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Mantareva V, Iliev I, Sulikovska I, Durmuş M, Genova T. Collagen Hydrolysate Effects on Photodynamic Efficiency of Gallium (III) Phthalocyanine on Pigmented Melanoma Cells. Gels 2023; 9:475. [PMID: 37367145 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjugation of photosensitizer with collagen seems to be a very promising approach for innovative topical photodynamic therapy (PDT). The study aims to evaluate the effects of bovine collagen hydrolysate (Clg) on the properties of gallium (III) phthalocyanine (GaPc) on pigmented melanoma. The interaction of GaPc with Clg to form a conjugate (GaPc-Clg) showed a reduction of the intensive absorption Q-band (681 nm) with a blue shift of the maximum (678 nm) and a loss of shape of the UV-band (354 nm). The fluorescence of GaPc, with a strong emission peak at 694 nm was blue shifted due to the conjugation which lower intensity owing to reduce quantum yield (0.012 vs. 0.23, GaPc). The photo- and dark cytotoxicity of GaPc, Glg and GaPc-Clg on pigmented melanoma cells (SH-4) and two normal cell lines (BJ and HaCaT) showed a slight decrease of cytotoxicity for a conjugate, with low selectivity index (0.71 vs. 1.49 for GaPc). The present study suggests that the ability of collagen hydrolysate to form gels minimizes the high dark toxicity of GaPc. Collagen used for conjugation of a photosensitizer might be an essential step in advanced topical PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Mantareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev, Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Iliev
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bl. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Inna Sulikovska
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bl. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tsanislava Genova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzarigradsko Chaussee 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Saletnik Ł, Szczęsny W, Szmytkowski J, Fisz JJ. On the Nature of Stationary and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Collagen Powder from Bovine Achilles Tendon. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087631. [PMID: 37108793 PMCID: PMC10145534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a more systematic study of steady-state and time-resolved autofluorescence spectroscopy of collagen isolated from bovine Achilles tendon. In steady-state fluorescence measurements, the excitation and emission spectra of collagen powder, recorded at different fluorescence excitation and detection wavelengths, were compared with the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as with similar spectra for 13 autofluorescent collagen cross-links, which have been identified and described in the literature so far. In time-resolved studies, fluorescence was excited by the pulsed light of different wavelengths, and for each excitation wavelength, fluorescence decay was recorded for several detection wavelengths. Data analysis allowed recovery of the fluorescence decay times for each experimental excitation detection event. The obtained information on the decay times of the measured fluorescent signals was discussed, taking into account the available literature data from similar studies of isolated collagen and collagen-rich tissues. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the shape and position of the measured fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of collagen strongly depend on the emission and excitation wavelengths selected in the measurements. From the recorded excitation and emission bands of collagen, it can be concluded with high probability that there are additional, so far unidentified, collagen cross-links, which can be excited at longer excitation wavelengths. In addition, the collagen excitation spectra were measured at longer emission wavelengths at which the collagen cross-links emit fluorescent light. In addition to the emission spectra obtained for excitation in the deep-UV region, the results of time-resolved fluorescence studies with excitation in the deep-UV region and detection at longer wavelengths suggest that fluorescence excitation energy transfer processes occur from the amino acids to the collagen cross-links, and also between the cross-links themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Saletnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szczęsny
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jakub Szmytkowski
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J Fisz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Sapra R, Gupta M, Khare K, Chowdhury PK, Haridas V. Fluorescence by self-assembly: autofluorescent peptide vesicles and fibers. Analyst 2023; 148:973-984. [PMID: 36756978 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of oxidized cysteinyl peptides ([P-Cys-X-OMe]2; P = Boc or H; X = Trp or Glu) showed vesicular and fibrillar assemblies. The anatomy of the self-assembled vesicles from the water-soluble cystine peptide [Cys-Trp-OMe]2 (1a) has been investigated by using various fluorescent probes such as ammonium 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate, Nile Red and pyrene. The morphological characterization was carried out by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and super resolution-structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) utilizing the autofluorescence of the vesicles stemming from the self-assembly. The self-assembled structures are also observed in solution as evident from the quantitative phase images obtained using a dual-mode digital holographic microscope (DHM) system. Present investigations show that the self-assembly is enthalpy- and entropy-driven in the aqueous medium. Based on the CD spectral studies, we proposed that 1a organizes into vesicles through the sequestration of indole units. We observed that the solutions of dipeptides 1a-b exhibit autofluorescence in the blue region upon excitation at a wavelength >350 nm. Detailed spectroscopic studies on the peptides lacking tryptophan 2a-b unequivocally showed that the autofluorescence stems exclusively from peptide aggregation. Our experimental results with appropriate controls revealed that the clustering of carbonyl chromophores is central to autofluorescence. Autofluorescence was also used to probe the vesicle formation without using any external fluorescent probe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on autofluorescent vesicles formed by the spontaneous association of dipeptides. We also found that the vesicles formed by 1a can act as a host for guests like C60. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of these peptides along with the autofluorescent nature and guest binding ability of peptide-based vesicles offer numerous applications in the biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Kedar Khare
- Optics and Photonics Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pramit K Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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4
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Grønlien KG, Pedersen ME, Tønnesen HH. A natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as potential excipient in collagen-based products. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:394-402. [PMID: 32289414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have previously shown antibacterial properties alone or in combination with photosensitizers and light. In this study, we investigated the behavior of the structural protein collagen in a NADES solution. A combination of collagen and NADES adds the unique wound healing properties of collagen to the potential antibacterial effect of the NADES. The behavior of collagen in a NADES composed of citric acid and xylitol and aqueous dilutions thereof was assessed by spectroscopic, calorimetric and viscosity methods. Collagen exhibited variable unfolding properties dependent on the type of material (telo- or atelocollagen) and degree of aqueous dilution of the NADES. The results indicated that both collagen types were susceptible to unfolding in undiluted NADES. Collagen dissolved in highly diluted NADES showed similar results to collagen dissolved in acetic acid (i.e., NADES network possibly maintained). Based on the ability to dissolve collagen while maintaining its structural properties, NADES is regarded as a potential excipient in collagen-based products. This is the first study describing the solubility and structural changes of an extracellular matrix protein in NADES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Gjestvang Grønlien
- Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Hanne Hjorth Tønnesen
- Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Bansode S, Bashtanova U, Li R, Clark J, Müller KH, Puszkarska A, Goldberga I, Chetwood HH, Reid DG, Colwell LJ, Skepper JN, Shanahan CM, Schitter G, Mesquida P, Duer MJ. Glycation changes molecular organization and charge distribution in type I collagen fibrils. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3397. [PMID: 32099005 PMCID: PMC7042214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen fibrils are central to the molecular organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to defining the cellular microenvironment. Glycation of collagen fibrils is known to impact on cell adhesion and migration in the context of cancer and in model studies, glycation of collagen molecules has been shown to affect the binding of other ECM components to collagen. Here we use TEM to show that ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) glycation of collagen fibrils - potentially important in the microenvironment of actively dividing cells, such as cancer cells - disrupts the longitudinal ordering of the molecules in collagen fibrils and, using KFM and FLiM, that R5P-glycated collagen fibrils have a more negative surface charge than unglycated fibrils. Altered molecular arrangement can be expected to impact on the accessibility of cell adhesion sites and altered fibril surface charge on the integrity of the extracellular matrix structure surrounding glycated collagen fibrils. Both effects are highly relevant for cell adhesion and migration within the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Bansode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Uliana Bashtanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Karin H Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Anna Puszkarska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ieva Goldberga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Holly H Chetwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Lucy J Colwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jeremy N Skepper
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Georg Schitter
- Automation and Control Institute (ACIN), TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mesquida
- Automation and Control Institute (ACIN), TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Melinda J Duer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Vidal SEL, Tamamoto KA, Nguyen H, Abbott RD, Cairns DM, Kaplan DL. 3D biomaterial matrix to support long term, full thickness, immuno-competent human skin equivalents with nervous system components. Biomaterials 2019; 198:194-203. [PMID: 29709325 PMCID: PMC6200656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Current commercially available human skin equivalents (HSEs) are used for relatively short term studies (∼1 week) due in part to the time-dependent contraction of the collagen gel-based matrix and the limited cell types and skin tissue components utilized. In contrast, here we describe a new matrix consisting of a silk-collagen composite system that provides long term, stable cultivation with reduced contraction and degradation over time. This matrix supports full thickness skin equivalents which include nerves. The unique silk-collagen composite system preserves cell-binding domains of collagen while maintaining the stability and mechanics of the skin system for long-term culture with silk. The utility of this new composite protein-based biomaterial was demonstrated by bioengineering full thickness human skin systems using primary cells, including nerves and immune cells to establish an HSE with a neuro-immuno-cutaneous system. The HSEs with neurons and hypodermis, compared to in vitro skin-only HSEs controls, demonstrated higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of several proteins associated with inflammation across all sample groups, but HSEs with neurons had the highest amount of detected protein due to the complexity of the model. This improved, in vitro full thickness HSE model system utilizes cross-linked silk-collagen as the biomaterial and allows reduced reliance on animal models and provides a new in vitro tissue system for the assessment of chronic responses related to skin diseases and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasey A Tamamoto
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Tufts University, Department of Child Studies and Human Development, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Rosalyn D Abbott
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dana M Cairns
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are very attractive and versatile nanoparticles since they have a remarkable capacity to absorb and scatter light, convert optical energy into heat via nonradiative electron relaxation dynamics, and surface chemistries that can be capitalized upon so that the nanoparticles act as drug carriers. Au NPs have excellent stability and biocompatibility, tailorable shapes and sizes, an easily functionalized surface, high drug-loading capacity, and low toxicity. The properties of Au NPs can be leveraged to develop more precisely targeted and effective cancer therapeutics. Au NPs have been used to target delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, complement radiation and thermal therapy, and enhance contrast for in vivo imaging of the tumor in a variety of cancer types and diseased organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Connor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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8
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Zhang X, Xu L, Wei S, Zhai M, Li J. Stimuli responsive deswelling of radiation synthesized collagen hydrogel in simulated physiological environment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:2191-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Dolgin B, Bulatov V, Schechter I. Non-destructive assessment of parchment deterioration by optical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1885-96. [PMID: 17622520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A non-destructive and non-invasive method for quantitative characterization of parchment deterioration, based on spectral measurements, is proposed. Deterioration due to both natural aging (ancient parchments) and artificial aging (achieved by means of controlled UV irradiation and temperature treatment) was investigated. The effect of aging on parchment native fluorescence was correlated with its deterioration condition. Aging causes fluorescence intensity drop, spectral shift of the main peak, and an overall change in the fluorescence spectral features. Digital color imaging analysis based on visible reflectance from the parchment surface was also applied, and the correspondent color components (RGB) were successively correlated with the state of parchment deterioration/aging. The fluorescence and color imaging data were validated by analysis of historical parchments, aged between 50 and 2000 years and covering a large variety of states of deterioration. The samples were independently assessed by traditional microscopy methods. We conclude that the proposed optical method qualifies well as a non-destructive tool for rapid assessment of the stage of parchment deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella Dolgin
- Shulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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Coremans JM, Ince C, Bruining HA, Puppels GJ. (Semi-)quantitative analysis of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence images of blood-perfused rat heart. Biophys J 1997; 72:1849-60. [PMID: 9083689 PMCID: PMC1184379 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo analysis of the metabolic state of tissue by means of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorimetry is disturbed by tissue movements and by hemodynamic and oximetric effects. These factors cause changes in the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) excitation light by the tissue. Many different methods have been used in the literature to compensate measured NADH fluorescence intensities for these effects. In this paper we show on theoretical grounds that the ratio of NADH fluorescence intensity and UV diffuse reflectance intensity provides a (semi-)quantitative measure of tissue NADH concentrations. This result is corroborated by experiments with tissue phantoms in which absorption and back-scattering properties were varied. Furthermore, we have verified the validity of this compensation method in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat heart preparations. In this preparation oximetric effects (of blood and tissue) are the major determinants of the metabolism-dependent UV diffuse reflectance change. Hemodynamic effects accompanying compensatory vasodilation are negligible. Movement artifacts were eliminated by simultaneously recording fluorescence and reflectance images, using a CCD camera with a biprism configuration. The results show that the NADH fluorescence/UV reflectance ratio can be used to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of the surface of intact blood-perfused myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Coremans
- Department of General Surgery, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Svadlenka I, Davídková E, Rosmus J. Interaction of malonaldehyde with collagen. III. Binding site characteristic of malonaldehyde with respect to collagen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1975; 157:263-8. [PMID: 1146415 DOI: 10.1007/bf01139539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper have been studied properties of a product that arose from the interaction of malonaldehyde with collagen. It has been shown by an amino acid analysis that malonaldehyde reacts in a significant way on lysine and tyrosine residues. The partcipation of tyrosine in the reaction with malonaldehyde has been further demonstrated by means of spectrophotometry. It has also been found that the hydrolysis by pronase is considerably modified with the cross linked collagen.
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Vanćiková O, Deyl Z. Disappearance of tyrosine residues in collagen with age. Suggestion of a possible reaction mechanism. Exp Gerontol 1974; 9:123-30. [PMID: 4423457 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(74)90041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Price NR, Hunt S. Fluorescent chromophore components from the egg capsules of the gastropod mollusc Buccinum undatum (L.), and their relation to fluorescent compounds in other structural proteins. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:601-16. [PMID: 4452233 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Davison PF. Homeostasis in extracellular tissues: insights from studies on collagen. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 1:201-45. [PMID: 4609687 DOI: 10.3109/10409237309102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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