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Song X, Chen X, Zhang S, Wu D. Ti/RuO 2-IrO 2 anodic electrochemical oxidation composting leachate biochemical effluent: Response surface optimization and failure mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138777. [PMID: 37121287 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the electrolytic process conditions for the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of composting leachate biochemical effluent (CLBE) were optimized via the response surface methodology (RSM). Meanwhile, a comparative study had been done on the failure characteristics of Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anodes in a single electrolyte solution system (H2SO4 and NaCl) and real wastewater (CLBE) by accelerated life tests, respectively. The RSM optimization results showed that the COD, NH3-N and TN removal rates were 50.53%, 100% and 95.61% at 30 min, respectively, with a desirability value of 0.993. In parallel, the electrochemical and material characterizations were carried out on the electrodes before and after failure, by which the failure mechanism of Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anodes was clarified. On the whole, the true failure in the H2SO4 solution was attributed to coating dissolution and Ti substrate oxidation. In contrast, the electrode exhibited "apparent failure" due to the "bubble effect" in both NaCl and CLBE solutions, and the "effective roughness" formed compensated for the loss of activity caused by the absence of the coating. Besides, additional dissolution of the Ti substrate occurred in the CLBE solution due to the current edge effect and the presence of organic matter. This paper takes the actual wastewater as the research object and reveals its electrode failure mechanism, which provides a theoretical basis and reference for the subsequent optimization of the actual electrode service life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianni Song
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xu Chen
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Shuchi Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Donglei Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji, 313300, China.
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Berenguer R, Sieben JM, Quijada C, Morallón E. Pt- and Ru-doped SnO₂-Sb anodes with high stability in alkaline medium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22778-22789. [PMID: 25453898 DOI: 10.1021/am506958k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different Pt- and Ru-doped Ti/SnO2-Sb electrodes were synthesized by thermal decomposition. The effect of the gradual substitution of Sb by Ru in the nominal composition on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were evaluated. The electrochemical stability of the electrodes was estimated from accelerated tests at 0.5 A cm(-2) in 1 M NaOH. Both as-synthesized and deactivated electrodes were thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The incorporation of a small amount (about 3 at. %) of both Pt and Ru into the SnO2-Sb electrodes produced a 400-times increase in their service life in alkaline medium, with no remarkable change in the electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It is concluded that the deactivation of the electrodes is promoted by alkaline dissolution of metal species and coating detachment at high potentials. The introduction of Pt has a coating compacting effect, and Ru(IV), at low amounts until 9.75 at. %, replaces the Sn(IV) cations in the rutile-like SnO2 structure to form a solid solution that strongly increases the stability of the electrodes. The observed Ru segregation and decreased stability for larger Ru contents (x > 9.75 at. %), together with the selective dissolution of Ru after deactivation, suggest that the formation of a homogeneous (RuδSn1-δ)O2 single-phase is crucial for the stabilization of these electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Berenguer
- Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Málaga , 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Gonçalves IC, dos Santos WT, Franco DV, Da Silva LM. Fabrication and characterization of oxide fine-mesh electrodes composed of Sb-SnO2 and study of oxygen evolution from the electrolysis of electrolyte-free water in a solid polymer electrolyte filter-press cell: Possibilities for the combustion of organic pollutants. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang F, Yan X, Xu M, Li S, Fang W. Electrochemical performance and electroreduction of maleic acid on Ce-doped nano-TiO2 film electrode. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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WANG S, XU H, YAO P, CHEN X. Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.80.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Firoz Babu K, Marxe K, Anbu Kulandainathan M. Anodically fabricated TiO2 nanopores for electrocatalytic reduction of aldehydes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Forti JC, Ribeiro J, Lanza MRV, de Andrade AR, Bertazzoli R. Electrochemical Characterization of DSA®-Type Electrodes Using Niobium Substrate. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-010-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Electrocatalytic activity and stability of Ti/IrO2 + MnO2 anode in 0.5 M NaCl solution. J Solid State Electrochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-009-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Velichenko AB, Knysh VA, Luk’yanenko TV, Danilov FI, Devilliers D. Electrodeposition of composite materials PbO2-Ti and their physicochemical properties. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193509070118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ye ZG, Meng HM, Sun DB. New degradation mechanism of Ti/IrO2+MnO2 anode for oxygen evolution in 0.5M H2SO4 solution. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chu D, Xu M, Lu J, Zheng P, Qin G, Yuan X. Electrocatalytic reduction of diethyl oximinomalonate at a Ti/nanoporous TiO2 electrode. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Chu D, Qin G, Yuan X, Xu M, Zheng P, Lu J. Fixation of CO2 by electrocatalytic reduction and electropolymerization in ionic liquid-H2O solution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2008; 1:205-209. [PMID: 18605207 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic synthesis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) from carbon dioxide on a nanostructured (ns)TiO2 film electrode was investigated by controlled potential electrolysis in a solvent mixture of water and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMI]BF4) at room temperature under ambient pressure. Under these conditions, the nsTiO2 film is remarkably efficient and selective for the electroreduction of CO2. The current efficiency for the formation of the electrolytic product is about 8-14% at -1.50 V (vs SCE). The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the probable electrode reaction mechanism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daobao Chu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu , PR China.
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Sol-gel prepared active ternary oxide coating on titanium in cathodic protection. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2007. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0712393p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of a ternary oxide coating, on titanium, which consisted of TiO2, RuO2 and IrO2 in the molar ratio 0.6:0.3:0.1, calculated on the metal atom, were investigated for potential application for cathodic protection in a seawater environment. The oxide coatings on titanium were prepared by the sol-gel procedure from a mixture of inorganic oxide sols, which were obtained by forced hydrolysis of metal chlorides. The morphology of the coating was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of activated titanium anodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and polarization measurements in a H2SO4- and NaCl-containing electrolyte, as well as in seawater sampled on the Adriatic coast in Tivat, Montenegro. The anode stability during operation in seawater was investigated by the galvanostatic accelerated corrosion stability test. The morphology and electrochemical characteristics of the ternary coating are compared to that of a sol-gel-prepared binary Ti0.6Ru0.4O2 coating. The activity of the ternary coating was similar to that of the binary Ti0.6Ru0.4O2 coating in the investigated solutions. However, the stability in seawater is found to be considerably greater for the ternary coating.
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Montilla F, Morallón E, De Battisti A, Barison S, Daolio S, Vázquez JL. Preparation and Characterization of Antimony-Doped Tin Dioxide Electrodes. 3. XPS and SIMS Characterization. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048674+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Electrode coatings from sprayed titanium dioxide nanoparticles – behaviour in NaOH solutions. Electrochem commun 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(01)00181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chen X, Chen G, Yue PL. Stable Ti/IrOx−Sb2O5−SnO2 Anode for O2 Evolution with Low Ir Content. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Lock Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Ravichandran C, Noel M, Anantharaman PN. The pH-dependence of thermally-coated Ti/TiO2 electrodes in the absence and presence of nitrobenzene. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00364070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Baez VB, Pletcher D. Preparation and characterization of carbon/titanium dioxide surfaces — the reduction of oxygen. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03645-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lodowicks E, Beck F. Basic characteristics of spinel type manganese mixed oxide/titanium composite anodes for electroorganic redox catalysis. Chem Eng Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.270170508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Martelli G, Ornelas R, Faita G. Deactivation mechanisms of oxygen evolving anodes at high current densities. Electrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(94)85134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Korovin N. Electrocatalyst deterioration due to cathodic and anodic wear and means for retarding electrocatalyst deterioration. Electrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(94)85127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Vasudevan D, Anantharaman PN. Reduction of 1-nitroso-2-naphthol at a Ti/ceramic TiO2 cathode in different media. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00249858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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UHV and electrochemical studies of the surface properties of Ru + Pt + Ti mixed oxide electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(94)85014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ravichandran C, Vasudevan D, Anantharaman PN. Electrocatalytic reduction ofo andm-nitroanilines at a Ti/ceramic TiO2 cathode. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01297423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ravichandran C, Kennady CJ, Chellammal S, Thangavelu S, Anantharaman PN. Indirect electroreduction of o-nitrophenol to o-aminophenol on titanium dioxide coated titanium electrodes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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