies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chabala E, Ramadan A, Brunt T, Rayment T. In situ and real time study of an electrode process by differential x-ray diffraction. Part 1. Ag underpotential deposition on au(111). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(96)04597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Materials and Models: Faces of Intercalation Chemistry. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS WITH LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0890-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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22
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On the composition of the passive film on nickel: a surface-enhanced Raman spectroelectrochemical study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80384-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Oxygenated Aliphatic Organic Compounds at Noble Metal Electrodes. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3376-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Guay D, Tourillon G, Dartyge E, Fontaine A, McBreen J, Pandya K, O'Grady W. In-situ time-resolved EXAFS study of the structural modifications occurring in nickel oxide electrodes between their fully oxidized and reduced states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A study of the effect of deposition current density of the structure of electrodeposited α-PbO2. Electrochim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(89)80018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li L, Fleischmann M, Peter L. Microelectrode studies of lead-acid battery electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(89)87026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Melroy O, Toney M, Borges G, Samant M, Kortright J, Ross P, Blum L. An in-situ grazing incidence X-ray scattering study of the initial stages of electrochemical growth of lead on silver (111). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)85124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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In situ X-ray diffraction measurements of the surface structure of Pt in the presence of “weakly” adsorbed H. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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In-situ X-ray diffraction investigations of the UPD of Tl and Pb on Ag and Au electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chazalviel JN. Experimental techniques for the study of the semiconductor—electrolyte interface. Electrochim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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