Biochemical alterations induced by cadmium in the liver of Channa punctatus

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Heavy Metal and Its Biochemical Effect in Fishes

Level of toxic heavy metal concentration like lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) in thirty-six soft and hard organs and their impact on lipid profile of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Catla catla fish species inhibiting in Tanda Dam reservoir were investigated. The heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, and fish of the different regions in the reservoir were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lipid profile was carried out by AOAC official methods. The results showed that Pb was dominant among all the heavy metals in six organs, and its maximum concentration of Pb (22.5 mg kg-1 and 32.9 mg kg-1) was observed in scales in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and tail of Catla catla, respectively. The maximum concentrations of Cd were observed in the head, scales, fins, and gills of Catla catla. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals was significantly different at (p ≤ 0.01) within the organs and between the fish species. The lipid concentration was minimum in those organs where the concentrations of heavy metals were maximum. It is clear from the findings that heavy metal accumulation reduces the lipid content of fish. It is inevitable to monitor the Tanda Dam reservoir to safeguard human health.

Multifactorial Screening Reveals New Insight into Early Cadmium Exposure and Garlic Interactions in Dicentrarchus labrax

Environmental pollutants and especially metal trace elements remain an unmitigated threat to the overall life support system. Their chemical stability and accumulation pattern in the ecosystem make them a persistent hazard. This study aims to characterize the early cadmium (Cd) histological and hematological alterations and their corresponding plasma indicators in the Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also assessed garlic potential to prevent cadmium toxicity. For this purpose, 200 fish of 55 g mean weight were separated into 3 cylindroconical fiberglass tanks of 500-L capacity, each with a stocking density of 4 kg m^-3. The fish were regularly hand-fed 0% (control group), 2%, and 6% garlic-supplemented diets to apparent satiation twice a day for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, we injected 22.2 mM cadmium (CdCl2) intraperitoneally to the experimental groups and a placebo solution (9% NaCl) to the control groups; liver, kidney, heart, and blood tissue alterations were monitored with a full screening of their plasmatic indicators, 24 h before and 48 h after Cd injection. Subsequently, whole blood count and blood smears were performed to follow up on Cd-induced vascular damages. Our data showed that Cd induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, leading to widespread bleeding and cellular alterations in the targeted tissues. These alterations were associated with an obvious normochromic normocytic anemia in favor of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Cd injection has also seriously inhibited the overall enzymatic activities triggering a metabolic shift. Although garlic supplementation had little effect on cadmium-induced alterations, it significantly reduced biomass dispersion. Our data is the first evidence of the cadmium versatile toxicity involving vascular alterations as a central and a leading cause of the overall parenchymal lesions. Cd toxicity was associated with a specific enzymatic signature, which must be considered during the interpretation.

The Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition and Lipid Quality Indices of Roach, Perch, and Pike of Lake Gusinoe (Western Transbaikalia)

This paper describes the study of the fatty acid (FA) composition of three fish species (roach, perch, and pike) from Lake Gusinoe (western Transbaikalia). Using principal component analysis, the fatty acid composition of the studied fish species was shown to be species specific. The muscle tissue of roach, perch, and pike was found to contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including essential docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and arachidonic acids. Indicators of nutritional quality based on the fatty acid composition showed that the values of the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (HH) ratio indices were sufficiently high. The atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices, which are indicators for the nutritional value, were less than 1 in the studied fish. In terms of flesh lipid quality (FLQ), pike and perch had the highest proportion of total EPA + DHA. According to the obtained data for the composition of fatty acids in the muscle tissue of the studied fish from Lake Gusinoe, the anthropogenic load exerted on Lake Gusinoe has not yet statistically significantly affected the fish muscle quality.

Effect of phenol on oxygen consumption and bioaccumulation in different tissues of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

The influence of phenol exposure history on the rates of phenol accumulation, elimination, and oxygen consumption was examined in the fresh water fish species Cyprinus carpio. Bioaccumulation and elimination of phenol from the kidney and biochemical parameters of liver gill and muscle were determined at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 days. A significant increase in phenol concentration was noted in all treated groups. The acute toxicity of phenol was 30.0 mg/L. Changes were dose and duration dependant when fish were exposed for 30 days to two sublethal concentrations of phenol (1.5 and 3.0 mg/L). Recovery post exposure was observed after transfer to normal tap water for 30 days. Elimination of phenol was noted, although the concentration remained significantly higher than the control. The longer the phenol exposure time, the greater was the percentage reduction of organic matter of the fish. Total protein, total carbohydrate, and total lipids in the tissues of liver, gill, and muscle decreased significantly. On the other hand, these parameters were higher at the end of the experiment than at the start (ANOVA P < or = .01).

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of phenol in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

The acute toxicity of phenol was determined to be 35.0 mg/l in Oreochromis mossambicus. The fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of phenol (2.3 and 3.5 mg/l) for 30 days. The effects of exposure were studied on the bioaccumulation and elimination of phenol from the kidney and biochemical parameters of liver, gill, and muscle at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 days. A statistically significant increase in phenol concentration was noted in tissues from all treated fish groups. Bioaccumulation and biochemical changes were dose and duration dependant. Recovery in fish after post exposure was observed after transferring these fish to normal tap water for 30 days. Elimination of phenol was noted, although the concentration of phenol remained significantly higher than the control after 30 days of the experiment. Total protein, total carbohydrate, and total lipids in the tissues of liver, gill, and muscle of fish decreased greatly. The longer the exposure time, the greater was the percentage reduction of organic matter of the fish exposed to the sublethal concentration of phenol.

Effect of phenol on the metabolism and biochemical composition of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

The effect of phenol on the fish Cyprinus carpio and the metabolic changes in oxygen consumption and total carbohydrate, total protein and total lipids in the tissues of liver, gills, muscle, brain, and intestine were investigated for sublethal exposure. The oxygen consumption decreased significantly in both toxicants exposed to acute toxicity. Following sublethal exposure to phenol total protein, total carbohydrate, and total lipids in the tissues of liver, gills, muscle, brain and intestine of the fish decreased greatly. The longer the exposure time, the greater was the percentage reduction of organic matter of the fish exposed to sublethal concentration of phenol. Lipid content was not reduced much in exposure when compared with the control.

Assessment of tolerant sunfish populations (Lepomis sp.) inhabiting selenium-laden coal ash effluents. 2. Tissue biochemistry evaluation

Sunfish were collected from a fly ash pond-receiving stream and an Ohio River reference site to assess biochemical responses to coal ash effluent exposure. Selenium levels in sunfish from the receiving stream were higher than toxic thresholds associated with adverse population effects and reproductive impairment. Tissue biochemistry was found to be indicative of metal exposure and effect, but varied widely. Liver glycogen was positively correlated with increased liver metal levels, indicating no adverse effect upon stored carbohydrate levels. Lipid levels decreased with increasing metals, indicating possible nutritional stress. Protein levels increased with increasing metal levels, possibly due to the synthesis of proteins to sequester the metals. ATPase, dUTPase, and alkaline phosphatase activity generally decreased with exposure to ash pond metals, but remained within normal physiological ranges. Fish condition factors and liver somatic indices were correlated with liver lipid levels, dUTPase activity, and gill ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activity. Exposure to coal ash effluents produced biochemical markers of exposure that were associated with fish condition indicators; however, the indices themselves were not significantly affected by effluent exposure.