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Burkhart BJ, Schwalen CJ, Mann G, Naismith JH, Mitchell DA. YcaO-Dependent Posttranslational Amide Activation: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5389-5456. [PMID: 28256131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With advances in sequencing technology, uncharacterized proteins and domains of unknown function (DUFs) are rapidly accumulating in sequence databases and offer an opportunity to discover new protein chemistry and reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review, the formerly enigmatic YcaO superfamily (DUF181), has been found to catalyze a unique phosphorylation of a ribosomal peptide backbone amide upon attack by different nucleophiles. Established nucleophiles are the side chains of Cys, Ser, and Thr which gives rise to azoline/azole biosynthesis in ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. However, much remains unknown about the potential for YcaO proteins to collaborate with other nucleophiles. Recent work suggests potential in forming thioamides, macroamidines, and possibly additional post-translational modifications. This review covers all knowledge through mid-2016 regarding the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), natural products, functions, mechanisms, and applications of YcaO proteins and outlines likely future research directions for this protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg Mann
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews , BSRC North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews , BSRC North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
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2
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Mikolajka A, Liu H, Chen Y, Starosta AL, Márquez V, Ivanova M, Cooperman BS, Wilson DN. Differential effects of thiopeptide and orthosomycin antibiotics on translational GTPases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:589-600. [PMID: 21609840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ribosome is a major target in the bacterial cell for antibiotics. Here, we dissect the effects that the thiopeptide antibiotics thiostrepton (ThS) and micrococcin (MiC) as well as the orthosomycin antibiotic evernimicin (Evn) have on translational GTPases. We demonstrate that, like ThS, MiC is a translocation inhibitor, and that the activation by MiC of the ribosome-dependent GTPase activity of EF-G is dependent on the presence of the ribosomal proteins L7/L12 as well as the G' subdomain of EF-G. In contrast, Evn does not inhibit translocation but is a potent inhibitor of back-translocation as well as IF2-dependent 70S-initiation complex formation. Collectively, these results shed insight not only into fundamental aspects of translation but also into the unappreciated specificities of these classes of translational inhibitors.
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Allen GS, Zavialov A, Gursky R, Ehrenberg M, Frank J. The Cryo-EM Structure of a Translation Initiation Complex from Escherichia coli. Cell 2005; 121:703-12. [PMID: 15935757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 70S ribosome and its complement of factors required for initiation of translation in E. coli were purified separately and reassembled in vitro with GDPNP, producing a stable initiation complex (IC) stalled after 70S assembly. We have obtained a cryo-EM reconstruction of the IC showing IF2*GDPNP at the intersubunit cleft of the 70S ribosome. IF2*GDPNP contacts the 30S and 50S subunits as well as fMet-tRNA(fMet). IF2 here adopts a conformation radically different from that seen in the recent crystal structure of IF2. The C-terminal domain of IF2 binds to the single-stranded portion of fMet-tRNA(fMet), thereby forcing the tRNA into a novel orientation at the P site. The GTP binding domain of IF2 binds to the GTPase-associated center of the 50S subunit in a manner similar to EF-G and EF-Tu. Additionally, we present evidence for the localization of IF1, IF3, one C-terminal domain of L7/L12, and the N-terminal domain of IF2 in the initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Allen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Health Research, Inc. at the Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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4
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Brandi L, Marzi S, Fabbretti A, Fleischer C, Hill WE, Gualerzi CO, Stephen Lodmell J. The translation initiation functions of IF2: targets for thiostrepton inhibition. J Mol Biol 2004; 335:881-94. [PMID: 14698286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translation initiation factor IF2 was localized on the ribosome by rRNA cleavage using free Cu(II):1,10-orthophenanthroline. The results indicated proximity of IF2 to helix 89, to the sarcin-ricin loop and to helices 43 and 44, which constitute the "L11/thiostrepton" stem-loops of 23S rRNA. These findings prompted an investigation of the L11 contribution to IF2 activity and a re-examination of the controversial issue of the effect on IF2 functions of thiostrepton, a peptide antibiotic known primarily as a powerful inhibitor of translocation. Ribosomes lacking L11 were found to have wild-type capacity to bind IF2 but a strongly reduced ability to elicit its GTPase activity. We found that thiostrepton caused a faster recycling of this factor on and off the 70S ribosomes and 50S subunits, which in turn resulted in an increased rate of the multiple turnover IF2-dependent GTPase. Although thiostrepton did not inhibit the P-site binding of fMet-tRNA, the A-site binding of the EF-Tu-GTP-Phe-tRNA or the activity of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center (as measured by the formation of fMet-puromycin), it severely inhibited IF2-dependent initiation dipeptide formation. This inhibition can probably be traced back to a thiostrepton-induced distortion of the ribosomal-binding site of IF2, which leads to a non-productive interaction between the ribosome and the aminoacyl-tRNA substrates of the peptidyl transferase reaction. Overall, our data indicate that the translation initiation function of IF2 is as sensitive as the translocation function of EF-G to thiostrepton inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Brandi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology MCA, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Cameron DM, Thompson J, March PE, Dahlberg AE. Initiation factor IF2, thiostrepton and micrococcin prevent the binding of elongation factor G to the Escherichia coli ribosome. J Mol Biol 2002; 319:27-35. [PMID: 12051934 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial translational GTPases (initiation factor IF2, elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu and release factor RF3) are involved in all stages of translation, and evidence indicates that they bind to overlapping sites on the ribosome, whereupon GTP hydrolysis is triggered. We provide evidence for a common ribosomal binding site for EF-G and IF2. IF2 prevents the binding of EF-G to the ribosome, as shown by Western blot analysis and fusidic acid-stabilized EF-G.GDP.ribosome complex formation. Additionally, IF2 inhibits EF-G-dependent GTP hydrolysis on 70 S ribosomes. The antibiotics thiostrepton and micrococcin, which bind to part of the EF-G binding site and interfere with the function of the factor, also affect the function of IF2. While thiostrepton is a strong inhibitor of EF-G-dependent GTP hydrolysis, GTP hydrolysis by IF2 is stimulated by the drug. Micrococcin stimulates GTP hydrolysis by both factors. We show directly that these drugs act by destabilizing the interaction of EF-G with the ribosome, and provide evidence that they have similar effects on IF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale M Cameron
- School of Microbiology and Immunology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Nagel K, Voigt J. Regulation of the uncoupled GTPase activity of elongation factor G (EF-G) by the conformations of the ribosomal subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1174:153-61. [PMID: 8357832 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90109-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The elongation factor G (EF-G) GTPase activity is induced by either 70S ribosomes or 50S ribosomal subunits. The GTPase activity induced by 50S ribosomal subunits is predominant at low concentrations of monovalent cations and decreases with increasing concentrations of K+ or NH4+. Double-logarithmic plots of the data reveal straight lines with different slopes for low and high concentrations of monovalent cations, respectively, intersecting at the same concentration of monovalent cations where maximal EF-G GTPase activity is measured in the presence of both ribosomal subunits. Substantially the same curves are obtained when 50S ribosomal subunits are substituted by 50S CsCl-core particles partially reconstituted by addition of purified 50S split proteins L7/L12. Intact 30S ribosomal subunits, but not 30S CsCl-core particles are able to associate with 50S ribosomal subunits and to modulate ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase activity. Therefore, our data clearly show that the biphasic courses of the NH4+ and K+ curves of EF-G GTPase activity induced by 50S ribosomal subunits are not due to contaminations with 30S ribosomal subunits but result from different conformations of EF-G/50S ribosomal-subunit complexes at low and high concentrations of monovalent cations, respectively. CD spectra of 50S ribosomal subunits measured under different salt conditions have shown that the conformation of the 50S ribosomal subunits is strongly dependent on the concentration of monovalent cations. The conformation of 30S ribosomal subunits is, however, considerably stronger influenced by the Mg2+ than by the concentration of monovalent cations. The salt effects on the conformation of the 30S ribosomal subunits correspond to the salt effects on the association of ribosomal subunits and the modulation of EF-G GTPase activity by 30S ribosomal subunits. Since, in the presence of both ribosomal subunits, EF-G GTPase activity is maximal at the same concentration of monovalent cations where obviously a spontaneous conformation change of 50S ribosomal subunits takes place, we postulate that EF-G GTPase primarily acts on the ribosomes by changing the conformation of 50S ribosomal subunits. The resulting model is based on the assumption that EF-G GTPase activity is considerably more strongly induced by the 'substrate conformation' ('state I') than by the 'product conformation' of the 50S ribosomal subunits ('state II'). A spontaneous transformation of 'state II' to 'state I' is expected to occur in the absence of mRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-T especially under salt conditions favouring state I.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagel
- Botanisches Institut, Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Nagel K, Voigt J. An inhibitor of elongation factor G (EF-G) GTPase present in the ribosome wash of Escherichia coli: a complex of initiation factors IF1 and IF3? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1129:145-8. [PMID: 1730051 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90478-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An inhibitor of elongation factor G (EF-G) GTPase isolated from the ribosome wash of Escherichia coli was shown to stimulate the poly(A,U,G)- and initiation factor 2 (IF2)-dependent binding of N-formyl-[35S]Met-tRNAfMet to ribosomes. In the presence of saturating amounts of the EF-G GTPase inhibitor, neither addition of initiation factor 1 (IF1) nor addition of initiation factor 3 (IF3) caused a further stimulation of the formation of N-formyl-[35S]Met-tRNAfMET/poly(A,U,G)/ribosome complexes. Both IF1 and IF3 were shown to inhibit ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase, especially when both initiation factors were added either in absence or in the presence of initiation factor 2 (IF2), poly(A,U,G) and N-formyl-Met-tRNAfMet. Therefore, we conclude that the EF-G GTPase inhibitor consisting of two polypeptide subunits with apparent molecular masses of 23,000 and 10,000 Da is a complex of initiation factors IF1 and IF3. The inhibition of EF-G GTPAse by IF3, but not the effects of IF1 in the presence or absence of IF3 could be reversed by increasing the Mg(2+)-concentration as already shown for the EF-G GTPase inhibitor. Therefore, IF1 as well as the EF-G GTPase inhibitor do not influence the ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase by affecting the association of ribosomal subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagel
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Laalami S, Sacerdot C, Vachon G, Mortensen K, Sperling-Petersen HU, Cenatiempo Y, Grunberg-Manago M. Structural and functional domains of E coli initiation factor IF2. Biochimie 1991; 73:1557-66. [PMID: 1805969 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(91)90191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of translation in prokaryotes requires the participation of at least three soluble proteins: the initiation factors IF1, IF2 and IF3. Initiation factor 2, which is one of the largest proteins involved in translation (97.3 kDa) has been shown to stimulate in vitro the binding of fMet-tRNA(fMet) to the 30S ribosomal subunit. After formation of 70S translation initiation complex, IF2 is believed to participate in GTP hydrolysis, thereby promoting its own release. Here we review evidence which indicates the functional importance of the different structural domains of IF2, emphasizing new information obtained by in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laalami
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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9
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Laalami S, Putzer H, Plumbridge JA, Grunberg-Manago M. A severely truncated form of translational initiation factor 2 supports growth of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1991; 220:335-49. [PMID: 1830345 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed strains carrying null mutations in the chromosomal copy of the gene for translational initiation factor (IF) 2 (infB). A functional copy of the infB gene is supplied in trans by a thermosensitive lysogenic lambda phage integrated at att lambda. These strains enabled us to test in vivo the importance of different structural elements of IF2 expressed from genetically engineered plasmid constructs. We found that, as expected, the gene for IF2 is essential. However, a protein consisting of the C-terminal 55,000 Mr fragment of the wild-type IF2 protein is sufficient to allow growth when supplied in excess. This result suggests that the catalytic properties are localized in the C-terminal half of the protein, which includes the G-domain, and that this fragment is sufficient to complement the IF2 deficiency in the infB deletion strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laalami
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, URA 1139, Paris, France
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10
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Abstract
The protein L12 in bacterial ribosomes is essential for the proper function of a number of factors involved in protein synthesis. The protein is mostly described in terms of a rigid structure despite the repeated observation of high flexibility. This paper gives a review of the structure and flexibility of L12 in relation to its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liljas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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11
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Kaziro Y. The role of guanosine 5'-triphosphate in polypeptide chain elongation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 505:95-127. [PMID: 361078 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(78)90009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Grunberg-Manago M, Gros F. Initiation mechanisms of protein syntehesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1977; 20:209-84. [PMID: 333512 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Naaktgeboren N, Roobol K, Gubbens J, Voorma HO. The mode of action of thiostrepton in the initiation of protein synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 70:39-47. [PMID: 795651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition by thiostrepton of the initiation of protein synthesis is exerted at a different level from the inhibition of reactions mediated by EF-Tu and EF-G in the elongation of protein synthesis. The presence of thiostrepton on the 50-S subunit completely prevents the binding of the EF-Tu - GTP - aa-tRNA complex and EF-G - GTP complex to the 70-S ribosome, resulting in cessation of protein synthesis at a concentration of 1 muM thiostrepton. On the other hand, during initiation thiostrepton impairs the coupling of the 50-S subunit with the 30-S initiation complex, indirectly causing inhibition of IF-2-dependent reactions. Impairment of the coupling is strongly influenced by the conditions of incubation. Since formation of formylmethionylpuromycin and the IF-2-dependent GTP hydrolysis are inhibited to the same extent and recycling of IF-2 can take place in the presence of thiostrepton, we conclude that the basic mechanism of inhibition of initiation differs from that of inhibition of elongation.
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14
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Kay AC, Graffe M, Grunberg-Manago M. Stimulation by ATP of protein initiation in a prokaryotic organism, B. stearothermophilus. FEBS Lett 1975; 58:112-8. [PMID: 773681 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to E. coli ribosomes, with B. stearothermophilus ribosomes initiation complex formation is stimulated by ATP as well as GTP, but maximum stimulation occurs when both the nucleotides are present; and their terminal phosphate must be hydrolysable. In the presence of ATP and GTP, B. stearothermophilus ribosomes synthesize a highly phosphorylated guanine derivative, ppGpp, and the role of ATP in initiation might be related to this synthesis. We discarded the role of ATP as being trivial and corresponding solely to the well-known effect on eukaryotic systems.
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15
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Highland JH, Howard GA, Ochsner E, Hasenbank R, Gordon J, Stöffler G. Identification of a ribosomal protein necessary for thiostrepton binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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17
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Sarkar P, Stringer EA, Maitra U. Thiostrepton inhibition of initiation factor 1 activity in polypeptide chain initiation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4986-90. [PMID: 4612536 PMCID: PMC434024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.12.4986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiostrepton, a peptide antibiotic, inhibits the GTP-dependent 70S initiation complex formation (as measured by binding of fMet-tRNA to ribosomes and concomitant hydrolysis of GTP) only when initiation factor 1 is present to permit catalytic recycling of initiation factor 2 in the initiation reaction. When initiation factor 1 is absent, the binding of fMet-tRNA and GTP hydrolysis occur stoichiometrically with respect to initiation factor 2, and thiostrepton has no effect on either reaction under these conditions. Detailed analysis of this inhibition process shows that thiostrepton prevents catalytic recycling of initiation factor 2 by blocking the action of initiation factor 1, which is required for the dissociation of initiation factor 2 from the 70S initiation complex. This dissociation is necessary for the catalytic reutilization of initiation factor 2 in the initiation reaction. The antibiotic does not directly inhibit GTP hydrolysis per se in initiation. The inhibition of fMet-tRNA binding to ribosomes by thiostrepton is also dependent on the concentration of GTP; the inhibition is most pronounced at low concentrations of GTP, but at a high molar ratio of GTP to thiostrepton, the inhibition is completely abolished.
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18
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Lockwood AH, Sarkar P, Maitra U, Brot N, Weissbach H. Effect of Thiostrepton on Polypeptide Chain Initiation in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Miskin R, Zamir A. Enhancement of peptidyl transferase activity by antibiotics acting on the 50 S ribosomal subunit. J Mol Biol 1974; 87:121-34. [PMID: 4610151 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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22
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The Role of Ribosomal Proteins L7 and L12 in Polypeptide Chain Initiation in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Lucas-Lenard J, Beres L. 2. Protein Synthesis—Peptide Chain Elongation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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24
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Ochoa S, Mazumder R. 1. Polypeptide Chain Initiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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25
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Brot N, Tate WP, Caskey CT, Weissbach H. The requirement for ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 in peptide-chain termination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:89-92. [PMID: 4589896 PMCID: PMC387938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins L7 and L12 from 50S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli are required for peptidechain termination. This termination process is inhibited by thiostrepton. Since both thiostrepton-treated ribosomes and those depleted of L7 and L12 have a markedly reduced ability to form release factor.UA[(3)H]A.ribosome complexes, the binding of release factors to the ribosome appears to be the primary site of inhibition.
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26
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3. Polypeptide Chain Termination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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27
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Relation between the Ribosomal Sites Involved in Initiation and Elongation of Polypeptide Chains. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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28
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Chinali G, Parmeggiani A. Properties of elongation factor G: its interaction with the ribosomal peptidyl-site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:33-9. [PMID: 4582381 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Mazumder R. Effect of thiostrepton on recycling of Escherichia coli initiation factor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:1939-42. [PMID: 4579006 PMCID: PMC433637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.7.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of initiation factor 2, which requires both GTP and the 50S subunit and involves GTP hydrolysis, appears to be blocked by thiostrepton. However, this antibiotic has little or no effect on the AUG-directed ribosomal binding promoted by initiation factor 2 of fMet-tRNA under conditions that do not permit optimal recycling of the factor. Evidence is presented suggesting that the 50S ribosomal proteins L7 or L12, which are required for the function of the chain elongation factors Tu and G and the accompanying hydrolysis of GTP, are also involved in recycling of initiation factor 2. Although both 5'-guanylylmethylene diphosphonate and thiostrepton seem to block recycling of initiation factor 2, fMet-tRNA bound to the ribosomes in the presence of GTP and thiostrepton can react with puromycin, whereas that bound in the presence of 5'-guanylylmethylene diphosphonate and the antibiotic cannot. It is proposed that initiation factor 2 may interact with two nonidentical ribosomal sites during polypeptide chain initiation.
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30
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Kay A, Sander G, Grunberg-Manago M. Effect of ribosomal protein L12 upon initiation factor IF-2 activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 51:979-86. [PMID: 4350001 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Highland JH, Bodley JW, Gordon J, Hasenbank R, Stöffler G. Identity of the ribosomal proteins involved in the interaction with elongation factor G. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:147-50. [PMID: 4567331 PMCID: PMC433203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit antibodies produced against 50 of the 55 individually purified ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli were tested for their ability to interfere with the formation of the ribosome.EF-G.GDP complex. Only antibodies produced against proteins L7 and L12 inhibited complex formation, and they did so completely. These two proteins were previously shown to be immunologically indistinguishable and necessary for the interaction between ribosomes and EF-G. The present data are consistent with the view that the interaction between ribosomes and EF-G that results in GTP hydrolysis occurs on, and is limited to, proteins L7 and L12 on the surface of the 50S ribosomal subunit.
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Kay AC, Grunberg-Manago M. B. stearothermophilus initiation factors and their properties in E. coli and B. stearothermophilus protein initiation systems. Biochimie 1972; 54:1281-90. [PMID: 4569892 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(72)80069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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