'alpha'Aminoisobutyric acid transport in the amphibian crystalline lens

Studies on synthesis and uptake of taurine in rat lens in vitro

The occurrence of large taurine pool sizes in the crystalline lens was further elucidated by studying the in vitro synthesis and uptake of taurine in the rat lens. It was observed that a time- and concentration-dependent synthesis of taurine from methionine occurred in the rat lens. The time curve for uptake was linear up to 4 hr and was not saturated up to 40 mM concentration of taurine. The uptake was inhibited by ouabain, cyanide, Ca2+, GTP and cGMP but was not affected by ATP and cAMP. It is suggested that a dual mechanism exists for maintenance of high concentrations of taurine in the lens. Moreover, the uptake mechanism is energy-dependent.

Calcium metabolism of the rabbit lens

The Ca concentration in the rabbit lens is less than that in its bathing aqueous and vitreous humors. This Ca is not distributed evenly in the tissue; it has a higher concentration in the outer peripheral than the inner parts of the organ. About 60% of the total lenticular Ca is present in a layer extending about 0.5 mm down from the outer surface (25% of the total tissue in the lens). When incubated in a solution containing 45Ca about 40% of the lenticular Ca readily exchanges with the isotope in 3 hr; no further change occurred over the next 21 hr. This exchange appeared to occur across either the anterior or posterior side of the lens. The accumulated 45Ca was found to be present in a surface layer about 1 mm deep. The remaining 60% of the lenticular Ca was difficult to displace. Incubation for 5 hr in a Ca-free solution containing EDTA or following freezing and thawing resulted in a loss of only an additional 20% of tissue Ca. The remaining 'immobilizable' Ca (40%) was present in both the nuclear and peripheral zones of the lens. When the Ca concentration of the external medium is raised, lens Ca rises also, and when the external concentration is reduced the tissue level declines. In the presence of metabolic inhibitors (iodoacetate plus cyanide) lenticular Ca rises. This effect is slow; little change was seen in 5 hr. Ca accumulation in the lens was enhanced by the Ca ionophore A23187 but an effect was not detectable in 5 hr. Incubation in Na-free media or ouabain did not influence Ca accumulation suggesting that a Ca-Na exchange is not involved in regulation. Quercetin and orthovanadate, which can inhibit Ca-activated ATPase in some tissues were without effect on lens calcium. The phenothiazine trifluoperazine (TFP), however, enhanced accumulation of Ca. Efflux of accumulated 45Ca from the lens was rapid; 60% in 10 min and 90% in 3 hr. Lanthanum reduced the latter to 60% loss. Efflux of Ca from the lens was unchanged, under experimental conditions, by metabolic inhibitors, by EGTA, verapamil, TFP and vanadate.