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Turovska B, Goba I, Lielpetere A, Glezer V. Electrochemistry of pyridine derivatives. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Gribble MW, Guo S, Buchwald SL. Asymmetric Cu-Catalyzed 1,4-Dearomatization of Pyridines and Pyridazines without Preactivation of the Heterocycle or Nucleophile. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5057-5060. [PMID: 29609461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We show that a chiral copper hydride (CuH) complex catalyzes C-C bond-forming dearomatization of pyridines and pyridazines at room temperature. The catalytic reaction operates directly on free heterocycles and generates the nucleophiles in situ, eliminating the need for stoichiometric preactivation of either reaction partner; further, it is one of very few methods available for the enantioselective 1,4-dearomatization of heteroarenes. Combining the dearomatization with facile derivatization steps enables one-pot syntheses of enantioenriched pyridines and piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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3
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Synthesis of 5-carboxy-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridone derivatives and their electrochemical oxidation to 2-pyridones. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Turovska B, Goba I, Lielpetere A, Turovskis I, Lusis V, Muceniece D, Stradiņš J. Electron Transfer Reactions in the Chemistry of Di- and Tetrahydropyridines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Görlitzer K, Schmidt E. Anellierte Lactone aus Bay-K-8644 und Dihydropyridin-Nebenprodukten der Hantzsch-Synthese. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.2503241111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Görlitzer K, Schmidt E. Darstellung und Chemische Charakterisierung Des Calcium-Agonisten Bay-K-8644 und Der Nebenprodukte Bei Der Hantzsch-Synthese. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.2503241004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Electrochemical oxidation of C4-vanillin- and C4-isovanillin-1,4-dihydropyridines in aprotic medium: Reactivity towards free radicals. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Electrochemical synthesis of 1,2,3,4,4,5,6-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-007-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Arguello J, Núñez-Vergara L, Sturm J, Squella J. Voltammetric oxidation of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines in protic media: substituent effect on positions 3,4,5 of the heterocyclic ring. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Batanero B, Barba F, Martín A. Preparation of 2,6-dimethyl-4-arylpyridine- 3,5-dicarbonitrile: a paired electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2002; 67:2369-71. [PMID: 11925258 DOI: 10.1021/jo016065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrolysis of benzylthiocyanate, benzyl chloride, p-methylbenzyl chloride, p-methoxybenzyl chloride, or toluene in acetonitrile, at platinum electrodes in a two compartments cell divided by a glass-frit diaphragm, affords 2,6-dimethyl-4-arylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile as major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Batanero
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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López-Alarcón C, Squella JA, Núñez-Vergara LJ, Baez H, Camargo C. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric study of non-commercial C-4-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines and their oxidized derivatives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:2229-2238. [PMID: 12478565 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the calcium-channel antagonists C-4-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines, and their corresponding N-ethyl derivatives, is presented. Also, the electrochemical oxidation and the reactivity of the compounds with alkyl radicals derived from 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) were monitored by GC/MS. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns for the C-4-substituted 1,4-dihydropy-ridine parent drugs were significantly different from those of their oxidation products, generated either by electrochemical oxidation or by reaction with alkyl radicals. However, for N-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine compounds it was not possible to detect the final products (pyridinium salts) using these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Alarcón
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
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Toniolo R, Di Narda F, Bontempelli G, Ursini F. An electroanalytical investigation on the redox properties of lacidipine supporting its anti-oxidant effect. Bioelectrochemistry 2000; 51:193-200. [PMID: 10910169 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(00)00073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The redox properties of lacidipine (PyH2), one of the most pharmacologically active N-unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines, have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis in acetonitrile, an aprotic solvent that is, at best, a mimic of the lipofilic layer of biological membranes. PyH2 undergoes a two-electron oxidation process involving two consecutive one-electron releases, the latter requiring potentials much less positive than the former. The overall process occurs through a primary one-electron step accompanied by a fast proton release, with the formation of a neutral radical (PyH*), which undergoes a further and quite easier one-electron step, thus providing the main ultimate product (PyH+) consisting in the protonated form of the parent pyridine derivative. This appears relevant for the anti-oxidant effect since the radical intermediate is much more prone to be oxidized than to be reduced, thus preventing the propagation of the oxidative chain reaction. The mentioned release of protons in the primary electrode step causes the overall process to be complicated by a parassite side reaction involving the coupling between one of the electrode products (H+) and the starting species. The protonation of PyH2 subtracts part of the original species from the electrode process because the parent cationic species (PyH3+) is no longer electroactive. This parassite reaction occurs rather slowly in the timescale of electroanalytical measurements (the relevant kinetic constant has been estimated to be 6.4 l mol(-1) s(-1)), thus markedly affecting the process only in the presence of relatively high PyH2 concentrations and progressively decreasing with the starting PyH2 concentration. All the products formed in the oxidation process (PyH+, H+ and PyH3+) have been identified by voltammetric evidences based on deep investigations on their cathodic behaviour. The advantageous anti-oxidant properties displayed by PyH2 with respect to those exhibited by phenolic anti-oxidants such as vitamin E are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Udine, Italy
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Volke J, Dunsch L, Volkeová V, Petr A, Urban J. Comproportionation in the reduction of pyridinium derivatives—a combined ESR and electrochemical study. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(96)00407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Xing X, Shao M, Liu CC. Electrochemical oxidation of dihydronicotinadmide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on single crystal gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Obendorf D, Stubauer G. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of nicardipine at a HMDE; determination of trace levels nicardipine in blood and urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 13:1339-48. [PMID: 8634351 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The redox behaviour of nicardipine, a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, has been studied in different media on mercury, glassy carbon, gold and platinum electrodes using various voltammetric techniques. A highly sensitive adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of nicardipine based on adsorption of the drug onto mercury, followed by differential pulse voltammetric determination of the surface species, is described. All factors (pH, supporting electrolyte, accumulation potential and time, etc.) influencing adsorption as well as voltammetric response are discussed. The application of adsorptive stripping voltammetry at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) to the determination of trace levels of nicardipine in human urine and blood is illustrated, without an extraction procedure being necessary prior to the voltammetric measurement. A limit of detection of 4.8 ng per ml urine and 34 ng per ml blood is found with a mean recovery of nicardipine in urine and blood of 97%. The mean relative error does not exceed 6.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Obendorf
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Radiochemie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
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Hurvois J, Moinet C, Tallec A. Anodic oxidation of 4-(o-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridines and reductive cyclization of the resulting o-nitrophenyl-pyridines. Electrochim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(93)85076-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Görlitzer K, Schmidt E. Benzhydroxamsäuren aus Nifedipin und der korrespondierenden 1,2-Dihydropyridin-Verbindung. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19913240208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Görlitzer K, Schmidt E. Lactone aus einem zu Nifedipin isomeren 1,2-Dihydropyridin. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19913240608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Görlitzer K, Bartke U, Schmidt E. Zur Reaktion von Nifedipin mit Pyridiniumbromidperbromid. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19913240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Kadysh V, Stradins J, Khanina H, Duburs G. Electrochemical oxidation of 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrimidines on a carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(89)80014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Moiroux J. Effect of the addition of pyridine on the electrochemical oxidation of 3,5-dicyano-1,2,4,4,6-Pentamethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine in acetonitrile. Electrochim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(89)87101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Largeron M, Fleury M. Electrochemical synthesis and reactivity of 3,5-dicyano-1,2,4,6-tetramethylpyridinium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Evidence for a radical intermediate in the anodic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides obtained by electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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