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Zhang H, Wang H, Wilksch JJ, Strugnell RA, Gee ML, Feng XQ. Measurement of the interconnected turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of live bacterial cells. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2042-2049. [PMID: 33592087 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of bacterial cells are two mechanical parameters that play a dominant role in cellular deformation, division, and motility. However, a clear understanding of these two properties is lacking because of their strongly interconnected mechanisms. This study established a nanoindentation method to precisely measure the turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of live bacteria. The indentation force-depth curves of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were recorded with atomic force microscopy. Through combination of dimensional analysis and numerical simulations, an explicit expression was derived to decouple the two properties of individual bacteria from the nanoindentation curves. We show that the Young's modulus of bacterial envelope is sensitive to the external osmotic environment, and the turgor pressure is significantly dependent on the external osmotic stress. This method can not only quantify the turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of bacteria, but also help resolve the mechanical behaviors of bacteria in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huabin Wang
- Research Center of Applied Physics, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gee
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Beveridge TJ, Kadurugamuwa JL. Periplasm, periplasmic spaces, and their relation to bacterial wall structure: novel secretion of selected periplasmic proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 2:1-8. [PMID: 9158716 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1996.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A brief overview of thin sections of cryopreserved walls from select eubacteria will be presented to suggest that all bacteria have functional periplasms, but that these are not necessarily confined to a periplasmic space such as found in typical gram-negative bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains many components in its periplasmic space, some of which are required for infection. Throughout its growth cycle, P. aeruginosa blebs-off membrane vesicles that can possess DNA, endotoxin, phospholipase, protease, hemolysin, alkaline phosphatase, and autolysin, each of which must have a molecular phase that resides in the periplasm. These membrane packets make good delivery systems to convey these components to other bacteria and, possibly, tissue. Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, produce a serious perturbation on the bacterium's surface (separate from the ribosomal effect), which contributes to the killing of the microorganism. Antibiotics such as this increase the size and number of the membrane blebs, which could contribute to septic shock of patients under drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Beveridge
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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GREENFIELD LJ, HINES JJ, BORAL LL. Polymorphism in a marine bacterium in relation to population growth. J Bacteriol 1998; 84:357-63. [PMID: 13901543 PMCID: PMC277870 DOI: 10.1128/jb.84.2.357-363.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Greenfield, Leonard J. (University of Miami, Miami, Fla.), Janet J. Hines, and Linda L. Boral. Polymorphism in a marine bacterium in relation to population growth. J. Bacteriol. 84:357-363. 1962.-A marine pseudomonad, MB-1, from South Florida waters, exists in three forms: orange (y), lemon-yellow (xy), and white (x), each of which is polymorphic. Replicate growth curves of each form were obtained by culturing at 25 C in 1% peptone-sea water using a controlled inoculum. The controlled inoculum was obtained by growing an isolate on a 1% peptone-sea water agar (1.5%) slant for 24 hr at 25 C, transferring a wire loopful of culture to 50 ml of 1% peptone-sea water in a 125-ml flask, and incubating at 25 C for another 24 hr. The resulting bacterial suspension in 0.5-ml amounts was used to inoculate 50 ml of 1% peptone-sea water broths in which growth was measured. The logarithmic growth phase occurred in x and xy between 12 and 18 hr of incubation; in y, this period was between 18 and 24 hr. The stage of growth could also be characterized by the percentage of cell types present at a given period. In late lag phase, single cells outnumbered binary types by about two to one. During logarithmic growth, the single cells predominated by 2.5 or 2.4 to 1. In the stages following this ratio increased, but all cells showed considerable variation in size. Chains of cells were present in all stages but were reduced in number during the logarithmic phase.
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IYER VN. UNSTABLE GENETIC TRANSFORMATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND THE MODE OF INHERITANCE IN UNSTABLE CLONES. J Bacteriol 1996; 90:495-503. [PMID: 14329465 PMCID: PMC315670 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.2.495-503.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iyer, V. N. (Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., Canada). Unstable genetic transformation in Bacillus subtilis and the mode of inheritance in unstable clones. J. Bacteriol. 90:495-503. 1965.-An ultraviolet-induced mutant has been isolated from the double auxotroph of Bacillus subtilis (bearing the linked mutations try(2) and his(2)). This mutant has the property of yielding unstable transformants which, in the case of transformation to prototrophy, can be recognized by reduced colony size on minimal agar. Unstable transformant clones usually become stabilized early during the development of the clone (within 12 generations). Analyses of genotypes emerging from such clones on stabilization indicate that in some of these clones the exogenote is transmitted linearly; its integrity is sufficiently preserved that it can participate in two independent recombination events in two different cells. Genetic markers on the exogenote are expressed in situations where genetic integration has not occurred.
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Abstract
Gordon, Morris A. (Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany), and Mercedes R. Edwards. Micromorphology of Dermatophilus congolensis. J. Bacteriol. 86:1101-1115. 1963.-As seen in electron micrographs of thin sections, Dermatophilus congolensis is a holocarpic actinomycete that fragments, after formation of septa in several planes, into Sarcina-like packets and then into individual cocci. Release of coccal forms from the filaments and packets is by dissolution of a capsular matrix, which is a product of degradation of the cell wall. The plasmalemma is a "unit membrane." Regularly occurring plasmalemmosomes ("onion bodies") of uniform structure are apparently related to septum formation. A typical bacterial nucleoid is seen in most sections, and ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Specimens for electron microscopy were prepared by a modification of Kellenberger's method.
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CARBONELL LM, POLLAK L. [ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS IN CULTURES OF THE YEAST-LIKE PHASE]. Mycopathologia 1996; 19:184-204. [PMID: 14045074 DOI: 10.1007/bf02051247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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CHAPMAN JA, MURRAY RG, SALTON MR. THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF LAMPROPEDIA HYALINA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 158:498-513. [PMID: 14073816 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1963.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
This review compares the results of different methods of investigating the morphology of nucleoids of bacteria grown under conditions favoring short generation times. We consider the evidence from fixed and stained specimens, from phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy of growing bacteria, and from electron microscopy of whole as well as thinly sectioned ones. It is concluded that the nucleoid of growing cells is in a dynamic state: part of the chromatin is "pulled out" of the bulk of the nucleoid in order to be transcribed. This activity is performed by excrescences which extend far into the cytoplasm so as to reach the maximum of available ribosomes. Different means of fixation provide markedly different views of the texture of the DNA-containing plasm of the bulk of the nucleoid. Conventional chemical fixatives stabilize the cytoplasm of bacteria but not their protein-low chromatin. Uranyl acetate does cross-link the latter well but only if the cytoplasm has first been fixed conventionally. In the interval between the two fixations, the DNA arranges itself in liquid-crystalline form, supposedly because of loss of supercoiling. In stark contrast, cryofixation preserves bacterial chromatin in a finely granular form, believed to reflect its native strongly negatively supercoiled state. In dinoflagellates the DNA of their permanently visible chromosomes (also low in histone-like protein) is natively present as a liquid crystal. The arrangement of chromatin in Epulocystis fishelsoni, one of the largest known prokaryotes, is briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robinow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Auffray Y, Boutibonnes P. Prophage induction and filamentation in Bacillus thuringiensis caused by the genotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1. Mycopathologia 1985; 91:159-63. [PMID: 3932860 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of the lysogenic strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tolworthi were made in the presence of various drugs. The determination of bacterial size and plaque forming units (by using an indicator strain of B. thuringiensis var. galleriae) as well as colony forming units were then performed. Treatment of lysogenic cells by aflatoxin B1: provokes the formation of elongated cells (filamentation); induces a pathway that leads to the induction of prophage. Results of the present study indicated that filament formation and bacteriophage induction are two commonplace effects that occur in virtually every member of this cellular population exposed to low doses of certain drugs such as aflatoxin B1 (10 micrograms/ml); all of which have in common the ability to produce damaging changes in DNA. The following findings support the hypothesis that error-prone repair mechanisms seem to be present in B. thuringiensis as in Escherichia coli.
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Tsekos I. [Microspectrophotometric investigations into the mechanism of accumulation of the cationic dyes Victoria blue B and 4R by the living and dead plant cell (author's transl)]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1973; 36:201-17. [PMID: 4757991 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bodman H, Welker NE. Isolation of spheroplast membranes and stability of spheroplasts of Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:924-35. [PMID: 5777801 PMCID: PMC249778 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.2.924-935.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroplasts were prepared by lysozyme digestion of the cell wall and ruptured by suspension in 0.15 m NaCl, followed by centrifugation at 30,900 x g for 35 min, and by a final suspension in 0.05 m NaCl for 12 to 16 hr at 5 C. The membrane ghosts were washed four times in tris(hydroxylmethyl)aminomethane (Tris) magnesium buffer and once in distilled water. The intact membranes resembled empty sacs with narrow slits in which the cytoplasm was extruded. A 92% recovery of cell membrane was obtained with all membrane preparations. The spheroplasts do not require a stabilizing medium to keep them from rupturing, and they are stable for 2 to 3 hr when exposed to a temperature of 65 C. The membrane content of the cell increases with age of culture (mid-log, 16.5%; late-log, 17.0%; and stationary, 17.6%) and temperature of growth (55 C, 16.5%; and 65 C, 17.8%), and it is unaffected by composition of the growth medium. The ratio of the protein to lipid content of the membrane increases with the complexity of the medium, age of culture (mid-log, 3.65; late-log, 3.91; and stationary, 4.15), and temperature of growth (55 C, 3.65; and 65 C, 5.22). The ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of the membranes was 9.0 to 13.7% and 0.3 to 0.8%, respectively. Reducing sugar (determined as glucose) amounts to 0.9 to 1.0% of the membrane weight and did not significantly vary for the different membrane preparations. Medium composition, age of culture, and temperature of growth have no significant effect on the amount of each amino acid in the membrane. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, and lysine are present in the greatest amount and represent 12.9 to 14.1%, 10.4 to 11.3%, 9.6 to 10.3%, 7.7 to 8.8%, and 7.6 to 8.5% of the membrane peptide, respectively. Prior to the rupture of the spheroplasts, 25.0, 15.7, and 50.0% of the protein, RNA, and DNA, respectively, is lost. In potassium phosphate-magnesium buffer without sucrose, 90% of the protein and RNA and 95% of the DNA is lost from the spheroplasts. In the presence of sucrose, the leakage of RNA and DNA is similar to that observed for spheroplasts suspended in Tris magnesium buffer; however, the leakage of protein is 2.4 times greater.
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Acha IG, Aguirre M, López-Belmonte F, Uruburu F, Villanueva J. Isolation of cytoplasmic membranes of Fusarium culmorum protoplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(66)80009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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NAGAI S. Victoria blue and night blue affecting the production of respiration-deficient mutants in yeast. Exp Cell Res 1962; 26:37-42. [PMID: 14477874 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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COSTERTON JW, MURRAY RG, ROBINOW CF. Observations on the motility and the structure of Vitreoscilla. Can J Microbiol 1961; 7:329-39. [PMID: 13695850 DOI: 10.1139/m61-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of Vitreoscilla were studied. Their trichomes showed gliding motility on surfaces and they were immobile in fluid suspension. Motility is the property of the individual cells which make up the trichome, but floating, living cells rebounded when they touched a surface. A copious slime layer has been demonstrated and its possible roles in gliding motility is discussed. An association of the unique, scalloped, outer layer of the cell walls of these organisms with their curious motility suggested a new hypothesis: a vibratile, actively undulating surface. Specific antiserum caused rapid cessation of gliding motility; pasteurization and fixation prevented the rebound phenomenon. Stained preparations and electron micrographs of thin sections have provided a general description of structure. This shows, at least, that the classification of Vitreoscilla among the bacteria is reasonably founded. Similarities to certain bacteria are seen in the mode of cell division. On the other hand differentiation of central and peripheral cytoplasmic organization is reminiscent of the Myxophyceae, while the diffuse chromatin distribution has precedent in both groups.
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EDDY AA. The probable nuclear origin of certain of the bodies released from yeast protoplasts by ultrasonic treatment. Exp Cell Res 1959; 17:447-64. [PMID: 13672201 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(59)90065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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FINKELSTEIN H, BARTHOLOMEW JW. An Interpretation of Several Cell Wall Stains Applied to Heat-Fixed Bacillus subtilisOn Glass Slides. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1958; 33:177-86. [PMID: 13569033 DOI: 10.3109/10520295809111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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AGAR HD, DOUGLAS HC. Studies on the cytological structure of yeast: electron microscopy of thin sections. J Bacteriol 1957; 73:365-75. [PMID: 13416198 PMCID: PMC289807 DOI: 10.1128/jb.73.3.365-375.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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GEORGI CE, MILITZER WE, DECKER TS. The organelle nature of a particle isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Bacteriol 1955; 70:716-25. [PMID: 13271319 PMCID: PMC386277 DOI: 10.1128/jb.70.6.716-725.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bacterial Cytology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1955. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Histochemistry of Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1955. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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