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Ishimoto T, Mori H. Control of actin polymerization via reactive oxygen species generation using light or radiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014008. [PMID: 36211457 PMCID: PMC9538341 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is one of the most prevalent proteins in cells, and its amino acid sequence is remarkably conserved from protozoa to humans. The polymerization-depolymerization cycle of actin immediately below the plasma membrane regulates cell function, motility, and morphology. It is known that actin and other actin-binding proteins are targets for reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that ROS affects cells through actin reorganization. Several researchers have attempted to control actin polymerization from outside the cell to mimic or inhibit actin reorganization. To modify the polymerization state of actin, ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light, ionizing radiation, and chromophore-assisted light inactivation have all been reported to induce ROS. Additionally, a combination of the fluorescent protein KillerRed and the luminescent protein luciferase can generate ROS on actin fibers and promote actin polymerization. These techniques are very useful tools for analyzing the relationship between ROS and cell function, movement, and morphology, and are also expected to be used in therapeutics. In this mini review, we offer an overview of the advancements in this field, with a particular focus on how to control intracellular actin polymerization using such optical approaches, and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishimoto
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tetsuya Ishimoto,
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-Disease Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Ekmekcioglu H, Unur M. Eye-related trauma and infection in dentistry. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2017; 51:55-63. [PMID: 29114432 PMCID: PMC5624147 DOI: 10.17096/jiufd.60117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous technological and medical developments achieved in recent years, a significant amount of occupational health problems still exist in modern
dentistry. The risk of eye injury is mostly attributed to the use of high-speed hand pieces and ultrasonic devices. A dental clinic may be the source of eye-related
infection and injury because of mechanical, chemical, microbiological and electromagnetic irritants. Accidents may cause facial injuries that involve eyes of the
clinicians, patients as well as dental assistants. Eye injuries can vary from mild irritation to blindness. The use of eye protection tools, such as protective
goggles and visors, reduces the risk of eye damage or complete loss of vision while working with dangerous and floating materials. Therefore, all precautions should
be taken, even when performing common procedures for which the risk expectancy is relatively low. Clinicians should be aware that they are also responsible for
providing adequate protection for their assistants and patients, as well as themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University Turkey
| | - Meral Unur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University Turkey
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Bråthen M, Bånrud H, Berg K, Moan J. Induction of Multinucleated Cells Caused by UVA Exposure in Different Stages of the Cell Cycle. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710620iomccb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is one of the main factors leading to senile cataract formation. We investigated morphological changes in the eye lens caused by UVR-A. Twenty three pairs of lenses obtained from 23 one-year-old calves were used for this study. For each pair, one lens was exposed to 44 J/m(2) UVR in the 365 nm wavelength region while the contralateral lens was not exposed and served as a control. The lenses were placed in specially designed organ culture containers for pre-incubation. Lenses were exposed to UVR after one day in culture. After irradiation, lens optical quality was monitored throughout additional 15 days of the culture period and lenses were taken for morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy. Damage to lens optical quality was evident as early as day 8 after the irradiation and increased with time in culture. We found irregularity of fiber morphology in lenses exposed to UV-A irradiation (but not in control lenses), similar to that reported previously for aged lenses. At the end of the culture period (day 16), lens fiber membranes also showed holes in fiber membranes. We conclude that UVR-A caused damage to cell membranes of the lens and alterations in lens optics, which may subsequently lead to senile cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiel Azzam
- B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 7 Efron St., P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Weinreb O, Dovrat A, Dunia I, Benedetti EL, Bloemendal H. UV-A-related alterations of young and adult lens water-insoluble alpha-crystallin, plasma membranous and cytoskeletal proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:536-43. [PMID: 11168392 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The damaging effects of UV-A irradiation on lens water-insoluble alpha-crystallin, plasma membranous and cytoskeletal proteins derived from bovine lenses were studied. Young and adult bovine lenses were kept viable for 2 months in organ culture. After 24 h of incubation they were irradiated, and analyses of the proteins by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting were carried out at several time intervals. RNA isolation, PCR and Northern blotting were also performed. We identified age-related changes in water-insoluble alpha-crystallin, the major membrane protein MP26 and the cytoskeletal proteins vimentin, phakinin and actin between control and UV-irradiated lenses. It appeared that adult lenses are more susceptible to UV light than young lenses, and protein modification occurred more frequently in adult lenses. UV-A irradiation affects not only the cytoskeletal structure, as deduced by the abnormal arrangement of actin in the fiber cells, but also leads to degradation of actin mRNA. Furthermore, analysis of the expression of hsp25 and hsp70 revealed some alteration in the protein pattern of adult lenses. We suggest that degradation of the cytoskeletal proteins following irradiation is due to, at least in part, the decreased protective ability of heat shock proteins upon aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Weinreb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Bråthen M, Bånrud H, Berg K, Moan J. Induction of multinucleated cells caused by UVA exposure in different stages of the cell cycle. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:620-6. [PMID: 10818793 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0620:iomccb>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts of the line 3T3 from swiss albino mice were exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. The cells were synchronized by treatment with nocodazole and mitotic shake-off, and then exposed to UVA irradiation in different stages of the cell cycle. Their photosensitivity varied through the cell cycle, being greatest in the G2 phase. UVA irradiation was found to induce the formation of multinucleated cells. Cells in the G1 phase were found to be most prone to multinucleation 15 min after UVA irradiation, while cells exposed to UVA irradiation in S and G2 phases contained the largest fractions of multinucleated cells 24 h after treatment. The present results indicate that multinucleated cells are formed by fusion of two or more cells shortly after UVA irradiation of early G1 cells, while impairment of cytokinesis is a possible explanation for the delayed formation of multinucleated cells after irradiation in S and G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bråthen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Bånrud H, Moan J, Berg K. Early Induction of Binucleated Cells by Ultraviolet A (UVA) Radiation: A Possible Role of Microfilaments. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mason DS, Schafer F, Shick JM, Dunlap WC. Ultraviolet radiation-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are acquired from their diet by medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) but not by SKH-1 hairless mice. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 120:587-98. [PMID: 9828392 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess whether vertebrates can acquire, from their diet, ultraviolet radiation-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), medaka fish and hairless mice were maintained for 150 and 130 days, respectively, on diets either including Mastocarpus stellatus (rich in MAAs) or the same diets without this red alga. In medaka, the MAAs palythine and asterina-330, present in trace quantities in the diet with added M. stellatus, were present in significantly greater quantities in the eyes of fish fed this diet than in the eyes of control fish. Only traces of MAAs were present in the skin of medaka fed the diet containing MAAs. Shinorine, the principal MAA in M. stellatus, was not found in any tissues of medaka, which raises questions about the specificity of transport of MAAs. In hairless mice, no dietary MAAs were found in the tissues of the eyes, skin, or liver after maintenance on the experimental diet. Low concentrations of shinorine were present only in the tissues of the small and large intestines. These results indicate that MAAs are acquired from their diet and translocated to superficial tissues by teleost fish, but that mammals may be incapable of such. Thus, dietary supplementation with MAAs may be useful in aquacultured species of fish, but MAAs as 'dietary sunscreens' may not be an option for mammals, including humans. Nevertheless, our demonstration of the uptake of shinorine by human skin cancer cells in culture raises evolutionary questions regarding the organ specificity of the capacity for the cellular transport of MAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5751, USA
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Rafferty NS, Rafferty KA, Zigman S. Comparative response to UV irradiation of cytoskeletal elements in rabbit and skate lens epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 1997; 16:310-9. [PMID: 9134319 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.16.4.310.10687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work reports a differential effect of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation on the three major cytoskeletal structures, actin and vimentin filaments and microtubules of lens cells in primary culture. The effect on cells from lens of the skate (a bottom-dwelling marine elasmobranch) was compared with that on rabbit lens, in order to assess UVA sensitivity as a function of exposure to these wavelengths in the native habitat. METHODS Exposure intervals of irradiation time up to 6 hours were selected, at fluences from 13.5 to 54.4 J/cm2 and at 365 +/- 45 nm wavelength, to represent mild to moderate physiological levels. Cultures were fixed and processed with anti-alpha-tubulin-FITC and rhodamine phalloidin, or with anti-vimentin FITC and rhodamine phalloidin conjugates. RESULTS With epifluorescence microscopy, it was found that microtubules were most sensitive to UVA irradiation (in depolymerizing), followed by actin, with vimentin hardly at all affected. Irradiation for 6 hours followed by incubation for 3 days in fresh medium showed no recovery of actin but good recovery of microtubule organizing centers, followed by mitosis in many (rabbit) cells. Skate cells were more sensitive and showed no recovery. CONCLUSIONS In view of the role of cytoskeletal elements in intracellular structure, cell division and transport, their disruption supports the hypothesis that UVA may damage lens epithelial cells in vivo so as to contribute to cataract formation. In addition, the data suggest that the lenses of animals exposed to sunlight require effective cytoskeletal repair mechanisms to avoid loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Rafferty
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Wang K, Spector A. alpha-crystallin stabilizes actin filaments and prevents cytochalasin-induced depolymerization in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 242:56-66. [PMID: 8954153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0056r.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
alpha-crystallin, a major lens protein of approximately 800 kDa with subunits of about 20 kDa has previously been shown to act as a chaperone protecting other proteins from stress-induced damage and to share sequence similarity with small heat-shock proteins, sHsp. It is now demonstrated that this chaperone effect extends to protection of the intracellular matrix component actin. It was found that the powerful depolymerization effect of cytochalasin D could be almost completely blocked by alpha-crystallin, alpha A-crystallin or alpha B-crystallin. However, phosphorylation of alpha-crystallin markedly decreased its protective effect. It is suggested that phosphorylation of alpha-crystallin may contribute to changes in actin structure observed during cellular remodeling that occurs with the terminal differentiation of a lens epithelial cell to a fiber cell and contributes to cellular remodeling in other cell types that contain alpha-crystallin species. This communication presents biochemical evidence clearly demonstrating that alpha-crystallin is involved in actin polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. It is also shown that alpha-crystallin prevented heat-induced aggregation of actin filaments. alpha-crystallin was found to stabilize actin polymers decreasing dilution-induced depolymerization rates up to twofold while slightly decreasing the critical concentration from 0.23 microM to 0.18 microM. Similar results were found with either alpha-crystallin or its purified subunits alpha A-crystallin and alpha B-crystallin. In contrast to the experiments with cytochalasin D, phosphorylation had no effect. There does not appear to be an interaction between alpha-crystallin and actin monomers since the effect of alpha-crystallin in enhancing actin polymerization does not become apparent until some polymerization has occurred. Examination of the stoichiometry of the alpha-crystallin effect indicates that 2-3 alpha-crystallin monomers/actin monomer give maximum actin polymer stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Zigman S, McDaniel T, Schultz JB, Reddan J, Meydani M. Damage to cultured lens epithelial cells of squirrels and rabbits by UV-A (99.9%) plus UV-B (0.1%) radiation and alpha tocopherol protection. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 143:35-46. [PMID: 7776956 DOI: 10.1007/bf00925924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to observe the near-UV radiation induced damage to cultured rabbit and squirrel lens epithelial cells as related to destruction and alterations of specific biochemical targets in the cells and to determine protective effects on the cells and targets that are provided by alpha-tocopherol. Confluent monolayers of cultured rabbit and squirrel lens epithelial cells were exposed to black light (BL) lamps, which emit predominantly UV-A radiation. These cells received a mixture 3 J/cm2 of UV-A and 4 mJ/cm2 of UV-B per h. This mixture is termed near UVA (i.e.: predominantly UV-A). Cells were exposed in Tyrode's or in MEM without or with alpha-tocopherol added at 2.5-10 micrograms/ml. Analyses of cell viability and survival, the physical state of cytoskeletal actin, and the activities of Na-K-ATPase and catalase were made. Exposure to near UVA damaged these cells as measured by vital staining and colony forming ability. Pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol decreased the magnitude of near UVA cytotoxicity. Near UVA exposure in MEM always produced more damage to the cells and biochemical targets than in Tyrode's. Cytoskeletal actin was degraded and the activities of Na-K-ATPase and catalase were markedly inhibited by UV-exposure. All of these targets were at least partially protected by alpha-tocopherol in the medium. Without alpha-tocopherol added to the media, the viability and survival of the cells did not recover even after 25 h of incubation. Cell viability was better protected from near UVA by alpha-tocopherol than was the ability to grow into colonies. This indicates that alpha-tocopherol protects actin, catalase, and Na-K-ATPase from near UVA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zigman
- Ophthalmic/Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York 14620, USA
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Zigman S, Rafferty NS. Effects of near UV radiation and antioxidants on the response of dogfish (Mustelus canis) lens to elevated H2O2. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 109:463-7. [PMID: 7956123 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vitro exposure of dogfish (Mustelus canis) lenses to near-UV energy not incompatible with that of the environment, causes an opalescence that is not present in unirradiated lenses or those irradiated after soaking in alpha-tocopherol or deferoxamine. The ability of whole lenses to destroy H2O2, as shown by their ability to produce O2 bubbles in H2O2 containing media, is markedly diminished by UV exposure without these antioxidant/free radical scavengers added. The lens capsule epithelium is the major site of catalase activity. Bubble formation was prevented by presoaking the lenses in 3-amino-triazole (3-AT), a potent catalase inhibitor. Analytical measurements confirmed the above observations. Near-UV inhibition of catalase may allow H2O2 in the aqueous humor to damage the lens by exerting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zigman
- Ophthalmic/Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642
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Djavaheri-Mergny M, Pieraggi MT, Mazière C, Santus R, Lageron A, Salvayre R, Dubertret L, Mazière JC. Early alterations of actin in cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to long-wavelength radiations. Possible involvement in the UVA-induced perturbations of endocytotic processes. Photochem Photobiol 1994; 59:48-52. [PMID: 8127940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cultured MRC5 human fibroblasts or NCTC 2544 human keratinocytes to mild doses of ultraviolet A (UVA: 320-400 nm) radiations markedly decreased the actin reactivity with fluorescein-labeled phalloidin. This indicates a change in the degree of polymerization of actin and thus in the organization of actin filaments. Such a phenomenon might be involved in the previously reported UVA-induced inhibition of specific and nonspecific endocytotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Djavaheri-Mergny
- Laboratoire de Physio-Chimie de l'Adaptation Biologique, INSERM U312, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris
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Long-term organ culture system to study the effect of UV-radiation on lens enzymes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1994; 19 Suppl 1:265-73. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(05)80072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zigman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642
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Rafferty NS, Zigman S, McDaniel T, Scholz DL. Near-UV radiation disrupts filamentous actin in lens epithelial cells. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1993; 26:40-8. [PMID: 8221906 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970260105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation in the near range (UVA) causes lens opacification and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in rabbit and gray squirrel lenses. Changes were noted using transmission electron microscopy of tangential sections and rhodaminephalloidin fluorescence microscopy of epithelial whole mounts of irradiated and unirradiated lenses, and corresponded with gross cataract formation. Irradiated lenses lacked microfilament polygonal arrays at the inner surface of the apical plasma membrane (i.e., in the cell pole next to the lens fibers) in lens epithelia of both species; a condensed actin bundle was present instead. This bundle, and scattered small actin clumps in the cytoplasm, were identified by immunogold TEM, using a specific antibody and a secondary antibody conjugated with colloidal gold. Similar techniques showed breakdown of tubulin and vimentin, but after longer intervals than for the breakdown of actin. Generalized cytologic damage was also present in epithelial cells, but not in the underlying cortical lens fibers. Damage began to occur after 4 hr of irradiation and became more severe with increased exposure. Shielded controls remained clear, had normal cytology and polygonal arrays, and no clumping of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Rafferty
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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