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Jiang Q, Xia D, Liu C, Jiang Q, Li J, Han B, Jiang B, Huang W, Xue X, Yang H, Jiang L, Dai Q. Does bimolecular termination dominate in benzoyl peroxide initiated styrene free-radical polymerization? POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A Theoretical and Experimental Study for Screening Inhibitors for Styrene Polymerization. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Styrene is one of the most important monomers utilized in the synthesis of various polymers. Nevertheless, during distillation, storage, and transportation of ST, undesired polymer (i.e., UP) formation can take place. Thus, the control of undesired polymerization of styrene is a challenging issue facing industry. To tackle the mentioned issue, the antipolymer and antioxidant activity of stable nitroxide radicals (i.e., SNRs) and phenolics in styrene polymerization were studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental approach. The electrophilicity index and growth percentage have been determined by DFT calculation and experimental approach, respectively. It is depicted that 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (DTBMP) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) from phenolics, and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine 1-Oxyl (4-hydroxy-TEMPO) and 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-Oxyl (4-oxo-TEMPO) from stable nitroxide radicals were the most effective inhibitors. Also, the growth percentage of DTMBP, BHT, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, and 4-oxo-TEMPO after 4 h were 16.40, 42.50, 24.85, and 46.8, respectively. In addition, the conversion percentage of DTMBP, BHT, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, and 4-oxo-TEMPO after 4 h were obtained to be 0.048, 0.111, 0.065, and 0.134, respectively. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of these inhibitors was investigated experimentally, indicating that DTMBP/4-hydroxy-TEMPO exerted the best synergistic effects on the inhibition of polymerization. The optimum inhibition effect was observed at the blend of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (25 wt.%) and DTMBP (75 wt.%,) corresponding to 6.8% polymer growth after 4 h.
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Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, De Keer L, Reyniers MF, D'hooge DR. A detailed mechanistic study of bulk MADIX of styrene and its chain extension. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining experimental and modeling tools, a detailed characterization study of MADIX properties becomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lies De Keer
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering
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Ward AJ, Lesic RA, Proschogo N, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T. Strained surface siloxanes as a source of synthetically important radicals. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20399f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcination of pure amorphous silica at temperatures up to 850 °C results in the formation of strained siloxane rings which are capable of undergoing homolytic cleavage to generate radicals when in the presence of an appropriate substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony J. Ward
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
| | - Rebecca A. Lesic
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
| | - Nicholas Proschogo
- Mass Spectrometry Unit
- School of Chemistry F11
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
| | - Anthony F. Masters
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
| | - Thomas Maschmeyer
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
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Ebdon JR. Rate of copolymerization in strongly alternating systems: The evidence for the involvement of monomer complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19870100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Harwood HJ, Christov L, Guo M, Holland TV, Huckstep AY, Jones DH, Medsker RE, Rinaldi PL, Saito T, Tung DS. Investigation of statistical, block and graft copolymerizations using nmr-sensitive initiators and macroinitiators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19961110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bevington JC, Hunt BJ, Barson CA. Applications of the study of end-groups. A new approach to the determination of transfer constants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19961110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Barson CA, Bevington JC, Hunt BJ. COMMENTS ON RECENT PAPERS CONCERNING TRANSFER IN RADICAL POLYMERIZATIONS. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lamparski HG, Oblinger E, O'Brien DF. Primary Termination of Radical Chain Polymerizations in Bilayer Membranes. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990282r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry G. Lamparski
- C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Eric Oblinger
- C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - David F. O'Brien
- C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Hatada K, Kitayama T, Ute K, Terawaki Y, Yanagida T. End-Group Analysis of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Prepared with Benzoyl Peroxide by 750 MHz High-Resolution 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970672i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hatada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kitayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
| | - Koichi Ute
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
| | - Yoshio Terawaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
| | - Takatsune Yanagida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
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Fluorinated derivatives of benzoyl peroxide as initiators of radical polymerizations: Study of the end-groups derived from the initiator. Eur Polym J 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(96)00253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ohtani H, Takehana Y, Tsuge S. Quantification of End Groups in Anionically Polymerized Poly(methyl methacrylate)s by Pyrolysis−Gas Chromatography. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960955v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ohtani
- Division of Materials Science, Center for Integrated Research in Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takehana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
| | - Shin Tsuge
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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Barson C, Bevington J, Hunt B. Efficacy of precipitation in non-solvents for the recovery of pure polymers from solution. Eur Polym J 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(96)00040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ito Y, Tsuge S, Ohtani H, Wakabayashi S, Atarashi JI, Kawamura T. Characterization of Branched Alkyl End Groups of Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Pyrolysis−Gas Chromatography. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960007u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hajime Ohtani
- Center for Integrated Research in Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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Mathur AM, Scranton AB. Characterization of hydrogels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biomaterials 1996; 17:547-57. [PMID: 8652773 DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)88705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Literature relevant to characterization of hydrogels and cross-linked polymer networks using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been extensively reviewed. After a brief introduction to the fundamentals of NMR spectroscopy, a variety of NMR techniques are considered, including 13C NMR of swollen polymer networks, end-group studies by 13C NMR with labelled initiators, spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxational studies to distinguish species based upon mobility, and characterization of specific interactions using the nuclear Overhauser effect. Finally, a brief treatment of the characterization of polymer structural quantities such as composition, tacticity and sequence distribution by NMR spectroscopic studies is presented. Although our discussion is representative rather than exhaustive, we are confident that this review will demonstrate the utility of NMR spectroscopy for characterization of hydrogel networks which have applications as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mathur
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Bevington J, Jenkins A. Initiation in high-conversion radical polymerizations: Comments on some recent papers. POLYMER 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(95)97354-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Lyons R, Moad G, Senogles E. Effect of ethyl aluminium sesquichloride on the relative reactivities of styrene and methyl methacrylate towards the 1-cyano-1-methylethyl and the 1-methyl-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl radicals. Eur Polym J 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(93)90109-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Dix L, Ebdon J, Hodge P. Synthesis of telechelic methyl methacrylate and styrene oligomers with fluorophenyl ketone end groups by the ozonolysis of copolymers containing 4-fluorophenyl butadiene units. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90097-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Krstina J, Moad G, Solomon DH. Effects of solvent on model copolymerization reactions. A 13C-NMR study. Eur Polym J 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(92)90189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bevington J, Bowden B, Cywar D, Lyons R, Senogles E, Tirrell D. Reactivities of conjugated dienes towards the 1-cyano-1-methylethyl and 1-phenylethyl radicals. Eur Polym J 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(91)90061-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Bevington J, Cywar D, Huckerby T, Lyons R, Senogles E, Tirrell D. The reactions of butadiene with the 1-cyano-1-methylethyl and 1-phenylethyl radicals. Eur Polym J 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(91)90143-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Ohtani H, Tanaka M, Tsuge S. End Groups of Poly(methyl methacrylate) as a Function of Molecular Weight Determined by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1990. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.63.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Krstina J, Moad G, Solomon DH. “Weak links” in polystyrene—thermal degradation of polymers prepared with AIBN or benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Eur Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(89)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Tribute to Professor John Bevington. Eur Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(89)90018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ohtani H, Ishiguro S, Tanaka M, Tsuge S. Characterization of Polymerization Reagents Incorporated into Poly(methyl methacrylate) Chains by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography. Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.21.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Cywar DA, Tirrell DA. Model copolymerization reactions. Initiation of the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile by 1,1′-azobis(1-phenyl[1-13C]ethane). Eur Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(89)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Behari K, Bevington J, Breuer S, Huckerby T. The reactions with initiating radicals of monomers having low ceiling temperatures: the case of alpha-methoxy styrene with the 2-cyano-2-propyl radical. Eur Polym J 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(88)90150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Bevington J, Cywar D, Huckerby T, Senogles E, Tirrell D. A method for the determination of the relative reactivities of monomers towards the 1-phenylethyl radical. Eur Polym J 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(88)90038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Bevington J, Huckerby T, Liu M, Thorpe F. The involvement of 2-vinylthiophene and 2-styrylthiophene in the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Eur Polym J 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(87)90016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Ebdon JR, Towns CR, Dodgson K. ON THE ROLE OF MONOMER-MONOMER COMPLEXES IN ALTERNATING FREE-RADICAL COPOLYMERIZATIONS: THE CASE OF STYRENE AND MALEIC ANHYDRIDE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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