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Julian L, Olson MF. Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK): structure, regulation, and functions. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e29846. [PMID: 25010901 PMCID: PMC4114931 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.29846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK) were originally identified as effectors of the RhoA small GTPase. (1)(-) (5) They belong to the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (6) and play vital roles in facilitating actomyosin cytoskeleton contractility downstream of RhoA and RhoC activation. Since their discovery, ROCK kinases have been extensively studied, unveiling their manifold functions in processes including cell contraction, migration, apoptosis, survival, and proliferation. Two mammalian ROCK homologs have been identified, ROCK1 (also called ROCK I, ROKβ, Rho-kinase β, or p160ROCK) and ROCK2 (also known as ROCK II, ROKα, or Rho kinase), hereafter collectively referred to as ROCK. In this review, we will focus on the structure, regulation, and functions of ROCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Julian
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow, UK
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Distribution of cytoskeletal components in endothelial cells in the Guinea pig renal artery. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:439349. [PMID: 22500173 PMCID: PMC3303860 DOI: 10.1155/2012/439349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal components of endothelial cells in the renal artery were examined by analysis of en face preparations under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Renal arterial endothelial cells were shown to be elongated along the direction of blood flow, while stress fibers ran perpendicular to the flow in the basal portion. Focal adhesions were observed along the stress fibers in dot-like configurations. On the other hand, stress fibers in the apical portion of cells ran along the direction of flow. The localizations of stress fibers and focal adhesions in endothelial cells in the renal artery differed from those of unperturbed aortic and venous endothelial cells. Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were mainly detected at the sites of cell-to-cell apposition, but not in focal adhesions. Pulsatile pressure and fluid shear stress applied over endothelial cells in the renal artery induce stress fiber organization and localization of focal adhesions. These observations suggest that the morphological alignment of endothelial cells along the direction of blood flow and the organization of cytoskeletal components are independently regulated.
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Katoh K, Kano Y, Noda Y. Rho-associated kinase-dependent contraction of stress fibres and the organization of focal adhesions. J R Soc Interface 2010; 8:305-11. [PMID: 20826475 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress fibres and associated focal adhesions in cells constitute a contractile apparatus that regulates cell motility and contraction. Rho-kinase, an effector molecule of small GTPases, regulates non-muscle cell motility and contractility. Rho-kinase mediates the contraction of stress fibres in a Ca(2+)-independent manner, and is responsible for slower and more finely tuned contraction of stress fibres than that regulated by myosin light chain kinase activity in living cells. The specific inhibition of the Rho-kinase activity causes cells to not only lose their stress fibres and focal adhesions, but also to appear to lose their cytoplasmic tension. Activated Rho-kinase is also involved in the organization of newly formed stress fibres and focal adhesions in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-city, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Jinguji Y, Fujiwara K. Stress Fiber Dependent Axial Organization of Fibronectin Fibrils in the Basal Lamina of the Chick Aorta and Mesenteric Artery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10623329409024632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Luo SS, Sugimoto K, Fujii S, Takemasa T, Fu SB, Yamashita K. Role of heat shock protein 70 in induction of stress fiber formation in rat arterial endothelial cells in response to stretch stress. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2007; 40:9-17. [PMID: 17375204 PMCID: PMC1828078 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.06011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism by which endothelial cells (ECs) resist various forms of physical stress using an experimental system consisting of rat arterial EC sheets. Formation of actin stress fibers (SFs) and expression of endothelial heat-shock stress proteins (HSPs) in response to mechanical stretch stress were assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Stretch stimulation increased expression of HSPs 25 and 70, but not that of HSP 90. Treatment with SB203580, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor that acts upstream of the HSP 25 activation cascade, or with geldanamycin, an inhibitor of HSP 90, had no effect on the SF formation response to mechanical stretch stress. In contrast, treatment with quercetin, an HSP 70 inhibitor, inhibited both upregulation of endothelial HSP 70 and formation of SFs in response to tensile stress. In addition, treatment of stretched ECs with cytochalasin D, which disrupts SF formation, did not adversely affect stretch-induced upregulation of endothelial HSP 70. Our data suggest that endothelial HSP 70 plays an important role in inducing SF formation in response to tensile stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shun Luo
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113–8602, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
- Correspondence to: Keiji Sugimoto, Ph.D., Shan-Shun Luo, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1–1–5, Tokyo 113–8602, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Keiji Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113–8602, Japan
- Correspondence to: Keiji Sugimoto, Ph.D., Shan-Shun Luo, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1–1–5, Tokyo 113–8602, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Sachiko Fujii
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113–8602, Japan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305–8574, Japan
| | - Song-Bin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Kazuo Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113–8602, Japan
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Russell D, Andrews PD, James J, Lane EB. Mechanical stress induces profound remodelling of keratin filaments and cell junctions inepidermolysis bullosa simplexkeratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5233-43. [PMID: 15454576 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer epidermal layer of the skin is an epithelium with remarkable protective barrier functions, which is subject to pronounced physical stress in its day-to-day function. A major candidate component for absorbing this stress is the K5/K14 keratin intermediate filament network. To investigate the part played by keratins in stress resilience, keratinocyte cell lines were subjected to mechanical stress. Repeated stretch and relaxation cycles over increasing time produced reproducible changes in the configuration of the keratin network. When wild-type cells were compared with cells carrying a keratin mutation associated with severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex-type skin fragility, the mutant keratin filaments were unable to withstand the mechanical stress and progressively fragmented yielding aggregates and novel ring structures. The cell junctions into which the keratin filaments are normally anchored also progressively disassembled, with all components tested of the cytoplasmic plaques becoming relocated away from the membrane and onto the keratin rings, while integral membrane receptors integrins and cadherins remained at the plasma membrane. The results suggest that maintenance of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes may require some tension, normally mediated by keratin attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cell Structure Research Group, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Cipolla MJ. Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. FASEB J 2001; 15:2275-82. [PMID: 11641255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0015hyp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of acupuncture remains largely unknown. The reaction to acupuncture needling known as 'de qi', widely viewed as essential to the therapeutic effect of acupuncture, may be a key to understanding its mechanism of action. De qi includes a characteristic needling sensation, perceived by the patient, and 'needle grasp' perceived by the acupuncturist. During needle grasp, the acupuncturist feels pulling and increased resistance to further movement of the inserted needle. We hypothesize that 1) needle grasp is due to mechanical coupling between the needle and connective tissue with winding of tissue around the needle during needle rotation and 2) needle manipulation transmits a mechanical signal to connective tissue cells via mechanotransduction. Such a mechanism may explain local and remote, as well as long-term effects of acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Langevin
- Department of Neurology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Efendy JL, Campbell GR, Campbell JH. The effect of environmental cues on the differentiation of myofibroblasts in peritoneal granulation tissue. J Pathol 2000; 192:257-62. [PMID: 11004704 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path681>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of haemodynamic stress, active stretch, and neuronal input on the differentiation of myofibroblasts in peritoneal granulation tissue. Lengths of silastic tubing (10 mm long x 3 mm diameter) were placed in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. By 2 weeks, a capsule of granulation tissue had formed around the tubing. This capsule consisted of several layers of myofibroblasts and the matrix that they had produced, overlaid by a single layer of mesothelial cells. The silastic tubing was removed and at the same time, the living tube of tissue was everted so that the mesothelium now lined its inner surface. To examine the effect of haemodynamic factors on myofibroblast differentiation, the 10 mm long tubes of mesothelial-lined granulation tissue were transplanted into the severed abdominal aorta of the same rat in which the granulation tissue was grown. End-to-end anastomoses were performed to extend the existing aorta. At 1, 2, and 3 months post-transplantation, the grafts were removed and a progressive increase in the percent volume fraction of myofilaments (% V(v)myo) was observed (from 35.7+/-1.6% to 58.7 3+/-1.4%; p<0.05). To determine whether the active stretching that occurs in vivo could account for differentiation of the constituent myofibroblasts, tubes of granulation tissue were placed into a mechanical device in which they underwent continuous stretching of 5-10% elongation from the resting position at 50 cycles per minute for 3, 24 or 72 h. This caused a significant (p<0. 05) increase in %V(v)myo after 72 h. Granulation tissue was also transplanted into the rat anterior eye chamber, where it became surrounded by adrenergic nerves supplying the host iris. Two months after implantation, there was no significant change in the %V(v)myo of the myofibroblasts (35.7+/-1.6% to 33.3+/-2.7%). These studies show that myofibroblasts of the granulation tissue encapsulating free-floating foreign bodies in the peritoneal cavity further differentiate towards a smooth muscle phenotype when transplanted into a smooth muscle environment, namely the abdominal aorta. Similar changes are seen when the granulation tissue is subjected to active, intermittent stretch in vitro, while the presence of nerves has no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Efendy
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Takemasa T, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto Y, Sugimoto K, Yamashita K. Oblique alignment of stress fibers in cells reduces the mechanical stress in cyclically deforming fields. Eur J Cell Biol 1998; 77:91-9. [PMID: 9840458 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(98)80076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress fiber (bundles of actin filaments) is one of the most prominent cytoskeletal components that contributes to the maintenance of cell architecture. It has generally been believed that upon cyclic stretching, both cells and their stress fibers become perpendicularly aligned to the direction of stretching. However, using our newly developed stretching device, we have recently found the contrary evidence that stress fibers in endothelial cells rapidly become rearranged at a specific oblique angle relative to the direction of stretching [Takemasa, T., K. Sugimoto, K. Yamashita: Exp. Cell Res. 230, 407-410 (1997)]. In light of this finding, we attempted to establish the explanation for such a phenomenon. First, we investigated the effects of possible modulators on the angle of the stress fibers; those were, modification of the stretching program, dependency of extracellular matrix types, and their reproducibility in other cell species. However, it seemed that the orientation was solely depending on the stretching amplitude applied. Next, we analyzed alterations in stress fiber length during loading tests using two kinds of deforming experiment systems. It was thus revealed that stress fibers aligned at a particular angle so as to minimize their length alterations in cyclic deforming fields. Rearrangement of the stress fibers at this angle probably occurs as a result of avoiding compressive stress and may be interpreted as a way of reducing the mechanical stress to which they are subjected during the deformation. This hypothesis well explains the reason not only for the survival of the stress fibers at a particular oblique angle, but also for the reduced numbers of stress fibers found at the other angles on cyclic deforming fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takemasa
- Department of Anatomy I, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Opas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sugimoto K, Fujii S, Sago H, Yoshida K, Takemasa T, Yamashita K. Role of marginal stress fibers formed in the rat vascular endothelial cells. Tissue Cell 1993; 25:825-31. [PMID: 8140578 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90031-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence cytochemistry using en face preparations of rat vascular endothelial cells (ECs) revealed the localization of actin, fibronectin (FN) and fibronectin receptor (FNR) along not only central stress fibers (SFs) but also the cell margins. Electron microscopy showed very close proximity between the topographical distribution of intracellular microfilament bundles and that of subendothelial FN in the EC margins. Therefore, these basal and marginal actin cables may be comparable to the well-established central SFs present in ECs. Formation of the central SFs was induced in ECs or mesothelial cells in response to tension, by which their cellular integrity seems to be effectively maintained. However, even when central SF formation was inhibited by cytochalasin D, the ECs with marginal SFs showed high resistance to mechanical tension, whereas mesenteric mesothelial cells having no such fibers easily lost their integrity. Thus, together with central SFs, the marginal SFs characteristic of rat vascular ECs may play an essential role in strengthening cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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