1
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Kościelniak P, Więckowska A, Karbarz M, Kaniewska K. Nanocomposite hydrogel for skin motion sensing - An antifreezing, nanoreinforced hydrogel with decorated AuNP as a multicrosslinker. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:392-404. [PMID: 38941933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a nanocomposite hydrogel designed for skin motion sensing. The hydrogel is based on poly(acrylamide) crosslinked with gold nanoparticles covalently bound to the polymer matrix, yielding a robust, highly elastic and conductive material. The choice of amino acid derivative - N,N'-diacryloylcystine salt (BISS) - as a crosslinker allows for the introduction of gold nanoparticles, due to the presence of sulfide groups in its structure. During the nanoparticle modification process, covalent bonds between gold and sulfur atoms are formed as the disulfide bond is cleaved. In result of this self-assembly process, a multifunctional Au-BISS crosslinker is formed, enhancing the material's mechanical properties and introducing electrical conductivity. To confer anti-freezing properties and limit water evaporation, a binary mixture of water and glycerol was used. The resultant hydrogel exhibits high elasticity, strain sensitivity across a wide strain range and various types of deformation (elongation, bending, compression) with exceptional response time (120 ms) and recovery time (90 ms). The material's cold-resistance, resilience, and conductivity make it well-suited for real-time monitoring of joint movements and speech recognition, with potential applications in electronic skin and healthcare monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kościelniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw PL-02-093, Poland; Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Więckowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw PL-02-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw PL-02-093, Poland; Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kaniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw PL-02-093, Poland; Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Chau A, Edwards CER, Helgeson ME, Pitenis AA. Designing Superlubricious Hydrogels from Spontaneous Peroxidation Gradients. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43075-43086. [PMID: 37650860 PMCID: PMC10510045 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrated three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers that are commonly used in the biomedical industry due to their mechanical and structural tunability, biocompatibility, and similar water content to biological tissues. The surface structure of hydrogels polymerized through free-radical polymerization can be modified by controlling environmental oxygen concentrations, leading to the formation of a polymer concentration gradient. In this work, 17.5 wt % polyacrylamide hydrogels are polymerized in low (0.01 mol % O2) and high (20 mol % O2) oxygen environments, and their mechanical and tribological properties are characterized through microindentation, nanoindentation, and tribological sliding experiments. Without significantly reducing the elastic modulus of the hydrogel (E* ≈ 200 kPa), we demonstrate an order of magnitude reduction in friction coefficient (from μ = 0.021 ± 0.006 to μ = 0.002 ± 0.001) by adjusting polymerization conditions (e.g., oxygen concentration). A quantitative analytical model based on polyacrylamide chemistry and kinetics was developed to estimate the thickness and structure of the monomer conversion gradient, termed the "surface gel layer". We find that polymerizing hydrogels at high oxygen concentrations leads to the formation of a preswollen surface gel layer that is approximately five times thicker (t ≈ 50 μm) and four times less concentrated (≈ 6% monomer conversion) at the surface prior to swelling compared to low oxygen environments (t ≈ 10 μm, ≈ 20% monomer conversion). Our model could be readily modified to predict the preswollen concentration profile of the polyacrylamide gel surface layer for any reaction conditions─monomer and initiator concentration, oxygen concentration, reaction time, and reaction media depth─or used to select conditions that correspond to a certain desired surface gel layer profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison
L. Chau
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Chelsea E. R. Edwards
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Angela A. Pitenis
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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3
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De Deene Y. Radiation Dosimetry by Use of Radiosensitive Hydrogels and Polymers: Mechanisms, State-of-the-Art and Perspective from 3D to 4D. Gels 2022; 8:599. [PMID: 36135311 PMCID: PMC9498652 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel dosimetry was developed in the 1990s in response to a growing need for methods to validate the radiation dose distribution delivered to cancer patients receiving high-precision radiotherapy. Three different classes of gel dosimeters were developed and extensively studied. The first class of gel dosimeters is the Fricke gel dosimeters, which consist of a hydrogel with dissolved ferrous ions that oxidize upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The oxidation results in a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, which makes it possible to read out Fricke gel dosimeters by use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The radiation-induced oxidation in Fricke gel dosimeters can also be visualized by adding an indicator such as xylenol orange. The second class of gel dosimeters is the radiochromic gel dosimeters, which also exhibit a color change upon irradiation but do not use a metal ion. These radiochromic gel dosimeters do not demonstrate a significant radiation-induced change in NMR properties. The third class is the polymer gel dosimeters, which contain vinyl monomers that polymerize upon irradiation. Polymer gel dosimeters are predominantly read out by quantitative MRI or X-ray CT. The accuracy of the dosimeters depends on both the physico-chemical properties of the gel dosimeters and on the readout technique. Many different gel formulations have been proposed and discussed in the scientific literature in the last three decades, and scanning methods have been optimized to achieve an acceptable accuracy for clinical dosimetry. More recently, with the introduction of the MR-Linac, which combines an MRI-scanner and a clinical linear accelerator in one, it was shown possible to acquire dose maps during radiation, but new challenges arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves De Deene
- Liverpool & Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool, NSW 1871, Australia; or
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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4
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Nishizawa Y, Minato H, Inui T, Saito I, Kureha T, Shibayama M, Uchihashi T, Suzuki D. Nanostructure and thermoresponsiveness of poly( N-isopropyl methacrylamide)-based hydrogel microspheres prepared via aqueous free radical precipitation polymerization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13130-13137. [PMID: 35423887 PMCID: PMC8697349 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01650d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive hydrogel microspheres (microgels) are smart materials that quickly respond to external stimuli, and their thermoresponsiveness can be tuned by varying the constituent chemical species. Although uniformly sized microgels can be prepared via aqueous free radical precipitation polymerization, the nanostructure of the obtained microgels is complex and remains unclear so far. In the present study, the nanostructure and thermoresponsiveness of poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (pNIPMAm)-based microgels, which have a volume-transition temperature of ∼43 °C, were evaluated mainly using temperature-controllable high-speed atomic force microscopy. These observations, which are characterized by high spatio-temporal resolution, revealed that the pNIPMAm microgels have a peculiar heterogeneous structure, for example a core-shell and non-thermoresponsive nanostructure in the core region, that originates from the precipitation polymerization process. Furthermore, it was found that the adsorption concentration of the microgels on the substrate is one of the keys for controlling their thermoresponsiveness. These findings can be expected to advance the design of new materials such as thermoresponsive nanosheets and stimuli-responsive coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Haruka Minato
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Takumi Inui
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Ikuma Saito
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Takuma Kureha
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Hirosaki University 3, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki Aomori 036-8561 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society 162-1 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1106 Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics, Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chiksusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Science 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
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5
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Gombert Y, Roncoroni F, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Spencer ND. The hierarchical bulk molecular structure of poly(acrylamide) hydrogels: beyond the fishing net. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9789-9798. [PMID: 33001127 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The polymeric structure of hydrogels is commonly presented in the literature as resembling a fishing net. However, this simple view cannot fully capture all the unique properties of these materials. Crucial for a detailed description of the bulk structure in free-radical polymerized vinylic hydrogels is a thorough understanding of the cross-linker distribution. This work focuses on the precise role of the tetra-functional cross-linker in the hydrogel system: acrylamide-N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide). Clusters of crosslinker smaller than 4 nm and their agglomerates, as well as polymer domains with sizes from the 100 nm to the μm-range, have been identified by means of both X-ray and visible-light scattering. Placed in the context of the extensive literature on this system, these observations demonstrate the heterogeneous organisation of the polymer within the hydrogel network structure, and can be accounted for by the different polymerization behavior of the monomer and crosslinker. Together with polymer-network chain-length approximations based on swelling experiments and structural observations with scanning electron microscopy, these results indicate a hierarchical structure of the polymer network surrounding pockets of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gombert
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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6
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Shi R, Fern J, Xu W, Jia S, Huang Q, Pahapale G, Schulman R, Gracias DH. Multicomponent DNA Polymerization Motor Gels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002946. [PMID: 32776420 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with the ability to change shape in response to biochemical stimuli are important for biosensing, smart medicine, drug delivery, and soft robotics. Here, a family of multicomponent DNA polymerization motor gels with different polymer backbones is created, including acrylamide-co-bis-acrylamide (Am-BIS), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) that swell extensively in response to specific DNA sequences. A common mechanism, a polymerization motor that induces swelling is driven by a cascade of DNA hairpin insertions into hydrogel crosslinks. These multicomponent hydrogels can be photopatterned into distinct shapes, have a broad range of mechanical properties, including tunable shear moduli between 297 and 3888 Pa and enhanced biocompatibility. Human cells adhere to the GelMA-DNA gels and remain viable during ≈70% volumetric swelling of the gel scaffold induced by DNA sequences. The results demonstrate the generality of sequential DNA hairpin insertion as a mechanism for inducing shape change in multicomponent hydrogels, suggesting widespread applicability of polymerization motor gels in biomaterials science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohong Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Joshua Fern
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Weinan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sisi Jia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Gayatri Pahapale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Rebecca Schulman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David H Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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7
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Wang Q, Li L, Lu Z, Hu X, Li Z, Sun G. Highly Dispersed Graphene Network Achieved by using a Nanoparticle‐Crosslinked Polymer to Create a Sensitive Conductive Sensor. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Lefan Li
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Zeyu Lu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Xiaosai Hu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Guoxing Sun
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau SAR China
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8
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Suekama TC, Aziz V, Mohammadi Z, Berkland C, Gehrke SH. Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-vinyl formamide) hydrogels-A potential alternative to polyacrylamide hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Lau HW, Archer LA. Gel electrophoresis of linear and star-branched DNA. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:061916. [PMID: 22304125 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.061916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of double-stranded DNA in polyacrylamide gel is investigated using an activated hopping model for the transport of a charged object within a heterogeneous medium. The model is premised upon a representation of the DNA path through the gel matrix as a series of traps with alternating large and small cross sections. Calculations of the trap dimensions from gel data show that the path imposes varying degrees of confinement upon migrating analytes, which retard their forward motion in a size-dependent manner. An expression derived for DNA mobility is shown to provide accurate predictions for the dynamics of linear DNA (67-622 bp) in gels of multiple concentrations. For star-branched DNA, the incorporation within the model of a length scale previously proposed to account for analyte architecture [Yuan et al., Anal. Chem. 78, 6179 (2006)] leads to mobility predictions that compare well with experimental results for a wide range of DNA shapes and molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Lau
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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10
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Abstract
The binding of cytochrome c to pH and thermoresponsive colloidal hydrogels was investigated using multiangle light scattering, measuring loading through changes in particle molar mass and root mean square radius. Loosely cross-linked microgels [composed of a random copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and acrylic acid (AAc)] demonstrated a high loading capacity for protein. Encapsulation was dependent on both the charge characteristics of the network and the salinity of the medium. Under favorable binding conditions (neutral pH, low ionic strength), microgels containing the highest studied charge density (30 mol% AAc) were capable of encapsulating greater than 9.7 × 10(5) cytochrome c molecules per particle. Binding resulted in the formation of a polymer-protein complex and condensation of the polymer. Anionic microgels demonstrated a change in density ~20-fold in the presence of oppositely charged proteins. These studies of cytochrome c encapsulation represent a significant step towards direct measurement of encapsulation efficiency in complex media as we pursue responsive nanogels and microgels for the delivery of macromolecular therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Smith
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - L. Andrew Lyon
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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11
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Acrylamide-itaconic acid superabsorbent polymers and superabsorbent polymer/mica nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Smith MH, Herman ES, Lyon LA. Network deconstruction reveals network structure in responsive microgels. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3761-4. [PMID: 21425815 DOI: 10.1021/jp111634k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Detailed characterization of hydrogel particle erosion revealed critical physicochemical differences between spheres, where network decomposition was informative of network structure. Real-time, in situ monitoring of the triggered erosion of colloidal hydrogels (microgels) was performed via multiangle light scattering. The solution-average molar mass and root-mean-square radii of eroding particles were measured as a function of time for microgels prepared from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) or N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAm), copolymerized with a chemically labile cross-linker (1,2-dihydroxylethylene)bisacrylamide (DHEA). Precipitation polymerization was employed to yield particles of comparable dimensions but with distinct topological features. Heterogeneous cross-linker incorporation resulted in a heterogeneous network structure for pNIPAm microgels. During the erosion reaction, mass loss proceeded from the exterior toward the interior of the polymer. In contrast, pNIPMAm microgels had a more homogeneous network structure, which resulted in a more uniform mass loss throughout the particle during erosion. Although both particle types degraded into low molar mass products, pNIPAm microgels were incapable of complete dissolution due to the presence of nondegradable cross-links arising from chain transfer and branching during particle synthesis. The observations described herein provide insight into key design parameters associated with the synthesis of degradable hydrogel particles, which may be of use in various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Smith
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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13
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Baselga J, Piérola IF, Hernández-fuentes I, Llorente MA. Stress-strain behavior of polyacrylamide networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19880200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Seetapan N, Srisithipantakul N, Kiatkamjornwong S. Synthesis of acrylamide-co
-(itaconic acid) superabsorbent polymers and associated silica superabsorbent polymer composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Wang WJ, Wang D, Li BG, Zhu S. Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Polyacrylamide Using Semibatch Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100224v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China 310027
| | - Dunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China 310027
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China 310027
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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16
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Seetapan N, Wongsawaeng J, Kiatkamjornwong S. Gel strength and swelling of acrylamide-protic acid superabsorbent copolymers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Baldock C, De Deene Y, Doran S, Ibbott G, Jirasek A, Lepage M, McAuley KB, Oldham M, Schreiner LJ. Polymer gel dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:R1-63. [PMID: 20150687 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/5/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gel dosimeters are fabricated from radiation sensitive chemicals which, upon irradiation, polymerize as a function of the absorbed radiation dose. These gel dosimeters, with the capacity to uniquely record the radiation dose distribution in three-dimensions (3D), have specific advantages when compared to one-dimensional dosimeters, such as ion chambers, and two-dimensional dosimeters, such as film. These advantages are particularly significant in dosimetry situations where steep dose gradients exist such as in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery. Polymer gel dosimeters also have specific advantages for brachytherapy dosimetry. Potential dosimetry applications include those for low-energy x-rays, high-linear energy transfer (LET) and proton therapy, radionuclide and boron capture neutron therapy dosimetries. These 3D dosimeters are radiologically soft-tissue equivalent with properties that may be modified depending on the application. The 3D radiation dose distribution in polymer gel dosimeters may be imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical-computerized tomography (optical-CT), x-ray CT or ultrasound. The fundamental science underpinning polymer gel dosimetry is reviewed along with the various evaluation techniques. Clinical dosimetry applications of polymer gel dosimetry are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baldock
- Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia.
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18
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Noppakundilograt S, Nanakorn P, Sonjaipanich K, Seetapan N, Kiatkamjornwong S. Synthesis and characterization of acrylamide-based aluminum flocculant for turbidity reduction in wastewater. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Valencia J, Baselga J, Pierola IF. Compression elastic modulus of neutral, ionic, and amphoteric hydrogels based onN-vinylimidazole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Stellwagen NC. Electrophoresis of DNA in agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels and in free solution. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S188-95. [PMID: 19517510 PMCID: PMC2757927 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the electrophoresis of curved and normal DNA molecules in agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels and in free solution. These studies were undertaken to clarify why curved DNA molecules migrate anomalously slowly in polyacrylamide gels but not in agarose gels. Two milestone papers are cited, in which Ferguson plots were used to estimate the effective pore size of agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Subsequent studies on the effect of the electric field on agarose and polyacrylamide gel matrices, DNA interactions with the two gel matrices, and the effect of curvature on the free solution mobility of DNA are also described. The combined results suggest that the anomalously slow mobilities observed for curved DNA molecules in polyacrylamide gels are primarily due to preferential interactions of curved DNAs with the polyacrylamide gel matrix; the restrictive pore size of the matrix is of lesser importance. In free solution, DNA mobilities increase with increasing molecular mass until leveling off at a plateau value of (3.17 +/- 0.01) x 10(-4) cm2/V s in 40 mM Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer at 20 degrees C. Curved DNA molecules migrate anomalously slowly in free solution as well as in polyacrylamide gels, explaining why the Ferguson plots of curved and normal DNAs containing the same number of base pairs extrapolate to different mobilities at zero gel concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Stellwagen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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21
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Stellwagen NC, Stellwagen E. Effect of the matrix on DNA electrophoretic mobility. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1917-29. [PMID: 19100556 PMCID: PMC2643323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA electrophoretic mobilities are highly dependent on the nature of the matrix in which the separation takes place. This review describes the effect of the matrix on DNA separations in agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels and solutions containing entangled linear polymers, correlating the electrophoretic mobilities with information obtained from other types of studies. DNA mobilities in various sieving media are determined by the interplay of three factors: the relative size of the DNA molecule with respect to the effective pore size of the matrix, the effect of the electric field on the matrix, and specific interactions of DNA with the matrix during electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Stellwagen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 4403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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22
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23
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Ding L, Evsyukov SE. NONIONIC HYDROGELS BASED ON POLY(METHYL TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL VINYL ETHER). JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Wang J, Ugaz VM. Using in situ rheology to characterize the microstructure in photopolymerized polyacrylamide gels for DNA electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3349-58. [PMID: 16892481 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerized cross-linked polyacrylamide hydrogels are attractive sieving matrix formulations for DNA electrophoresis owing to their rapid polymerization times and the potential to locally tailor the gel pore structure through spatial variation of illumination intensity. This capability is especially important in microfluidic systems, where photopolymerization allows gel matrices to be precisely positioned within complex microchannel networks. Separation performance is also directly related to the nanoscale gel pore structure, which is in turn strongly influenced by polymerization kinetics. Unfortunately, detailed studies of the interplay among polymerization kinetics, mechanical properties, and structural morphology are lacking in photopolymerized hydrogel systems. In this paper, we address this issue by performing a series of in situ dynamic small-amplitude oscillatory shear measurements during photopolymerization of cross-linked polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels to investigate the relationship between rheology and parameters associated with the gelation environment including UV intensity, monomer and cross-linker composition, and reaction temperature. In general, we find that the storage modulus G' increases with increasing initial monomer concentration, cross-linker concentration, and polymerization temperature. The steady-state value of G', however, exhibits a more complex dependence on UV intensity that varies with gel concentration. A simple model based on rubber elasticity theory is used to obtain estimates of the average gel pore size that are in surprisingly good agreement with corresponding data obtained from analysis of DNA electrophoretic mobility in gels cast under identical polymerization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-3122, USA
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25
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Pacios IE, Pastoriza A, Pierola IF. Effect of the crosslinking density and the method of sample preparation on the observed microstructure of macroporous and conventional poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Yildiz G, Paril A, Giz A, Çatalgil-Giz H. Swelling studies in electrochemically prepared acrylamide/N,N′ methylene bisacrylamide gels. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Pacios IE, Pierola IF. Importance of Postgel Reactions in Determining the Polymer Network Structure and Properties. Poly(N-vinylimidazole) Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0527552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel E. Pacios
- Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines F. Pierola
- Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Lopatin VV, Askadskii AA, Peregudov AS, Vasil'ev VG. Structure and relaxation properties of medical-purposed polyacrylamide gels. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kwok AY, Qiao GG, Solomon DH. Synthetic hydrogels. 1. Effects of solvent on poly(acrylamide) networks. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Valencia J, Piérola IF. Equilibrium swelling properties of poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-sodium styrenesulfonate) hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(01)00159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Valencia J, Piérola IF. Swelling kinetics of poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-sodium styrenesulfonate) hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Ding L, Hennig I, Evsyukov S. Nonionic hydrogels by copolymerization of vinylene carbonate and oligo(ethylene glycol) vinyl ethers. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Salehli F, �atalgil-Giz H, Giz A, Kamer O, Altuncevahir B. Dielectric investigation of the sol-gel transition in the acrylamide/N,N? methylenebisacrylamide system. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000711)77:2<463::aid-app24>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Asnaghi D, Giglio M, Bossi A, Righetti PG. Quasi-Ordered Structure in Highly Cross-Linked Poly(acrylamide) Gels. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970360f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Asnaghi
- Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy, and Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - M. Giglio
- Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy, and Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - A. Bossi
- Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy, and Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - P. G. Righetti
- Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy, and Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 37134 Verona, Italy
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36
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Mathur AM, Scranton AB. Characterization of hydrogels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biomaterials 1996; 17:547-57. [PMID: 8652773 DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)88705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Literature relevant to characterization of hydrogels and cross-linked polymer networks using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been extensively reviewed. After a brief introduction to the fundamentals of NMR spectroscopy, a variety of NMR techniques are considered, including 13C NMR of swollen polymer networks, end-group studies by 13C NMR with labelled initiators, spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxational studies to distinguish species based upon mobility, and characterization of specific interactions using the nuclear Overhauser effect. Finally, a brief treatment of the characterization of polymer structural quantities such as composition, tacticity and sequence distribution by NMR spectroscopic studies is presented. Although our discussion is representative rather than exhaustive, we are confident that this review will demonstrate the utility of NMR spectroscopy for characterization of hydrogel networks which have applications as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mathur
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, East Lansing 48824, USA
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37
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Righetti PG, Caglio S. On the kinetics of monomer incorporation into polyacrylamide gels, as investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1993; 14:573-82. [PMID: 8375347 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150140191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of monomer incorporation into a polyacrylamide gel have been studied in a photopolymerization system comprising 100 microM methylene blue in presence of a red-ox system, 1 mM sodium toluenesulfinate (reducer) and 50 microM diphenyliodonium chloride (oxidizer). A precise assessment of gel point (pc) was obtained in a droplet chamber, in which argon was gently bubbled with a fused silica capillary into the reaction mixture. At pc, 50% (+/- 3) acrylamide was incorporated into the matrix, vs. 80% (+/- 4) N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. This incorporation level remained the same when polymerized in the 2-36 degrees C temperature range. Incorporation continued almost linearly for acrylamide up to 80% conversion. The reaction was continued up to 55 min (at 2 degrees C), at which point bisacrylamide had been essentially consumed (> 99.5% incorporation) and acrylamide had reacted (95%). At 2 degrees C, after gelation, the gel became progressively turbid (the Tyndall effect plateauing at 50 min), but it remained fully transparent if, at the gel point, reaction was continued at 50 degrees C. The consumption of the pendant double bonds of Bis followed the progression of turbidity. It is concluded that, by gelation at 2 degrees C, the nascent chains form clusters held together by hydrogen bonds (melting point at 28 degrees C); such clusters are subsequently "frozen" in the three-dimensional space as the pendant double bonds in the chains react progressively. Such turbid matrices are more porous and less elastic than when the gel is polymerized at 50 degrees C. This process is similar to the "lateral aggregation" occurring when gels are formed in presence of a polymer in solution (e.g. 10 KDa polyethylene glycol; Righetti et al., Electrophoresis 1992, 13, 587-594).
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Righetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milano, Italy
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38
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Dubrovskii SA, Ilavsk� M, Arkhipovich GN. The elastic behaviour of weakly ionic gels. Polym Bull (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00296722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Chujo Y, Sada K, Kawasaki T, Saegusa T. Synthesis of Non-Ionic Hydrogel from Star-Shaped Polyoxazoline. Polym J 1992. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.24.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Chemistry and physics of “agricultural” hydrogels. POLYELECTROLYTES HYDROGELS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MATERIALS 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-55109-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Baselga J, Hernández-Fuentes I, Masegosa RM, Llorente MA. Effect of Crosslinker on Swelling and Thermodynamic Properties of Polyacrylamide Gels. Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.21.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Synthesis of an amphigel by the terpolymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline, and bis-oxazoline. Polym Bull (Berl) 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01045169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Baselga J, Llorente M, Hernández-Fuentes I, Piérola I. Polyacrylamide gels. Process of network formation. Eur Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(89)90189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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