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Tacchini L, Radice L, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Differential activation of some transcription factors during rat liver ischemia, reperfusion, and heat shock. J Cell Physiol 1999; 180:255-62. [PMID: 10395295 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199908)180:2<255::aid-jcp13>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to external stimuli by changes in gene expression that are largely dependent on transcription factors (TFs). We studied the behavior of some TFs in rat liver during ischemia, postischemic reperfusion, and heat shock. Knowledge of the conditions at the end of ischemia is essential to understand changes occurring at reperfusion. The TFs investigated are known to be typically responsive to heat shock (HSF), hypoxia (HIF-1), pro- and antioxidant conditions (AP-1), or to various environmental changes (HNF-1 and ATF/CREB family). The most relevant new information includes the following: 1) Liver ischemia activates extremely rapidly the DNA binding capacity of HSF, soon followed by analogous activation of HIF-1 and AP-1. 2) After a certain lag time from the activation of HIF-1, mRNAs accumulate for two glycolytic enzymes, in particular Aldolase A and Heme Oxygenase 1, which contain HIF-1 sequences in their promoters. 3) Reperfusion, which is known to further increase the binding of HSF and to induce NFkappaB binding, abrogates or decreases the binding of HIF-1 and AP-1, stimulated by ischemia, and activates the binding of ATF/CREB. Later on, a second peak of AP-1 binding is induced. 4) Heat shock activates both ischemia-responsive and reperfusion-responsive TFs. 5) Preliminary experiments of supergelshift reveal that the activation of AP-1 at reperfusion or upon heat shock may result from the different involvement of the component subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tacchini
- Istituto di Patologia Generale dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Centro di Studio sulla Patologia Cellulare del CNR, Milan, Italy
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Aoe T, Inaba H, Kon S, Imai M, Aono M, Mizuguchi T, Saito T, Nishino T. Heat shock protein 70 messenger RNA reflects the severity of ischemia/hypoxia-reperfusion injury in the perfused rat liver. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:324-9. [PMID: 9034272 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199702000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether ischemia-reperfusion and hypoxia-reoxygenation cause cellular damages and stress responses in an isolated perfused rat liver model. To determine whether the increased synthesis of stress protein messenger RNA reflects cellular injury. DESIGN Prospective, controlled study. SETTING Institutional laboratories. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Isolated rat livers with cell free perfusion were exposed to various periods of ischemia-reperfusion or hypoxia-reoxygenation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured hepatic oxygen consumption and alanine aminotransferase leakage from liver during perfusion. We analyzed the gene expression of heat shock protein 70, a major stress protein, of the liver by Northern blotting after perfusion. The expression of heat shock protein 70 messenger RNA augmented as the reperfusion period increased. The expression level after graded ischemia or hypoxia significantly correlated with the calculated hepatic oxygen debt (r2 = .737; p < .001; n = 21), or with the accumulated alanine aminotransferase leakage from the liver (r2 = .509; p < .001; n = 21). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the accumulation of heat shock protein 70 messenger RNA reflects the severity of ischemia-reperfusion and hypoxia-reoxygenation injuries, and that a stress response in reperfusion can be triggered without formed elements of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aoe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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Bernelli-Zazzera A, Cairo G, Schiaffonati L, Tacchini L. Stress proteins and reperfusion stress in the liver. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 663:120-4. [PMID: 1482045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood reperfusion after temporary liver ischemia induces the expression of heat shock genes and the synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsps), in particular hsp 70. Induction requires a certain duration of ischemia, suggesting that cell damage before reperfusion is essential for activation of heat shock genes. The expression of the hsp 70 gene is preceded by activation of the cellular protooncogenes c-fos and c-jun. However, the product of these genes, which is transcription factor AP-1, seems unnecessary for activation of the hsp 70 gene, which does not require the integrity of protein synthesis. Hsp genes seem to behave as "early response genes," enabling the cell to respond to emergency situations.
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Piccoletti R, Bendinelli P, Arienti D, Bernelli-Zazzera A. State and activity of protein kinase C in postischemic reperfused liver. Exp Mol Pathol 1992; 56:219-28. [PMID: 1639181 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(92)90038-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the activity and the phorbol-binding capacity of protein kinase C (PKC) in subcellular fractions, as well as the relative amount of the enzyme protein in rat livers reperfused after severe nonnecrogenic ischemia. Ischemia causes a significant decrease in PKC phosphotransferase activity in both membranes and cytosol which lasts long after the reestablishment of the blood flow. The phorbol-binding capacity of the membrane fraction shows the same behavior. The amount of PKC protein decreases during ischemia (-25%) but returns to normal after reperfusion more promptly than activity and binding capacity, suggesting that PKC resynthesized in postischemic livers is either functionally defective or incapacitated by unsuitable conditions of the environment. We have also measured the contents of some lipids that may influence PKC activity in the cell. During ischemia and reperfusion there is a significant increase in the content of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), which is the physiological activator of PKC, but under the conditions occurring in the ischemic/postischemic livers DAG apparently cannot bind to the enzyme and fulfill its function. Total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, which significantly decrease at 60 min of ischemia, return to normal levels 1 hr after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Piccoletti
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Schiaffonati L, Rappocciolo E, Tacchini L, Cairo G, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Reprogramming of gene expression in postischemic rat liver: induction of proto-oncogenes and hsp 70 gene family. J Cell Physiol 1990; 143:79-87. [PMID: 2108173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041430110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for different members of the heat-shock protein 70 gene family were studied in rat livers reperfused after non-necrogenic ischemia. The expression of constitutive hsc 73 gene decreases during ischemia, returns to normal upon reperfusion, and increases 4 hr after restoration of blood flow. Reperfusion induces the expression of another hsp 70 gene family member (the so-called inducible hsp 70 gene), which remains at high levels for at least 7 hr. The induction of hsp 70 family genes is preceded by activation of the cellular oncogene c-fos, the most prompt change in gene expression detected in reperfused liver. Run-on experiments demonstrate that the increased expression of these genes is largely dependent on activation of transcription. Changes in the amount of c-myc and ornithine decarboxylase mRNA are not evident, while the level of the mRNA for glucose-regulated protein GRP 78 increases later, concurrent with the onset of the acute phase response to surgical trauma. Analysis of polysomal and nonpolysomal fractions from sucrose gradients indicates that in postischemic liver, hsp 70 and hsc 73 mRNA are rapidly engaged on light polysomal or nonpolysomal complexes and are later shifted to polysomes. Albumin mRNA displays the same behavior, indicating that hsp 70 mRNA are not preferentially translated and that increased transcription is the major mechanism for enhanced hsp synthesis in postischemic liver. Damage by active oxygen species, pressure overload, and derangements of protein synthesis is likely to include the causative factors of increased expression of c-fos and the hsp 70 gene family in postischemic reperfused liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schiaffonati
- Istituto di Patologia Generale dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Centro Studio sulla Patologia Cellulare, Italy
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Bernelli-Zazzera A. Patterns of RNA and protein synthesis in post-ischemic livers. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1989; 7:301-5. [PMID: 2479596 DOI: 10.3109/10715768909087955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The re-establishment of the blood supply to a formerly ischemic liver lobe, before the "point of no return" of the tissue is reached, induces a series of changes in protein and RNA metabolism that are functional to the repair of the damage suffered by the cells. Among these events there is the increase in synthesis of a group of proteins known as heat-shock (or stress) proteins, which are also induced in liver cells by different kinds of oxidative stress. The increase in synthesis of these proteins is largely due to the activation of their genes: some of these genes are also activated in cells stimulated to grow. These observations suggest a link between oxidative stress, repair of cell damage and cell multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernelli-Zazzera
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Centro di Studio sulla Patologia Cellulare del CNR, Milano, Italy
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Cairo G, Bardella L, Schiaffonati L, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Synthesis of heat shock proteins in rat liver after ischemia and hyperthermia. Hepatology 1985; 5:357-61. [PMID: 2581879 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia of rat liver is followed by recovery or cell death. Since heat shock proteins may be essential to cell survival under stress, we determined levels of heat shock proteins in liver after different periods of blood deprivation and correlated the results with cellular recovery. Cell-free synthesis by poly (A+)-mRNA and polysomes revealed 70 and 89 kd proteins which appear similar to proteins produced by the liver of rats with amphetamine-induced hyperthermia. The 70 and 89 kd proteins increased in the liver of rats which recovered from ischemia.
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Fornander J, Hasselgren PO, Jagenburg R. Effects of liver ischemia on degradation of different classes of hepatic proteins. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1984; 120:61-6. [PMID: 6720328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of liver ischemia on hepatic protein degradation were studied in rats. In one series of experiments degradation was measured in incubated liver slices as release of trichloroacetic acid soluble radioactivity from proteins prelabelled with L-(14C)-leucine during 4 h (short-lived proteins) or during 24 h (long-lived proteins). In another series of experiments protein degradation was determined in vivo by measuring decay of radioactivity in hepatic proteins prelabelled with (14C)-sodium bicarbonate administered intraperitoneally 4 h or 24 h before induction of liver ischemia. Degradation of short-lived proteins was reduced by 50% both in vitro and in vivo during liver ischemia while breakdown of long-lived proteins was unchanged. Thus, short-lived and long-lived proteins were differently affected by liver ischemia. These results are consistent with the concept of distinct proteolytic pathways for different classes of proteins.
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Hasselgren PO, Biber B, Fornander J. Improved blood flow and protein synthesis in the postischemic liver following infusion of dopamine. J Surg Res 1983; 34:44-52. [PMID: 6823101 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(83)90020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of dopamine on hepatic blood flow and protein synthesis in a condition with reduced liver blood flow, dopamine (5 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) or saline was infused intravenously following a period of liver ischemia in rats. Hepatic blood flow was measured by xenon washout technique and protein synthesis by leucine incorporation into proteins in incubated liver slices. Blood flow and protein synthesis in the postischemic liver were restituted faster and more completely in dopamine-treated rats suggesting that dopamine infusion can be of beneficial effect on liver metabolism in situations with reduced hepatic blood flow.
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Ferioli ME, Schiaffonati L, Scalabrino G, Cairo G, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Relationships between polyamine metabolism and RNA synthesis in post-ischemic liver cell repair. J Cell Physiol 1980; 103:121-8. [PMID: 6159362 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In liver cells recovering from reversible ischemia the increase in RNA synthesis by isolated nuclei is preceded by activation of ornithine decarboxylase, leading in turn to an increase in putrescine concentration. Treatment of the animals with 1,3-diaminopropane and putrescine prevents ornithine decarboxylase activation but does not hinder the enhancement of RNA synthesis in post-ischemic liver nuclei; therefore, ornithine decarboxylase activation does not seem to be a necessary prerequisite for the increase in RNA synthesis. Hypophysectomy does not prevent the post-ischemic increases of ornithine decarboxylase and RNA synthesis; but pre-treatment of the animals with cycloheximide--which has a dual effect on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase--abolishes the post-ischemic enhancement of RNA synthesis. In contrast with regenerating liver, changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine concentrations in reversible ischemia are not associated to changes in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity and in spermine and spermidine concentrations that seem to be characteristic of tissues where increases in RNA synthesis are followed by DNA synthesis and cell multiplication.
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Ferrero ME, Orsi R, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Cell repair after liver injury. Membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and amino acids in post-ischemic livers. Exp Mol Pathol 1980; 32:32-42. [PMID: 7351233 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(80)90040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Mahony JB, Brown IR. Fate of mRNA following disaggregation of brain polysomes after administration of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 565:161-72. [PMID: 508761 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide into young rabbits induced a transient brain-specific disaggregation of polysomes to monosomes. Investigation of the fate of mRNA revealed that brain poly(A+)mRNA was conserved. In particular, mRNA coding for brain-specific S100 protein was not degraded, nor was it released into free ribonucleoprotein particles. Following the (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide-induced disaggregation of polysomes, mRNA shifted from polysomes and accumulated on monosomes. Formation of a blocked monosome complex, which contained intact mRNA and 40-S plus 60-S ribosomal subunits but lacked nascent peptide chains, suggested that (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide inhibited brain protein synthesis at a specific stage of late initiation or early elongation.
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Ragnotti G, Aletti MG, Presta M. Inhibition of protein synthesis in ischaemic liver from phenobarbitone-treated rat. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:86-8. [PMID: 421808 DOI: 10.1007/bf01917894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both ribosomal factors and cytosolic inhibitors are involved in the reduction of the rate of protein synthesis which occurs in the ischaemic hepatocyte from control and phenobarbitone-treated livers. Of these 2 factors it is the latter which seems to play a major role in determining the irreversible impairment of protein synthesis. Phenobarbitone administration has no effect on the rate of protein synthesis of ischaemic and post-ischaemic hepatocyte.
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Schiaffonati L, Cairo G, Bernelli-Zazzera A. RNA synthesis by nuclei and nucleoli from ischemic liver cells. J Cell Physiol 1978; 97:487-96. [PMID: 83325 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040970324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclei and nucleoli were isolated from rat livers subjected to an interruption of the blood supply for periods of different duration, as well as after restoration of the blood supply. They were assayed for RNA synthesis under conditions of diverse ionic strengths, and in the presence of an exogenous template, such as poly d (A-T), and actinomycin to inactivate the endogenous template; alpha-amanitin was made used of to distinguish polymerase I and polymerase II dependent RNA synthesis. Nuclei and nucleoli from ischemic livers showed a severe impairment of RNA synthesis, which is likely to be due to decreased initiation frequency of the engaged polymerases, while free polymerases were essentially unchanged. Both form I and II polymerase were equally involved. After restoration of the blood supply RNA synthesis recovered with an overshooting well above normal levels of activity, lasting for at least 24 hours. Increased RNA synthesis was not followed by thymidine incorporation into DNA.
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Piccoletti R, Valerio E, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Sedimentation analysis of rough endoplasmic reticulum from ischemic livers. Exp Mol Pathol 1978; 28:338-48. [PMID: 648623 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(78)90008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ferrero ME, Orsi R, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Effects of ischemia on drug-metabolizing microsomal enzymes in rat liver. Exp Mol Pathol 1978; 28:256-66. [PMID: 24548 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(78)90056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ragnotti G, Aletti MG. The effect of phenobarbitone on protein synthesis by liver polyribosomes in fed and starved rats. Biochem J 1975; 146:1-12. [PMID: 1147892 PMCID: PMC1165269 DOI: 10.1042/bj1460001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of phenobarbitone on the rate of protein synthesis and on the sedimentation patterns of various liver subcellular fractions containing ribosomes was studied in rats. 2. Phenobarbitone treatment increased the incorporation of [114C]leucine into protein by all preparations, provided they had not been subjected to preliminary treatment with Sephadex G-25. The phenobarbitone-induced effect on incorporation was associated with a gain in liver weight and a higher degree of polyribosomal aggregation. 3. Preparations that were treated with Sephadex G-25 incorporated more radioactivity into protein, but did not show the response to phenobarbitone treatment. 4. When the influence of starvation and phenobarbitone was studied separately on membrane-bound and membrane-free polyribosomes, it was shown that whereas both classes of polyribosomes were affected by starvation, apparently only the former class was susceptible to phenobarbitone stimulation of protein synthesis. 5. The decreased capacity for protein synthesis of polyribosomes from starved rats was independent of their association with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, but resulted from polyribosomal disaggregation, from an intrinsic defect of the polyribosomes themselves and from changes in composition of the cell cap. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of the control of protein biosynthesis and of the functional separation of membrane-bound and membrane-free polyribosomes.
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Cajone F, Schiaffonati L, Piccoletti R, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Ribosome-membrane relationships in ischemic livers. Exp Mol Pathol 1974; 21:40-51. [PMID: 4424228 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(74)90077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shires TK, Pitot HC. The membron: a functional hypothesis for the translational regulation of genetic expression. BIOMEMBRANES 1974; 5:81-145. [PMID: 4603228 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7389-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gaja G, Ferrero ME, Piccoletti R, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Phosphorylation and redox states in ischemic liver. Exp Mol Pathol 1973; 19:248-65. [PMID: 4356835 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(73)90083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bernelli-Zazzera A, Cajone F, Simonetta M, Schiaffonati L, Piccoletti R. Further studies on ribosomal damage in liver ischemia. Exp Mol Pathol 1972; 17:121-31. [PMID: 5073838 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(72)90062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bernelli-Zazzera A, Cajone F, Schiaffonati L. Polyribosomes in rat liver slices during incubation in vitro. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:139-40. [PMID: 5020332 DOI: 10.1007/bf01935715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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