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Edwards AJ. Antilymphocyte serum produced by immunization with purified mouse thymocyte plasma membrane. J Immunol Methods 1979; 27:225-39. [PMID: 381524 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(79)90220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A predominantly plasma membrane fraction was isolated from mouse thymocytes and characterised. Immunization of rabbits with this material yielded highly potent antilymphocyte sera as measured by prolongation of skin allograft survival. Potency was maintained after repeated boosting of the rabbits, yet the generation of irrelevant antibodies was contained. Binding of antilymphocyte sera to lymphocytes was studied by immunofluorescence using the analytical facility of a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS-1). The results demonstrated that these anti-membrane sera recognise antigens common to thymocytes and spleen lymphocytes, bind more to T-cells and thymocytes than to B-cells and bind more avidly than antisera raised with intact cells. It was concluded that this thymocyte plasma membrane preparation is highly effective in raising powerful antilymphocyte serum.
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Perlés B, Flanagan MT, Auger J, Crumpton MJ. Mechanism of lymphocyte activation: the binding of phytohemagglutinin to the lymphocyte surface. Eur J Immunol 1977; 7:613-9. [PMID: 923632 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-lymphocyte interaction was studied using 125I-labeled PHA (leucoagglutinin) and pig mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes that had been depleted of erythrocytes, dead cells, adherent cells and immunoglobulin-bearing cells. Evidence was obtained that PHA stimulated the majority of the lymphocytes to transform. Binding of PHA at 37 degrees C was fairly rapid (rate constant for association: 2.6 X 10(5) M-1 sec-1), saturable, reversible and specifically inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine (Kdiss: 3 X 10(-4) M) and unlabeled PHA. A Scatchard plot was curvilinear and gave evidence for 3.6 X 10(5) binding sites per cell comprising 8.7% of high affinity sites (Kdiss: 3.7 X 10(-9) M) and 91.3% of lower affinity (Kdiss: 1.4 X 10(-7) M). About 20% of the sites were occupied under culture conditions giving maximal transformation. Alternative explanations for the curvilinear plot included negative cooperative interactions and/or increase in affinity through multivalent interaction. Negative cooperativity was supported by the demonstration that free PHA promoted the dissociation of bound PHA. Binding was not affected by metabolic inhibitors, and binding to purified lymphocyte plasma membrane resembled that to whole cells. These results suggested that PHA binding to whole lymphocytes was not grossly influenced by "capping", endocytosis and shedding.
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Pratt HP, Fitzgerald PA, Saxon A. Synthesis of sterol and phospholipid induced by the interaction of phytohemagglutinin and other mitogens with human lymphocytes and their relation to blastogenesis and DNA synthesis. Cell Immunol 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Warr GW, Marchalonis JJ. Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins: detection, characterization, and occurrence in disease of the lymphoid system. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1977; 7:185-226. [PMID: 828087 DOI: 10.3109/10408367709151578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface immunoglobulins (Igs) of lymphocytes are of considerable interest because these molecules probably function as receptors for antigen, and knowledge of their molecular properties should provide information on the mechanisms of immune differentiation. The density and types of surface Ig on a cell provide markers useful in indicating the class of a lymphocyte and its stage of maturity. Moreover, knowledge of the specificities of the surface Ig of neoplastic lymphocytes might suggest the nature of agents involved in the generation of the disease. Two broad classes of lymphocytes, bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) active in antibody secretion, and thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) which mediate cellular immune reactions, and their subpopulations must be considered with reference to the nature, origin, and function of their surface immunoglobulin. This article analyzes direct and indirect methods for the demonstration of surface Igs and describes certain physicochemical properties of isolated surface Ig molecules. Roles of these surface molecules in recognition of antigen, initiation of all differentiation, and cooperation among lymphocytes and accessory cells are discussed.
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Wettenhall RE, Slobbe A, Higgins TJ. Evidence for the presence of mRNA in the post-ribosomal cytoplasm of sheep lymphocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 432:312-22. [PMID: 1268258 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several fractions of RNA prepared from the post-ribosomal cytosol of sheep lymphoid cells were found to include messenger-like RNA as defined by the following criteria: a, template activity, i.e. the ability to promote the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein in cell-free protein-synthesising systems derived from wheat embryos or ascites tumour cells; b, a low magnesium optimum (1-2.5 mM) for template activity which is characteristic of many natural mRNAs; c, sensitivity of the template response to aurintricarboxylic acid, a specific inhibitor of the initiation of protein synthesis. The lymphoid post-ribosomal RNA fractions, however, were translated less efficiently than were rabbit reticulocyte globin mRNA or tobacco mosaic viral (TMV) RNA; no explanation for this relatively poor template activity was found. The major fraction of messenger-like RNA had an average sedimentation coefficient of 12 S; this fraction directed the translation of several discrete polypeptides in the molecular weight range 10 000-25 000. On average the products of 12 S RNA-directed protein synthesis appeared lysine rich compared with TMV RNA-directed products. It is suggested that the apparent pool of uncommitted mRNA in resting lymphocytes may be utilised during the early stages of lymphocyte activation, and that the mRNAs could be stored in forms similar to those evident in other dormant tissues.
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Levis GM, Evangelatos GP, Crumpton MJ. Lipid composition of lymphocyte plasma membrane from pig mesenteric lymph node. Biochem J 1976; 156:103-10. [PMID: 942395 PMCID: PMC1163721 DOI: 10.1042/bj1560103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The lipid fraction of the plasma membrane of pig mesenteric lymph-node lymphocytes contained primarily (94%) neutral lipids and phospholipids in about equal weights. The remianing lipid comprised glycosphingolipids (1.8%), gangliosides (o.27%)and probably ceramides (1.3%). The major phospholipid was phosphatidylcholine (46% of the total), and mono- and tri-hexosylceramides accounted for 72% of the glycosphingolipids. Haematoside was distributed between the glycosphingolipid and ganglioside fractions. The major ganglioside was monosialoganglioside. About 90% of the sialic acid was N-glycollylated. 2. A comparision of the lipid composition of the plasma-membrane fraction with that of the initial lymph-node homogenate showed that the purified membrane contained increased proportions of phospholipids, especially sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. 3. Fatty acid analyses showed that the membrane phosphatidylcholine was rich in palmitic acid, that the sphingomeyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine were high in myristic acid and that the glycosphingolipids were rich in oleic acid.
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Myśliwska J, Myśliwski A, Witkowski J. Comparison of the early chromatin reaction of the mouse thymocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 166:553-61. [PMID: 56236 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The preliminary activation of mouse thymocytes in vitro following exposure to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A, was compared. For this purpose the ratio of the fluorescence intensity for acridine orange-DNA complex at light wave length gamma = 590 nm to the fluorescence intensity of this complex at light wave length gamma = 530 nm was determined. It was shown that 100% of thymocytes showed an increase in chromatin activity under the influence of Con A within 15 minutes of incubation, but that following incubation with PHA an increase in activity occurred only in 25% of cells and was detectable only after 60 minutes of incubation. The results show that differences in the reactivity of thymocytes to PHA and Con A concern not only the late steps of activation such as RNA, protein and DNA synthesis, but also involve the earliest responses to the mitogen. The observed differences are discussed and correlated with the different degrees of maturity of the thymocytes.
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Sawyer WH, Winzor DJ. Thermodynamic requirements for the cross-linking theory of lymphocyte activation: the interpretation of dose response curves. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1976; 13:141-7. [PMID: 1262049 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro in Response to Mitogens and Antigens1 1Original work reported in this chapter has been supported in part by the American Cancer Society, U.S. Public Health NIH-CA08748-0851, NCI Program Project Grant CA 17404-01-02, and the Zelda Weintraub Fund. We thank Joan Feld for excellent technical assistance and John W. Hadden for critical reading of the manuscript. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-070003-5.50014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Quastel MR, Kaplan JG. Ouabain binding to intact lymphocytes. Enhancement by phytohemagglutinin and leucoagglutinin. Exp Cell Res 1975; 94:351-62. [PMID: 1193135 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Chowdhury TK. Concanavalin A: an introduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1975; 55:1-12. [PMID: 1155245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0949-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Maino VC, Green NM, Crumpton MJ. The role of calcium ions in initiating transformation of lymphocytes. Nature 1974; 251:324-7. [PMID: 4427658 DOI: 10.1038/251324b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Aubery M, Bourrillon R. [Interactions of Robinia pseudo-acacia lectin and Concanavalin A with the membrane surface of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes of the rat]. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1974; 11:565-72. [PMID: 4459264 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(74)90248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Allan D, Michell RH. Phosphatidylinositol cleavage catalysed by the soluble fraction from lymphocytes. Activity at pH5.5 and pH7.0. Biochem J 1974; 142:591-7. [PMID: 4377210 PMCID: PMC1168323 DOI: 10.1042/bj1420591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol breakdown by subcellular preparations of small lymphocytes from pig mesenteric lymph nodes was investigated. Activity was higher than in preparations from the tissues studied previously; it was recovered largely in the soluble fraction, which showed pH optima at both 5.4-5.6 and 7.0-7.3. As in other tissues, phosphatidylinositol cleavage produced 1,2-diacylglycerol and a mixture of myo-inositol 1:2-cyclic phosphate and myo-inositol 1-phosphate. It was stimulated by addition of CaCl(2) and, less effectively, by MgCl(2). On sucrose-density-gradient ultracentrifugation at pH7.0 two peaks of activity were observed (approx. sedimentation coefficients 8S and 10S); the activity profiles on the gradients were similar when assayed at pH7.0 and 5.5. Activity at pH7.0 (and 0.4mm-CaCl(2)) was decreased by agents, such as salts and lipophilic cations, which tend to neutralize the negative charge of phosphatidylinositol; at pH5.5 these agents slightly stimulated activity. It is suggested that the same enzyme(s) may be responsible for activity at both pH optima and that previous workers may have underestimated the pH7.0 activity because of the inhibitory influence of cations under the usual assay conditions.
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Marchalonis JJ, Atwell JL, Haustein D. Molecular properties of isolated surgace immunoglobulins of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 351:99-112. [PMID: 4857891 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Nicolson GL. The interactions of lectins with animal cell surfaces. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1974; 39:89-190. [PMID: 4611947 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Crumpton MJ, Snary D. Preparation and properties of lymphocyte plasma membrane. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 1974; 3:27-56. [PMID: 4611687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2838-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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24
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Allan D, Crumpton MJ. Phytohemagglutinin-lymphocyte interaction. Characterization of binding sites on pig lymphocytes for 125 I-labelled phytohemagglutinin. Exp Cell Res 1973; 78:271-8. [PMID: 4735397 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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26
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Loor F. Lymphocyte membrane particle redistribution induced by a mitogenic-capping dose of the phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris. Eur J Immunol 1973; 3:112-6. [PMID: 4715664 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Nieland ML. Epidermal intercellular staining with fluorescein-conjugated phytohemagglutinins. J Invest Dermatol 1973; 60:61-6. [PMID: 4120828 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12724137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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DePierre JW, Karnovsky ML. Plasma membranes of mammalian cells: a review of methods for their characterization and isolation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1973; 56:275-303. [PMID: 4264788 PMCID: PMC2108892 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.56.2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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29
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Hughes RC. Glycoproteins as components of cellular membranes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:189-268. [PMID: 4122628 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Resch K, Gelfand EW, Hansen K, Ferber E. Lymphocyte activation: rapid changes in the phospholipid metabolism of plasma membranes during stimulation. Eur J Immunol 1972; 2:598-601. [PMID: 4654871 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Boldt S, Skinner AM, Kornfeld S. Studies of two subpopulations of human lymphocytes differing in responsiveness to concanavalin A. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:3225-34. [PMID: 4640956 PMCID: PMC333004 DOI: 10.1172/jci107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified two populations of human lymphocytes differing in responsiveness to the plant mitogen concanavalin A (Con-A). When peripheral blood lymphocytes are passed through a nylon column a population of lymphocytes highly responsive to Con-A adheres to the fibers while a second population of cells relatively unresponsive to Con-A emerges from the column. The untreated peripheral blood lymphocytes are termed "unfiltered" cells while the lymphocytes which pass through the column are termed "filtered" cells. Under standard assay conditions the Con-A-stimulated DNA synthesis is 6.5-fold greater, and the percentage blast formation is four-to fivefold greater in the unfiltered than in the filtered population. Mixing unfiltered with filtered cells fails to induce responsiveness in the latter indicating that a "helper" cell is not involved. The failure of filtered cells to respond to Con-A is specific for that mitogen since both populations respond nearly equally to erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (E-PHA) and the poke weed mitogen (PWM). Binding studies with Con-A-(131)I demonstrate that the unfiltered population possesses approximately three times as many Con-A receptor sites per cell as the filtered cells, although both cell populations bind the mitogen with the same affinity (apparent association constant [K] of 1.67 x 10(6)m(-1)). The relationship between Con-A binding and lymphocyte activation was determined by measuring the effect on DNA synthesis of incubating the two lymphocyte populations with increasing amounts of Con-A. The concentration of Con-A required for half-maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis was 5-14 times greater for the filtered cells. However in the presence of very high Con-A concentrations the filtered cells achieved a maximal rate of DNA synthesis approaching that of the unfiltered population. These data implicate the decreased number of Con-A receptor sites on the filtered cells in their failure to respond to low concentrations of Con-A. A crucial event in the activation of lymphocytes by plant mitogens may be the binding of a critical number of the mitogen molecules to the cell surface.
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Hülser DF, Peters JH. Contact cooperation in stimulated lymphocytes. II. Electrophysiological investigations on intercellular communication. Exp Cell Res 1972; 74:319-26. [PMID: 5080783 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Lagarde A, Colobert L. Cyclic 3',5'-AMP phosphodiesterase of human blood lymphocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 276:444-53. [PMID: 4341590 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)91006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Greaves M, Janossy G. Elicitation of selective T and B lymphocyte responses by cell surface binding ligands. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1972; 11:87-130. [PMID: 4588912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1972.tb00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Marchalonis JJ, Cone RE, Atwell JL. Isolation and partial characterization of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins. J Exp Med 1972; 135:956-71. [PMID: 4111775 PMCID: PMC2139144 DOI: 10.1084/jem.135.4.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins were isolated from the surfaces of lymphocytes from a variety of lymphocyte populations including murine and human thymus lymphocytes and murine spleen and thoracic duct lymphocytes. Cell surface proteins were labeled with iodide-(125)I by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, and recovered in solution either by solubilization in dissociating solvents or active metabolic release. Immunoglobulins were identified and isolated by immunological coprecipitation. The polypeptide chain structure of immunoglobulins isolated from lymphocyte surfaces was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced, alkylated samples in acid urea. Human and murine thymus lymphocytes possessed only IgM immunoglobulin on their surfaces. This protein contained light chains and micro-type heavy chains and was characterized by a molecular weight of approximately 200,000. Murine splenic lymphocytes from CBA x C57 animals and congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice possessed both IgM and IgG on their surfaces. The ratio of micro-chain to gamma-chain was about 3/1. The presence of IgM on thymus lymphocytes probably does not reflect trace contamination by B lymphocytes because comparable quantities of IgM were isolated from both cell populations. Metabolic turnover data suggest that this immunoglobulin is synthesized by the cell population studied. These results provide direct evidence for the presence of immunoglobulins composed of light and heavy polypeptide chains on the surfaces of lymphocytes of all classes.
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Allan D, Auger J, Crumpton MJ. Glycoprotein receptors for concanavalin A isolated from pig lymphocyte plasma membrane by affinity chromatography in sodium deoxycholate. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 236:23-5. [PMID: 4503808 DOI: 10.1038/newbio236023a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Greaves MF, Bauminger S. Activation of T and B lymphocytes by insoluble phytomitogens. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 235:67-70. [PMID: 4501342 DOI: 10.1038/newbio235067a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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Allan D, Crumpton MJ. Fractionation of the phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 44:1143-8. [PMID: 5168560 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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