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Jetmore HD, Anupriya ES, Cress TJ, Shen M. Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions Electrodes for Chemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16519-16527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry David Jetmore
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | | | - Tanner Joe Cress
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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2
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Neutron reflectometry study of the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions: Effects of electrolyte concentration, applied electric field, and lipid adsorption. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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3
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Morita A, Koizumi A, Hirano T. Recent progress in simulating microscopic ion transport mechanisms at liquid-liquid interfaces. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:080901. [PMID: 33639756 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of ions through liquid-liquid interfaces is of fundamental importance to a wide variety of applications. However, since it is quite challenging for experimentalists to directly and selectively observe molecules at the interfaces, microscopic mechanisms of ion transport have been largely presumed from kinetic information. This Perspective illustrates recent examples that molecular dynamics simulations with proper free energy surfaces clarified mechanistic pictures of ion transport. The key is a proper choice of coordinates and defining/calculating free energy surfaces in multidimensional space. Once the free energy surfaces for realistic systems are available, they naturally provide new insight into the ion transport in unprecedented details, including water finger, transient ion pairing, and electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ai Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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4
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Hirano T, Morita A. Electron Transfer Mechanism at the Oil/Water Interface Revealed by Multidimensional Free Energy Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3811-3827. [PMID: 32293891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electron transfer (ET) reaction of ferrocene and ferricyanide at the water-dichloromethane interface, a typical liquid-liquid ET in electrochemistry, was intensively investigated with a three-dimensional free energy surface that fully describes the transport, association, and solvent fluctuation in the ET processes. The calculated free energy surface provides the comprehensive picture of the ET mechanism at the liquid-liquid interface. The present calculation revealed the heterogeneous route of ET that takes place over the interface, rather than the homogeneous one. The present conclusion is found to be consistent with previous results of electrochemical experiments by careful re-examination of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Hirano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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5
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Maurer S. The Impact of Salts on Single Chain Amphiphile Membranes and Implications for the Location of the Origin of Life. Life (Basel) 2017; 7:life7040044. [PMID: 29135960 PMCID: PMC5745557 DOI: 10.3390/life7040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key steps in the origins of life was the formation of a membrane to separate protocells from their environment. These membranes are proposed to have been formed out of single chain amphiphiles, which are less stable than the dialkyl lipids used to form modern membranes. This lack of stability, specifically for decanoate, is often used to refute ocean locations for the origins of life. This review addresses the formation of membranes in hydrothermal-vent like conditions, as well as other environmental constraints. Specifically, single chain amphiphiles can form membranes at high sea salt concentrations (150 g/L), high temperatures (65 °C), and a wide pH range (2 to 10). It additionally discusses the major challenges and advantages of membrane formation in both ocean and fresh water locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maurer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley St., New Britain, CT 06050, USA.
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6
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Nontemplate-driven polymers: clues to a minimal form of organization closure at the early stages of living systems. Theory Biosci 2015; 134:47-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12064-015-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Das D, Sarkar Manna J, Mitra MK. Unravelling the photo-excited chlorophyll-a assisted deoxygenation of graphene oxide: formation of a nanohybrid for oxygen reduction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08593d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of sp2 hybridization in a GO framework by the transfer of photo-excited electrons from CHL-a to GO resulted in the formation of a RGO/CHL-a nano hybrid, an efficient electron transfer catalyst for next generation bio-fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmallya Das
- Metallurgical & Material Engineering Department
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Jhimli Sarkar Manna
- School of Materials Science & Nanotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Henry W Bloch School of Management
| | - Manoj Kumar Mitra
- Metallurgical & Material Engineering Department
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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8
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Ruiz-Mirazo K, Briones C, de la Escosura A. Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life. Chem Rev 2013; 114:285-366. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biophysics
Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Leioa, and Department of Logic and Philosophy
of Science, University of the Basque Country, Avenida de Tolosa 70, 20080 Donostia−San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Briones
- Department
of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC−INTA, associated to the NASA Astrobiology Institute), Carretera de Ajalvir, Km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Dale SEC, Chan Y, Bulman Page PC, Barnes EO, Compton RG, Marken F. A gold-gold oil microtrench electrode for liquid-liquid anion transfer voltammetry. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1979-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohan Chan
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich; Norfolk; UK
| | | | - Edward O. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry; Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory; Oxford University; Oxford; UK
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry; Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory; Oxford University; Oxford; UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath; UK
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10
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Ge P, Olaya AJ, Scanlon MD, Hatay Patir I, Vrubel H, Girault HH. Photoinduced Biphasic Hydrogen Evolution: Decamethylosmocene as a Light-Driven Electron Donor. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2308-16. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Bian X, Scanlon MD, Wang S, Liao L, Tang Y, Liu B, Girault HH. Floating conductive catalytic nano-rafts at soft interfaces for hydrogen evolution. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Olaya AJ, Ge P, Gonthier JF, Pechy P, Corminboeuf C, Girault HH. Four-Electron Oxygen Reduction by Tetrathiafulvalene. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12115-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203251u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid J. Olaya
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique and ‡Laboratoire de Photonique et InterfacesStation 6, and §Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peiyu Ge
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique and ‡Laboratoire de Photonique et InterfacesStation 6, and §Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme F. Gonthier
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique and ‡Laboratoire de Photonique et InterfacesStation 6, and §Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Pechy
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique and ‡Laboratoire de Photonique et InterfacesStation 6, and §Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique and ‡Laboratoire de Photonique et InterfacesStation 6, and §Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique and ‡Laboratoire de Photonique et InterfacesStation 6, and §Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Collins AM, Blanchard GJ, Hawkett J, Collison D, Marken F. Liquid|liquid|electrode triple-phase boundary photovoltammetry of pentoxyresorufin in 4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6471-6477. [PMID: 21488643 DOI: 10.1021/la2010584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Voltammetric responses of pentoxyresorufin in 4-(3-phenylpropyl)-pyridine (PPP) microdroplets immersed in aqueous electrolyte are investigated in the absence and in the presence of light. The reduction of pentoxyresorufin to leuco-pentoxyresorufin in the dark is shown to occur in a two-electron, two-proton process sensitive to the aqueous pH and the PPP|aqueous electrolyte interfacial tension. No significant net photoelectrochemical current responses are observed, although transient responses indicative of distinct electron and hole charge carriers are seen in the presence of pentoxyresorufin. EPR evidence confirms the formation of radical intermediates upon illumination. As a coreactant, duroquinone in the PPP microdroplet phase is investigated and also shown to undergo two-electron, two-proton reduction (to duroquinol) without significant photoelectrochemical activity. When investigated in combination, pentoxyresorufin acts as a photocatalyst for the oxidation of duroquinol to duroquinone. Wavelength-resolved photovoltammetry experiments clearly implicate pentoxyresorufin as the primary photoexcited intermediate. The photoelectrochemical mechanism is explained on the basis of the presence of a long-lived (possibly charge-separated) photoexcited intermediate in the PPP microphase. Implications for light-energy harvesting are discussed.
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14
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Marken F, Watkins JD, Collins AM. Ion-transfer- and photo-electrochemistry at liquid|liquid|solid electrode triple phase boundary junctions: perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10036-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Collins AM, Zhang X, Scragg JJ, Blanchard GJ, Marken F. Triple Phase Boundary Photovoltammetry: Resolving Rhodamine B Reactivity in 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)-Pyridine Microdroplets. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2862-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Li F, Chen Y, Sun P, Zhang M, Gao Z, Zhan D, Shao Y. Investigation of Facilitated Ion-Transfer Reactions at High Driving Force by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037498m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Tadini Buoninsegni F, Becucci L, Moncelli MR, Guidelli R, Agostiano A, Cosma P. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical behavior of chlorophyll a films adsorbed on mercury. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Mejías JA, Hamad S, Lago S. Calculation of the Free Energy of Proton Transfer from an Aqueous Phase to Liquid Acetonitrile. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003433x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Mejías
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Said Hamad
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Santiago Lago
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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20
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Abstract
The continuity of abiotically formed bilayer membranes with similar structures in contemporary cellular life, and the requirement for microenvironments in which large and small molecules could be compartmentalized, support the idea that amphiphilic boundary structures contributed to the emergence of life. As an extension of this notion, we propose here a 'Lipid World' scenario as an early evolutionary step in the emergence of cellular life on Earth. This concept combines the potential chemical activities of lipids and other amphiphiles, with their capacity to undergo spontaneous self-organization into supramolecular structures such as micelles and bilayers. In particular, the documented chemical rate enhancements within lipid assemblies suggest that energy-dependent synthetic reactions could lead to the growth and increased abundance of certain amphiphilic assemblies. We further propose that selective processes might act on such assemblies, as suggested by our computer simulations of mutual catalysis among amphiphiles. As demonstrated also by other researchers, such mutual catalysis within random molecular assemblies could have led to a primordial homeostatic system displaying rudimentary life-like properties. Taken together, these concepts provide a theoretical framework, and suggest experimental tests for a Lipid World model for the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Segré
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics, Crown Human Genome Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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21
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Ohde H, Uehara A, Yoshida Y, Maeda K, Kihara S. Some factors in the voltammetric measurement of ion transfer at the micro aqueous|organic solution interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Selzer Y, Mandler D. Probing the Coupling of Charge-Transfer Processes Across Liquid/Liquid Interfaces by the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993808i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Selzer
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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Lahtinen R, Fermı́n DJ, Kontturi K, Girault HH. Artificial photosynthesis at liquid|liquid interfaces: photoreduction of benzoquinone by water soluble porphyrin species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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KUZMIN MG, SOBOLEVA IV, KOTOV NA. Kinetics of Photoinduced Charge Transfer at Microscopic and Macroscopic Interfaces. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - Louis A. Coury
- Bioanalytical Systems Inc., 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-1382
| | - Johna Leddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. VOLKOV
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 5732F Boelter Hall, University of California at Los Angeles
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28
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Abstract
The first systems of molecules having the properties of the living state presumably self-assembled from a mixture of organic compounds available on the prebiotic Earth. To carry out the polymer synthesis characteristic of all forms of life, such systems would require one or more sources of energy to activate monomers to be incorporated into polymers. Possible sources of energy for this process include heat, light energy, chemical energy, and ionic potentials across membranes. These energy sources are explored here, with a particular focus on mechanisms by which self-assembled molecular aggregates could capture the energy and use it to form chemical bonds in polymers. Based on available evidence, a reasonable conjecture is that membranous vesicles were present on the prebiotic Earth and that systems of replicating and catalytic macromolecules could become encapsulated in the vesicles. In the laboratory, this can be modeled by encapsulated polymerases prepared as liposomes. By an appropriate choice of lipids, the permeability properties of the liposomes can be adjusted so that ionic substrates permeate at a sufficient rate to provide a source of monomers for the enzymes, with the result that nucleic acids accumulate in the vesicles. Despite this progress, there is still no clear mechanism by which the free energy of light, ion gradients, or redox potential can be coupled to polymer bond formation in a protocellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Deamer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA.
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Volkov AG, Deamer DW. Redox chemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces. PROGRESS IN COLLOID & POLYMER SCIENCE 1997; 103:21-8. [PMID: 11541167 DOI: 10.1007/3-798-51084-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The interface between two immiscible liquids with immobilized photosynthetic pigments can serve as the simplest model of a biological membrane convenient for the investigation of photoprocesses accompanied by spatial separation of charges. As it follows from thermodynamics, if the resolvation energies of substrates and products are very different, the interface between two immiscible liquids may act as a catalyst. Theoretical aspects of charge transfer reactions at oil/water interfaces are discussed. Conditions under which the free energy of activation of the interfacial reaction of electron transfer decreases are established. The activation energy of electron transfer depends on the charges of the reactants and dielectric permittivity of the non-aqueous phase. This can be useful when choosing a pair of immiscible solvents to decrease the activation energy of the reaction in question or to inhibit an undesired process. Experimental interfacial catalytic systems are discussed. Amphiphilic molecules such as chlorophyll or porphyrins were studied as catalysts of electron transfer reactions at the oil/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Volkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA
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Volkov AG, Deamer DW, Tanelian DL, Markin VS. Electrical double layers at the oil/water interface. PROGRESS IN SURFACE SCIENCE 1996; 53:1-134. [PMID: 11541752 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6816(97)82876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the historical development and current status of the theory of the electrical double layer at a liquid/liquid interface. It gives rigorous thermodynamic definitions of all basic concepts related to liquid interfaces and to the electrical double layer. The difference between the surface of a solid electrode and the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is analyzed in connection to their electrical properties. The most important classical relationships for the electrical double layer are presented and critically discussed. The generalized adsorption isotherm is derived. After a short review of the classical Gouy-Chapman and Verwey-Niessen models, more recent developments of the double layer theory are presented. These include effects of variable dielectric permittivity, nonlocal electrostatics, hydration forces, the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the ion-dipole plasma. The relative merits of different theories are estimated by comparing them with computer simulation of the ITIES and electrical double layer. Special attention is given to the structure of ITIES and its variation due to adsorption of ions and amphiphilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Volkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA
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