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Chinopoulos C. From Glucose to Lactate and Transiting Intermediates Through Mitochondria, Bypassing Pyruvate Kinase: Considerations for Cells Exhibiting Dimeric PKM2 or Otherwise Inhibited Kinase Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:543564. [PMID: 33335484 PMCID: PMC7736077 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.543564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolic hallmark of many cancers is the increase in glucose consumption coupled to excessive lactate production. Mindful that L-lactate originates only from pyruvate, the question arises as to how can this be sustained in those tissues where pyruvate kinase activity is reduced due to dimerization of PKM2 isoform or inhibited by oxidative/nitrosative stress, posttranslational modifications or mutations, all widely reported findings in the very same cells. Hereby 17 pathways connecting glucose to lactate bypassing pyruvate kinase are reviewed, some of which transit through the mitochondrial matrix. An additional 69 converging pathways leading to pyruvate and lactate, but not commencing from glucose, are also examined. The minor production of pyruvate and lactate by glutaminolysis is scrutinized separately. The present review aims to highlight the ways through which L-lactate can still be produced from pyruvate using carbon atoms originating from glucose or other substrates in cells with kinetically impaired pyruvate kinase and underscore the importance of mitochondria in cancer metabolism irrespective of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Lambeth DO, Tews KN, Adkins S, Frohlich D, Milavetz BI. Expression of two succinyl-CoA synthetases with different nucleotide specificities in mammalian tissues. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36621-4. [PMID: 15234968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406884200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly 50 years, succinyl-CoA synthetase in animals was thought to be specific for guanine nucleotides. Recently, we purified and characterized both an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase from pigeon breast muscle and the GDP-forming enzyme from liver (Johnson, J. D., Muhonen, W. W., and Lambeth, D. O. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27573-27579). Using the sequences of the pigeon enzymes as queries in BLAST searches, we obtained genetic evidence that both enzymes are expressed in a wide range of animal species (Johnson, J. D., Mehus, J. G., Tews, K., Milavetz, B. I., and Lambeth, D. O. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27580-27586). Here we extend those observations by presenting data from Western and Northern blots and enzymatic assays showing that both proteins are widely expressed in mammals with the relative amounts varying from tissue to tissue. We suggest that both succinyl-CoA synthetases catalyze the reverse reaction in the citric acid cycle in which the ADP-forming enzyme augments ATP production, whereas the GDP-forming enzyme supports GTP-dependent anabolic processes. Widely accepted shuttle mechanisms are invoked to explain how transport of P-enolpyruvate across mitochondrial membranes can transfer high energy phosphate between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Lambeth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Carlsen BD, Lambeth DO, Ray PD. Synthesis of malate from phosphoenolpyruvate by rabbit liver mitochondria: implications for lipogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 965:1-8. [PMID: 2831992 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(88)90143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
(1) Rabbit liver mitochondria can convert exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate to malate. (2) Malate production is dependent on phosphoenolpyruvate and HCO3- and is stimulated by CN- or malonate alone and especially in combination. (3) Malate production is inhibited 70% by 3-mercaptopicolinate, a specific inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and 50-60% by 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate, an inhibitor of the tricarboxylate transporter. (4) Rat liver mitochondria incubated with phosphoenolpyruvate under identical conditions do not produce malate. (5) Malate production from phosphoenolpyruvate is stimulated by exogenous GDP or IDP but not by ADP. (6) Data support the conclusion that malate is being produced from oxalacetate generated by reversal of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. A possible role for this enzyme in hepatic lipogenesis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Carlsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks 58202
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Woldegiorgis G, Voss S, Shrago E, Werner-Washburne M, Keegstra K. Adenine nucleotide translocase-dependent anion transport in pea chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 810:340-5. [PMID: 2998460 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea chloroplasts were found to take up actively ATP and ADP and exchange the external nucleotides for internal ones. Using carrier-free [14C]ATP, the rate of nucleotide transport in chloroplasts prepared from 12-14-day-old plants was calculated to be 330 mumol ATP/g chlorophyll/min, and the transport was not affected by light or temperature between 4 and 22 degrees C. Adenine nucleotide uptake was inhibited only slightly by carboxyatractylate, whereas bongkrekic acid was nearly as effective an inhibitor of the translocator in pea chloroplasts as it was in mammalian mitochondria. There was no counter-transport of adenine nucleotides with substrates carried on the phosphate translocator including inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. However, internal or external phosphoenolpyruvate, normally considered to be transported on the phosphate carrier in chloroplasts, was able to exchange readily with adenine nucleotides. Furthermore, inorganic pyrophosphate which is not transported by the phosphate carrier initiated efflux of phosphoenolpyruvate as well as ATP from the chloroplast. These findings illustrate some interesting similarities as well as differences between the various plant phosphate and nucleotide transport systems which may relate to their role in photosynthesis.
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Capasso JM, Hirschberg CB. Effect of atractylosides, palmitoyl coenzyme A, and anion transport inhibitors on translocation of nucleotide sugars and nucleotide sulfate into Golgi vesicles. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Woldegiorgis G, Voss S, Shrago E, Werner-Washburne M, Keegstra K. An adenine nucleotide-phosphoenolpyruvate counter-transport system in C3 and C4 plant chloroplasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 116:945-51. [PMID: 6316974 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(83)80233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A rapid counter-exchange between ATP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) has been demonstrated in pea and maize mesophyll chloroplasts. Chloroplasts preloaded with either [14C] ATP or [14C] PEP readily exchange the radioactive compound with the externally added anions, ATP or PEP, whereas, cold external Pi counter-transports only with internal [14C] PEP. Flooding the system with cold Pi, however, will significantly reduce the counter-transport of external cold PEP with internal [14C] ATP. This ATP-PEP exchange is also markedly decreased by lowering the incubation temperature. The results indicate that the ATP-PEP counter-exchange could represent a key transport system in plant chloroplasts and may be particularly important in the photosynthesis of C4 plants. Furthermore, they provide information required to elucidate the mechanism of the ATP-PEP counter-transport system.
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Mak IT, Shrago E, Elson CE. Effect of thyroidectomy on the kinetics of ADP-ATP translocation in liver mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 226:317-23. [PMID: 6314901 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of adenine nucleotide translocase (AdNT) in the reduced oxidative metabolism of hypothyroidism has been examined. Both AdNT and respiratory activities in liver mitochondria of thyroidectomized rats were 30% below normal. Mitochondrial AdNT activities were determined by the back-exchange method of Pfaff and Klingenberg (Eur. J. Biochem. 6, 66, 1968). The Km and Vmax of the enzyme were temperature dependent. At physiological temperature, the Km and Vmax of the normal rat AdNT were 10 microM (for external ADP) and 4.73% s-1 (percentage efflux of the labeled adenine nucleotides), respectively. AdNT in hypothyroid rat liver mitochondria exhibited a 25-35% lower Vmax and 75% higher Km when assayed over the temperature range 0 to 37 degrees C. Dixonplot studies indicated that the AdNT in hypothyroidism was two- to threefold more sensitive to atractylate and palmitoyl-CoA inhibitions. In contrast the ADP-ATP translocase in hypothyroidism was more resistant than the control carrier to bongkrekate inhibition. The decrease in the transport of ADP, which is consistent with the decreased oxidative activity associated with hypothyroidism, apparently occurs secondary to changes in the lipid matrix of the inner mitochondrial membrane (F. L. Hoch (1977) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 178, 535.).
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Bryła J, Dzik JM. Phosphoenolpyruvate efflux from kidney cortex mitochondria of rabbit. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 638:250-6. [PMID: 7317387 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(81)90234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
(1) The relationship between phosphoenolpyruvate formation and its accumulation in kidney cortex mitochondria of rabbit was studied in the presence of glutamate as substrate. (2) In mitochondria incubated in either State 4 or under uncoupled conditions, both 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate and atractyloside resulted in a marked elevation of the intramitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate accompanied by a 2-4-fold decline in production of this compound. The same effect was induced by n-butylmalonate in uncoupled mitochondria, while both phosphoenolpyruvate efflux and its production were inhibited to a smaller extent in mitochondria incubated with 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate in State 3. (3) Citrate, malate or 2-phosphoglycerate caused a fast displacement of phosphoenolpyruvate from atractyloside-inhibited mitochondria to the reaction medium. In contrast, on the addition of ATP to mitochondria incubated with 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate, the rate of phosphoenolpyruvate efflux was lower than that induced by either malate or citrate. (4) Despite the presence of both 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate and atractyloside, arsenite and rotenone plus antimycin resulted in a leakage of phosphoenolpyruvate from the mitochondria, probably via a carrier-independent mechanism. (5) Based on the present results it seems that depending on the metabolic condition, the tricarboxylate carrier and the adenine nucleotide translocase are functioning to different extents in the efflux of phosphoenolpyruvate from rabbit renal mitochondria to the surrounding medium.
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Sul HS, Shrago E, Goldfarb S, Rose F. Comparison of the adenine nucleotide translocase in hepatomas and rat liver mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 551:148-55. [PMID: 427150 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various biochemical properties of the adenine nucleotide translocase were compared with mitochondria prepared from control and host liver, and Morris hepatomas 7777, 7800 and 5123C. The transport of phosphoenolpyruvate on the adenine nucleotide translocase was found to be three to four times more active, and inhibition of the transporter by palmitoyl-CoA and atractylate considerably less in hepatoma the active transport of phosphoenolypyruvate was associated with a greater stimulation of calcium egress from the mitochondria matrix by the anion in the hepatoma. The diminished sensitivity of the adenine nucleotide translocase to palmitoyl-CoA in hepatoma mitochondria was associated with lower levels of long chain acyl-CoA esters in the whole tissue. A change in activation energy at 6 degrees C for the adenine nucleotide translocase was found in host liver mitochondria while no break point in the temperature curve was observed in hepatoma mitochondria. These results are most consistent with a change in the structure-function relationship of hepatoma mitochondria due to differences in lipid composition.
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Prezioso G, Stipani I, Palmieri F, Quagliariello E. Transport of citrate in submitochondrial particles. FEBS Lett 1977; 81:249-52. [PMID: 923797 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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The transport of dicarboxylates and some properties of fumarase in the muscle mitochondria of Ascaris suum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(77)90092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Passarella S, Quagliariello E. The citric cycle intermediates transport in rat liver mitochondria. Biochimie 1976; 58:989-1001. [PMID: 990338 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Huber SC, Edwards GE. A highactivity ATP translocator in mesophyll chloroplasts of Digitaria sanguinalis, a plant having the C-4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 440:675-87. [PMID: 963046 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(76)90050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous adenine nucleotides on CO2 fixation and oxygen evolution was studied with mesophyll protoplast extracts of the C4 plant Digitaria sanguinalis. Exogenous ATP was found to stimulate the rate of pyruvate and pyruvate+oxalacetate induced CO2 fixation, as well as reverse the inhibition of CO2 fixation of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and several electron transport inhibitors. The ATP-dependent stimulation of CO2 fixation varied from 40 to 70 mumol CO2 fixed/mg chlorophyll per h, suggesting that ATP was crossing the chloroplast membranes at rates of 80-140 mumol/mg chlorophyll per h, since 2 ATP are required for each CO2 fixed. Fixation of CO2 could also be induced in the dark by exogenous ATP, in which case ADP accumulated outside the chloroplasts...
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Sul HS, Shrago E, Shug AL. Relationship of phosphoenolpyruvate transport, acyl coenzyme A inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase and calcium ion efflux in guinea pig heart mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:230-7. [PMID: 1252077 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Boguslawski W, Klimek J, Tialowska B, Zelewski L. Inhibition of Mn2+ of citrate supported progesterone biosynthesis in mitochondrial fractions of human term placentae. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 7:39-44. [PMID: 5631 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(76)90162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Robinson BH, Cheema-Dhadli S, Halperin ML. The effect of adenosine triphosphate on the tricarboxylate transporting system of rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Meijer AJ, Van Dam K. The metabolic significance of anion transport in mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 346:213-44. [PMID: 4613381 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(74)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Regulation of Metabolite Transport in Rat and Guinea Pig Liver Mitochondria by Long Chain Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Esters. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wałajtys EI, Gottesman DP, Williamson JR. Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in Rat Liver Mitochondria by Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Peng CF, Price DW, Bhuvaneswaran C, Wadkins CL. Factors that influence phosphoenolpyruvate-induced calcium efflux from rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 56:134-41. [PMID: 4823433 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tsang D, Johnstone RM. Transport of anions in stored bovine adrenal cortical mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 318:217-24. [PMID: 4745319 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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